...What is culture; 2 – Conceptual culture models; 3 – Culture shock and expatriate adjustment; 4 – Motivation; 5 – Decision making; 6 – Ethics. Textbook: Chapter 2 (Culture & International Management), 7 (Motivation), 9 (Decision Making) Cases: (1) Foundering Expatriate; (2) Black & Decker Readings: “The silent language in overseas business”; “Right ways to manage expats”; “Value in tension: Ethics away from home” What is Culture? 1. What is the definition of culture? Acquired knowledge people use to interpret experience and actions. This knowledge then influence values ,attitude and behavior 2. What are the three levels of culture? What are the examples for each level? Surface level food holidays Underwater level economy customs Deep level value belief 3. How is culture transmitted? Both formal and informal Informal transmission occurs every day as individuals interact with each other, watch television, or read books Formal transmission occurs through efforts to socialize as an individual, such as in schools and government 4. How does culture impact communication in organizations? Culture has an impact on how communication takes place in an organization, what is communicated (e.g., only work related or including personal issues), and the manner in which information is communicated (direct confrontation vs. saving face) 5. What are high-context and low-context cultures? In high-context...
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...sector health worker motivation: a conceptual framework Lynne Miller Francoa,*, Sara Bennettb, Ruth Kanferc a University Research Co., LLC, Partnerships for Health Reform Project, 4800 Montgomery Lane, Bethesda MD 20814, USA b Abt Associates, Partnerships for Health Reform Project, 4800 Montgomery Lane, Bethesda MD 20814, USA c Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA Abstract Motivation in the work context can be defined as an individual’s degree of willingness to exert and maintain an effort towards organizational goals. Health sector performance is critically dependent on worker motivation, with service quality, efficiency, and equity, all directly mediated by workers’ willingness to apply themselves to their tasks. Resource availability and worker competence are essential but not sufficient to ensure desired worker performance. While financial incentives may be important determinants of worker motivation, they alone cannot and have not resolved all worker motivation problems. Worker motivation is a complex process and crosses many disciplinary boundaries, including economics, psychology, organizational development, human resource management, and sociology. This paper discusses the many layers of influences upon health worker motivation: the internal individual-level determinants, determinants that operate at organizational (work context) level, and determinants stemming from interactions with the broader societal culture. Worker motivation will be affected by health...
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...Semester 2007 Supervisor: Per Nilsson Authors: Sabine Helou Timo Viitala 830508-T062 790922-T017 How Culture and Motivation Interacts? - A Cross-Cultural Study ~ Acknowledgements ~ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the respondents of Sasken Finland Oy and SYSteam for their participation in our study. Without their involvement this thesis would have never seen the light of day. In addition, we thank our supervisor Per Nilsson for his guidance and advices and Anders Söderholm for his helpful suggestions. Last but not least, we would like to express our gratitude to John Matthews, Jakub Mulac, and Robin Katoen for their supportive contributions and our friends and family for their support and encouragement. Sincerely, Sabine Helou & Timo Viitala Umeå, May 25, 2007 i ~ Summary ~ SUMMARY Motivating employees is essential for any organization aspiring to succeed. However, the process of motivating is not a straightforward one due to the diversity of individual’s needs. The task has been made even more difficult by the fact that personalized needs have altered in recent years. For instance, in many circumstances financial compensation is not considered as the main motivational factor of employees. Due to its innovative and youthful nature, the Information Technology (IT) industry has been considered to be at the forefront of dealing with organizational issues, such as how to motivate employees. Organizations that lie within this industry have adopted various innovative...
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...This essay uses motivation theory to explain how Caribbean managers can enhance motivation of their employees. Motivation has three levels of analysis; the individual, group and organization. It’s not only the managers or the organization’s responsibility to motivate their employees, they themselves should be intrinsically motivated to perform well on the job; but one key aspect of being a manager, is being able to accomplish tasks and subsequently the organization’s goals through the efforts of other people. It is generally accepted and proven that motivation is essential in organization but what exactly is motivation? Motivation, specifically in relation to organizational goals, is“the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal”(Robbins and Judge: 204).To expound on this definition, it is a series of actions that causes an individual to persistently channel their efforts, with great devotion, in a direction that benefits the organization. For example, a motivated salesman will direct his efforts into meeting or surpassing his sales quota for the week or month, which in turn benefits the company. To understand motivational issues in a culturally diverse workforce, managers need to pay attention to both their people’s cultural values and the fundamental attitudes toward work (Hitt, Black and Porter 2012). Vega-Rosada (2006) and Punnett (2001, 2006) in their respective studies suggest that the colonial heritage...
