...million kidnapped Africans were forced into the Transatlantic slave trade and shipped to the Americas, only a little over 10 million made it. The Transatlantic slave trade was a small segment of the popular global slave trade network and was responsible for the deaths of over two point two million future slaves. This mass kidnapping of oblivious Africans occurred across the Atlantic from the early sixteenth to nineteenth century and was the second part of the “Triangular Trade”. The Triangular Trade or Triangle Trade was a trading system between Europe, Africa, and the North America in which commodities such as arms, slaves, sugar, and coffee were transported between the three nations (Lewis). The...
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...Negative effects of slave revolts in the Caribbean * Slave revolts in the Caribbean such as the rebellion of Sam Sharpe/Christmas Rebellion (1831), tended to harden positions among plantation owners in defense of slavery. * Slave uprisings, or rebellions and revolts, were frequent and were ferociously put down by plantation owners. The idea was to put off future rebels by showing them how any rebellion would be punished. Participants of rebellions were often publicly killed ‘by progressive mutilation, slow burnings, breaking on the wheel. * Lead to suppression of abolitionist expression in the Caribbean and dissuaded some against abolition. * The Abolitionist movement in the Caribbean really didn't grow until the 1840s and 50s, so from the Berbice/Coffy Revolt (1763) to the uprisings in Haiti (1791), there was relatively little abolitionist sentiment in the Caribbean. * Some would argue what the rebellions actually did was scare slave owners in the Caribbean, and lead to a series of legal reforms and slave codes designed to make revolts more difficult. * Slave owners through-out the region suffered massive destruction of property and loss of lives. Positive Effects of slave revolts in the Caribbean * Antislavery movements grew stronger and bolder, especially in Great Britain, and the colonial slaves themselves became increasingly more restless. * The impact of the Haitian Revolution (1791) was both immediate and widespread. The antislavery...
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... Midterm The difference is that, Atlantic slave trade was very important for 18 century World Economy, because it was one of the three elements of so-called Triangular trade, a three-way exchange between America, Europe, and Africa. European traders would ship textiles, muskets, and manufactured merchandize to Africa and exchange it for slaves. Then they would take slaves to the West to Americas and exchange them for cotton and tobacco, and sail home. On each side of the triangular trade ships made huge profits plus they carried different valuable merchandize from both African continent and the New World. Thus, Atlantic slave trade was vitally important for 18th century sailors . The origin of Atlantic slave trade – and slave trade in general – is mainly associated with the shortage of labor in the developing New World. Contemporary European population in the Americas was not sufficient to support the plans of development. Even criminals that were sentenced to labor ran away, and could easily blend into white masses forever. Native Americans were not efficient as slaves either, because they were not that numerous and did not have immunity for diseases brought to the New World by Europeans . In addition, native Americans could easily escape because they knew the land well, their home were close, and they knew how to survive in the adjacent territories . But labor requirements kept growing with the expansion of mining...
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...ORIGINAL POST 1 – Conditions Faced by Slaves I believe one of the strongest aspects of the film lay in its depiction and explanation of the conditions faced by slaves on the transatlantic ships of the 18th century. The former victim of the slave trade, Olaudah Equiano, gave a horrifying account of the four by four feet compartments in which the salves were forced to stay for weeks. The mention of the blood, feces, and vomit were enough to acquaint us with the realities of the slave trade. This makes the film valuable to the study of history, because it allows us to understand why abolitionism received such popular support in 1787-1788 (Drescher, 43). It brings the “distaste and revulsion that the overseas slave system evoked” (Drescher, 43) right in front of our eyes As well, the brutality and morality of the slave ships was a popular subject for propaganda (Drescher, 49), which the film also portrays effectively. In the scene where Wilberforce commands a crowd of wealthy, affluent people to experience the stench of a slave ship, and continually urges them to “remember”, we can see how the inhumanity against the slaves can be used as a propaganda tool. Also, the scene in which Clarkson brings a set of chains to Wilberforce’s house shows how abolitionists could use this subject matter as an effective argument (52), not entirely outside the realm of propaganda. The film presented a visual reconstruction of the past, in terms of the tactics abolitionists used, and allowed us to...