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...MOTIVATION AND GLOBAL VALUES Chapter 4 MARS ONE 15–2 http://nyulocal.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Mars_One.jpg http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/19/18305415-why-sign-up-for-a-one-way-mars-trip-three-applicants-explain-the-appeal?lite MARS ONE 15–3 127 HOURS 15–4 Aron Ralston 127 HOURS 15–5 127 HOURS 15–6 127 HOURS 15–7 MOTIVATION & THE BRAIN One of the best “drug” dealers in the world is your brain. Your brain is wired to release a shot of dopamine each time you achieve one of the following items, e.g.: Eat Exercise Achieve Goals Take Risks Try something new Etc. 15–8 http://www.forbes.com/sites/lewishowes/2012/08/20/motivation-and-productivity/ ??? What is motivation? WHAT IS MOTIVATION? Motivation “Why a person does something” Is the process by which a person’s efforts are energized, directed, and sustained towards attaining a goal. Energy: a measure of intensity or drive. Direction: toward organizational goals Persistence: exerting effort to achieve goals. Motivation works best when individual needs are compatible with organizational goals. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 15–10 NEEDS VS. WANTS WHAT DO WE NEED? In a group, list what you need at the moment. Categorize the needs based on: Biogenic needs Psychogenic needs Status Power Affiliation Utilitarian needs Hedonic needs MOTIVATION...
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...CHAPTER 10 - MOTIVATING AND REWARDING EMPLOYEES LEARNING OUTCOMES After reading this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Define and explain motivation. 2. Compare and contrast early theories of motivation. 3. Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation. 4. Discuss current issues in motivating employees. 5. |Opening Vignette – Best Practices at Best Buy | |SUMMARY | |Do traditional workplaces reward long hours instead of efficient hours? Wouldn’t it make more sense to have a workplace in which “people can | |do whatever they want, whenever they want, as long as the work gets done?” Well, that’s the approach that Best Buy is taking.1 And this | |radical workplace experiment, which obviously has many implications for employee motivation, has been an interesting and enlightening journey | |for the company. | |In 2002, then-CEO Brad Anderson (now the company’s vice chairman) introduced a carefully crafted program called ROWE (Results-Only Work | |Environment). ROWE was the inspiration of two HRM managers at Best Buy, Cali Ressler and Jody Thompson, who had been given the...
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...CHAPTER 10 - MOTIVATING AND REWARDING EMPLOYEES LEARNING OUTCOMES After reading this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Define and explain motivation. 2. Compare and contrast early theories of motivation. 3. Compare and contrast contemporary theories of motivation. 4. Discuss current issues in motivating employees. 5. |Opening Vignette – Best Practices at Best Buy | |SUMMARY | |Do traditional workplaces reward long hours instead of efficient hours? Wouldn’t it make more sense to have a workplace in which “people can | |do whatever they want, whenever they want, as long as the work gets done?” Well, that’s the approach that Best Buy is taking.1 And this | |radical workplace experiment, which obviously has many implications for employee motivation, has been an interesting and enlightening journey | |for the company. | |In 2002, then-CEO Brad Anderson (now the company’s vice chairman) introduced a carefully crafted program called ROWE (Results-Only Work | |Environment). ROWE was the inspiration of two HRM managers at Best Buy, Cali Ressler and Jody Thompson, who had been given the...
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...HOW LAWSUITS FILED AGAINST PUBLIX CAN AFFECT EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION Introduction Publix is the sixth largest supermarket chain in the United States and the largest employee-owned supermarket chain in the country, it is a privately-held company which operates stores in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama and Tennessee. This supermarket chain was founded by George W. Jenkins in 1930 in Winter Haven, Florida, and currently operates 1073 supermarkets, 8 distribution centers and 5 manufacturing facility employing in excess of 162,000 employees. (figure 1.) Store Locations * Florida - 755 * Georgia - 180 * Alabama - 55 * South Carolina - 48 * Tennessee - 35 | Distribution Centers * Boynton Beach, FL * Miami, FL * Deerfield Beach, FL * Orlando, FL * Jacksonville, FL * Sarasota, FL * Lakeland, FL * Lawrenceville, GA | Manufacturing Facilities * Atlanta, GA - Bakery Plant * Deerfield Beach, FL - Dairy Plant, Fresh Foods * Jacksonville, FL - Fresh Foods * Lakeland, FL - Bakery Plant, Dairy Plant, Deli Kitchen, Fresh Foods, and Printing Services * Lawrenceville, GA - Dairy Plant | Publix Supermarket’s sales in 2012 were $27.5 billion this represented increase of 3.8 percent over 2011 sales and placed net earnings $1.6 billion, up 4% from 2011. Publix’s sales for the first half of 2013 were $14.5 billion, a 5 percent increase from last year’s $13.9 billion. In pursuit of achieving its mission statement “Our Mission at Publix is to be...
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...Anna Salanova Sanni Kirmanen EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION AND WORK MOTIVATION Research in Prisma Mikkeli Bachelor’s Thesis Business Management March 2010 DESCRIPTION Date of the bachelor's thesis 15 March 2010 Author(s) Degree programme and option Anna Salanova, Sanni Kirmanen Name of the bachelor's thesis Business Management Employee Satisfaction and Work Motivation – Research in Prisma Mikkeli Abstract Human Resource Management is getting more important in the business nowadays, because people and their knowledge are the most important aspects affecting the productivity of the company. One of the main aspects of Human Resource Management is the measurement of employee satisfaction. Companies have to make sure that employee satisfaction is high among the workers, which is a precondition for increasing productivity, responsiveness, quality, and customer service. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the level of employee satisfaction and work motivation in Supermarket Prisma in Mikkeli. It also deals with the effect the culture has on employee satisfaction. The theoretical framework of this thesis includes such concepts as leadership, job satisfaction, motivation, rewards and cultural differences. The empirical part of the thesis and the questionnaire were created according to the mentioned concepts. The questionnaire also included parts where the questions about expectations of the employee, work environment and job organization were asked. Based...
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...Differentiate felt from displayed emotions. 5. Identify the six universal emotions. 6. Explain if it is possible for a person to be emotionless. 7. Describe ways in which emotions influence work-related behavior. LECTURE OUTLINE I. PERSONALITY A. Introduction 1. When we describe people in terms of characteristics such as quiet, passive, loud, and so on, we categorize them in terms of personality traits. 2. An individual’s personality, therefore, is the combination of psychological traits we use to classify that person. (ppt 4) B. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) (ppt 5) 1. One of the most widely used personality frameworks. 2. Essentially a 100-question personality test that asks people how they usually feel or act in particular situations. 3. Individuals are classified as: a) extroverted or introverted (E or I) (ppt 6) b) sensing or intuitive (S or N) (ppt 7) c) thinking or feeling (T or F) (ppt 8) d) perceiving or judging (P or J) (ppt 9) 4. These classifications are then combined into sixteen personality types. a) A study that profiled thirteen contemporary business people who created super-successful firms such as Apple Computer, FedEx, Honda Motors, Microsoft, Price Club, and Sony found all thirteen to be intuitive thinkers (NTs). b) This finding is particularly interesting because intuitive thinkers represent...
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...Anna Salanova Sanni Kirmanen EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION AND WORK MOTIVATION Research in Prisma Mikkeli Bachelor’s Thesis Business Management March 2010 DESCRIPTION Date of the bachelor's thesis 15 March 2010 Author(s) Degree programme and option Anna Salanova, Sanni Kirmanen Name of the bachelor's thesis Business Management Employee Satisfaction and Work Motivation – Research in Prisma Mikkeli Abstract Human Resource Management is getting more important in the business nowadays, because people and their knowledge are the most important aspects affecting the productivity of the company. One of the main aspects of Human Resource Management is the measurement of employee satisfaction. Companies have to make sure that employee satisfaction is high among the workers, which is a precondition for increasing productivity, responsiveness, quality, and customer service. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the level of employee satisfaction and work motivation in Supermarket Prisma in Mikkeli. It also deals with the effect the culture has on employee satisfaction. The theoretical framework of this thesis includes such concepts as leadership, job satisfaction, motivation, rewards and cultural differences. The empirical part of the thesis and the questionnaire were created according to the mentioned concepts. The questionnaire also included parts where the questions about expectations of the employee, work environment and job organization were asked. Based...