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...The plantations from West Indies formed the largest market for American fish, oat, corn, flour, lumber peas, beans, and horses. New Englanders did not drag behind as they distilled molasses produced by slaves in the French and Dutch West Indies into rum. Most Africans were captured and sold to America to work as slaves. The trans-Saharan trade provided enslaved African labor work on sugar plantations in the Mediterranean (Pattison p.1). These slaves were very competent in their work, and this led to Brazil dominating in the production of sugarcane in 16th and 17th centuries. This led to the establishment of the earliest large-scale manufacturing industries to enhance conversion of sugarcane juice into sugar, molasses, rum as well as alcoholic beverages for the triangular trade. Slavery led to the success of many economic activities in the United States. For instance, the cotton plantation was part of the regional economy of the American South. In 1830, cotton was the most produced crop in the United States. U.S was competing for economic...
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...people viewed slaves. Many factors aided the deterioration of treatment towards slaves from a people to property mindset. Whether it was the beginning of the African Slave Trade, the economic driven cash crops, British laws passed to control slaves or the development of British Low Country each factor belittled the human aspect of a slave. To understand how one gets labeled as “cattle” we must understand where it came from. We first look at the beginning treatment of slaves to gather a comparison on how it differed from Atlantic Chattel Slavery. Slaves in the early east Africa were generally war captives of conquering dynasties. Islamic religion helped to maintain the humanity of these war captives. They were accepted as a member of the family (nation) but the lowest ranking one. Islamic members who owned slaves had obligations to educate and convert them to Islam. They also made it illegal to sell children from their parent which in turn was a cultural device to bring outside people into the society. After two generations of slavery these families were accepted into the society. Slaves during this time would also live to the same standards as their owners. This means a slave owned by a wealthy person would have a better lifestyle (clothes, food, etc.) than a poorer one. Slavery was still not a positive experience but when we compare to the lifestyle of Caribbean/America slaves one can see a huge difference. A major step towards chattel slavery was the discovery...
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...CONTINUED The Haitian Revolution- The Haitian Revolution was the only successful revolution in the Caribbean in which slaves totally overthrew the shackles of slavery. It started in 1791 in the French Colony of St.Domingue (Haiti).The whites and Mulattoes (mixed race) were at war over privileges by the revolutionary government of France. The people wanted three major things: Freedom, Equality and Fraternity (unity). The slaves under the leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture, seized the opportunity to capture vital areas and to fight the French .By 1795, he became known as “Master of the Colony”. He encouraged the ex-slaves to restart the development of the economy. However, he was captured in 1801 by the French and placed in a French prison until he died of Pneumonia in 1803. [pic] Fighting continued until January 1, 1804, when the island was declared independent by Jean-Jacque Dessalines. He renamed the island “Haiti” which means “Mountainous” in Arawak language. The island serves as a beacon of hope to slaves in other islands of the Caribbean who were still living in bondage. HAITIAN SOCIAL HIERARCHY GRAND BLANCS [Equality with whites in France] | PETITE BLANCS [Equality& Fraternity] | MULATTOES [Equality] | SLAVES [Freedom] Dutty Boukman- He was a voodoo priest whose death was largely considered the start of the Haitian Revolution...
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...most common features on slavery in East Africa is the fact that it varies overtime and place. For instance, according to Miers and Roberts, “Slaves might be menial field workers, downtrodden servants, cherished concubines, surrogate kin, trusted trading agents, high officials, army commanders, ostracized social group dedicated to a deity…( 5). Perhaps the largest difference between slavery in East Africa versus slavery in the Atlantic world or the new world was the people who regulated slave trade. It is popularly known in African history that the British, French, Germans and the Spaniards played significant roles in the extrapolation of African people and their resources in the slave trade and, later, colonialism. However in East Africa, those who were in power were the Arab who, similar to the European colonial powers, found Africa to be abundant in profitable resources and sought to acquire the resources through free and forced slave labor in East Africa. Much like their European counterparts, the Arabs conducted slavery in the same repressive manner. In defining slavery, Frederick Cooper, in his book “Plantation Slavery on the East Coast of Africa” writes, “When comparing slavery in different historical contexts, it is important to remember that it is always a form of subordination and that the acts of violence at the core of any slave society’s mechanism of social control are those of the ‘enslavement process itself’” (Cooper 157). Slavery in all of Africa, and also in the...