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...approaches to HR Strategy. In doing so, explain under what conditions HR strategy may help a firm secure competitive advantage. | Explain analytically what is meant by ‘psychological contract’. Critically assess which process theories of motivation could help employers establish a ‘psychological contract’ with their employees? In today’s world, contracts play an ever increasing importance due to our technological growth and the complexity and modern society. Many of us have contracts with our banks and mortgage companies, universities and many others. These contracts are written, precise and formal and penalties exists for breaking these contracts. These are economic contracts. However, if two people agree to meet for lunch you are engaging into an informal contract and the expectancy is that both of you will meet as agreed. If either of the parties are late, the other will be wary of meeting again, one will feel guilt and the other annoyed that the contract has been broken. In both the formal and informal contracts an exchange has taken place which is the essential feature of any contract and are theoretically entered into willingly and are negotiable. Exchanges of intangible assets can take place too but are as “important in influencing how people feel and behave” (Makin et al; 1996). The psychological contract has become an important aspect in human resource thinking and organisational behaviour. In the 1960’s the work of theorists, Schein (1980) and Argyris (1960)...
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...Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2005. 56:485–516 doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142105 Copyright c 2005 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved First published online as a Review in Advance on June 21, 2004 WORK MOTIVATION THEORY AND RESEARCH AT THE DAWN OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Gary P. Latham Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E6; email: latham@rotman.utoronto.ca Craig C. Pinder Faculty of Business, University of Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2; email: cpinder@uvic.ca Key Words needs, values, goals, affect, behavior ■ Abstract In the first Annual Review of Psychology chapter since 1977 devoted exclusively to work motivation, we examine progress made in theory and research on needs, traits, values, cognition, and affect as well as three bodies of literature dealing with the context of motivation: national culture, job design, and models of person-environment fit. We focus primarily on work reported between 1993 and 2003, concluding that goal-setting, social cognitive, and organizational justice theories are the three most important approaches to work motivation to appear in the last 30 years. We reach 10 generally positive conclusions regarding predicting, understanding, and influencing work motivation in the new millennium. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MOTIVATIONAL FRAMEWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
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...by developing goals and plans. Actual performances are compared with goals through controlling and correct actions are taken. Planning and performance resulted in positive relationship which produce high profits for the company. The combination of planning and implementing results in better yields. Sometimes environmental factors such as government rules constrain the outcome and reduce the impact of planning. Without planning, there would not be anything to organize or control, it involves 2 main elements: Goals and Plan. Goals are the outcome of individual or group organizations. Often referred as objectives. It provides direction and evaluation performance criteria to measure work achievements. Plans are the rules on how goals are to be attained and how resources are to be allocated. There are 4 different type of plans breadth, time frame, specificity and frequency of use. Breadth plan involves strategic plans versus operational plans. Strategic plans apply to the whole organization. It establishes...
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...an important aspect of the culture of a company. Not fully understanding the culture of a company can limit the potential success of employees substantially. Alternatively, when a manager creates a culture of both individual and collective human excellence, employee performance increases significantly. In negative, low-performing cultures, there is confusion about goals and roles, conflict among members, disempowerment, and not much listening. Examples of positive, high-performing cultures include those that have a common known goal, an open flow of communication, a passion to deliver results, and clear roles for decision making (Anderson & Anderson, 2010, p. 189). The question is: how do managers take the business culture from the negative, low-performing culture to the positive, high-performing culture? The answer is motivation! All managers must discover what motivates their employees. Managers also must consider what pushes employees to maintain higher productivity, have increased job satisfaction, meet organizational goals, and strive to be competitive in the job market today. When a leader can understand what motivates his or her employees, then employees will invest in the improvement of the company (Adler & Gunderson, 2008, p. 184). As the business world becomes more global each and every day, managers must also begin to think more globally. This includes investigating which motivational practices work the best for different cultures. This paper will first describe...
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