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...slavery is an important part of our heritage, knowing how it began and what humanity has done to control it. It is interesting to see how Christianity can change the heart of one person, who can affect the change in a country. One small adjustment, thousands of miles abroad, can affect any civilization and history of many countries. During the 19th century many countries developed laws to gradually or immediately shift civilization away from slavery. This paper explores the religious influences motivating this shift in the legal system as well as the consequences of these laws on work civilization. Slavery was found worldwide and came in many different forms. The most common was the Slave, treated as chattels and wild animals, having no rights and endured harsh physical abuse. The Slave was known more and referred to as the ‘Western Slave’ more commonly found in America. Serfdom, a Russian repression, was a different form of slavery. Serfs were not a legal person, had no property rights, no right to credit transactions and not protected by custom. However, a serf had his own land and property, unlike in slavery. Serfdom was found in China, Japan, India and elsewhere. Muslim Slaves were another form of slavery who was not totally chattel nor altogether human. The owner of the slave maintained unrestricted legal rights to their slave. Muslim slavery was found in Syria, Egypt, Turkey and other countries. The economy of Africa relied mainly on slave trade. In Dahoney...
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...slavery’s presence in the early American colonies. What isn’t shown is how the slave trade affected countries besides the U.S. Barbados, a small island in the Caribbean, experienced a slave trade that was brutal to both the African slaves involved and the natives of Barbados. British colonizers came to Barbados in the 1620’s and began one of the largest African diasporas in history. The 1600’s slave trade is an event that while not widely discussed, was essential to the US economy both today and in the past. The slave trade of the 1600’s created a booming economy for wealthy white plantation owners,...
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...to the 1850s) A lot of important events and people have paved the way towards the American civil war. Each event that ever happened within the time period of 1790 to 1850 all lead to the civil war. Some example of key people and events would be the following: the bill of rights being ratified, the fugitive slave act, the cotton gin, Tennessee, John Adams, George Washington, Gabriel's Rebellion, Ohio, the Louisiana Purchase, the Embargo act, the International slave trade, James Madison, the Battle of New Orleans, Reverend Allen, Missouri compromise, Demark Vesey's Conspiracy, Africans losing their boats, Monroe Doctrine, Nat Turner's revolt, The Alamo, Gag rule, Trail of tears, Harriet Tubman, California. All of these are some major events that caused the civil war itself. All of these events had also contributed to the rise of the English colony and the break off point from the mainland in Europe. All of the events/ people mention previously are going to be used to tell how the American civil war started and how each led to a chain reaction of other events that occurred. These events will each tell a story of its own and slowly build up to the civil war itself. Other events along the way will show up as a result of an event occurring. Both the north and the South had different events which lead up to the civil war but we will mostly focus on the more major events that took place. The Rise of the English Colony was different than the other European...
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...nearly 100,000 slaves in Saint-Domingue from 1791-1804 was the largest insurrection of slaves in history. The Haitian Revolution resulted in the creation of the first successful independent freed slave state in the world, a fact that rocked the socio-political, economic, and moral foundations of the Caribbean.[1] However, in the period following the Revolution, there is a noted increase of slavery in the Caribbean as a whole. Did the success of the Haitian uprising merely serve as a lesson for Caribbean planters and reinforce the slave society? To answer this question one must examine the factors that led to the Revolution’s success both externally, in the European metropoles, and internally, in the psychological and socio-political dynamics of Caribbean societies. Therefore, the Haitian Revolution appeared to impede abolition in the Caribbean in the short term because it reinforced white stereotypes of African savagery and inferiority, convinced planters of the danger of liberal and abolitionist ideals, and created a large void in the coffee and sugar markets which other colonies quickly filled by introducing more slave labor. While these effects should not be minimized, they were merely the logical aftershock of the tumultuous events in the established racial hierarchy. Ultimately, the Haitian Revolution was a major turning point in abolitionist history because it restructured the balance of power in the Caribbean thereby allowing a political gap for British abolitionists...
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...QUESTION: What evidence is there to prove that the Africans, who arrived in the British West Indies between the years 1655 and 1807, were ill-treated? THEME: Caribbean Economy and Slavery OBJECTIVES: ♣To examine the horrors of British West Indian Slavery ♣To assess the conditions that slaves worked under in British plantation slavery ♣To discuss the reason slavery was fought against by humanitarian groups ♣To investigate why slavery was overly detested by slaves ♣To see how British West Indian planters abused slaves to the point where they were treated like animals RATIONALE: Slavery was an interesting period in British West Indian History. It was comprised of various sectors aimed at one goal, which was to make a profit, no matter what. Slavery was nothing to be adored because it only wrought bitterness for the enslaved individuals. A simple prognosis is found in the words of the great poetic philosopher and journalist José Martí, in one of his writings “Hatred, slavery's inevitable aftermath”. The Hinterlands of West Africa was where it started, and it followed through with a lot of suffering and peril before finally ending in catastrophe for the planters and initial exultation for the slaves. This research will educate the reader about the conditions under which slaves produced the various cash crops in the British West Indies. INTRODUCTION The horrible treatments of slaves will be forever engraved in the history books. The obvious effects have been...
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...a black slave, says this quietly, but shakes the ideals of so called civilized Europe. In this movie Burn (or Queimada), the director Gillo Pontecorvo presents a vivid picture of colonization, slavery, resistance and martyrdom for sovereignty; set in a fictional Portuguese colony. Movie, throughout its narration spreads out a strong anti-colonial message rooted on true meaning of the word “Freedom”. Marlon Brando did a brilliant work in the role of Sir William Walker, which he later mentioned in his biography as “I did some of my best acting in “Burn!”. Sir William Walker arrives at Queimada as a traveler but is a British Government agent with a task in hand to organize a slave uprising. British wanted this uprising to end Portuguese dominance and to have a say in the precious sugar cane trade. Walker chooses José Dolores, a black Bolivar, trains him to organize a revolt and succeeds to overthrow the Portuguese establishment from Queimada. British establish a corrupt puppet government, while Dolores is marginalized. While slavery had been formally ended and the former slaves in theory had rights; a legal and property system was established that forced them to continue to work in the sugar cane plantations in even worse conditions than before. Walker returns to the island after ten years, this time as an agent of Sugar Company which is threatened by the increasing strength of slave uprising. Walker’s task now was to end...
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...According to anthropologists, where did the first human beings live? Why did they leave that place? How did they get to North America? According to anthropologists the first human beings lived in Ethiopia, Africa around 2 million years ago for example: Lucy known as the oldest human found there. The most probable reason why the first human left Africa is because of the Ice Age. The cold made life so difficult to survive and somehow reduced in their population. They went through a land bridge, which existed to connect North America and Asia during the Ice Age. * What was the Columbian Exchange? How did the Columbian Exchange affect Europe? How did it affect North America? The Columbian Exchange is basically understand as the exchange in foods, animals, plants as well as diseases between the New World (North America) and the Old World (Europe) followed after the discovery of America by Columbus. The Columbian Exchange affected both world in many ways. For Europe, it brings avocado, potato, tomato, corn, beans, tobacco, turkeys as positive effects and the negative effect are diseases like tuberculosis and syphilis. For North America, positive effects: coffee beans, olive, banana, sugar cane, grape, sheep, pig, horse. And the negative effects impact North America are: smallpox, chickenpox, measles etc… * Name four groups of people who migrated to British North America in the 17th century. Why did each of those groups migrate? Virginia Settlement – these...
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