...digital games it is a popular pastime for others and it is a part of people’s daily life. The digital games can further expand the knowledge of users. In this game it is all about four pictures related to a certain anime which the user will guess. The user’s need to recall everything to answer the question and to go to the next level of the game. This is also one way to remember things through this application. It is about using pictures in order to retrieve memories connected to it and one process that makes use of pictures is called picture superiority effect. Most studies of the picture superiority effect have involved tests of memory for the occurrence of individual events, such as recall in which is the main objective of this study. If pictures however, receive complete semantic processing than words, this difference in processing could be an advantage for both memory of the individual pictures and for associations formed between pairs of random pictures. This research also intends to use the Anime and mobile game learning app in order to prevent forgetting what was present at young age. A mobile game applications that helps to exercise their brain to retrieved the information about anime that they are familiar with. Keywords: mobile technology, mobile learning and gaming, anime, memory enhancement INTRODUCTION In the 21st century, technology have become rapidly advancing in every field, including communication, entertainment, and ...
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...for people to access an image of a clock. This tasks requires working memory because a person must be able to use the visuo-spatial sketchpad to recall what a clock looks like while they perform a task. It is also possible that the use of scanning would be able to demonstrate imagery. It would take longer to determine how big the angle is when they are further apart because you scan the clock more. So, when visualizing the difference between 4:10 and 9:23, it would take longer to visualize 9:23 than 4:10. This additional time shows that there must be some kind of image that is being referred to. b. The symbolic distance effect occurs when people are...
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...Review journal articles on what we know about how consumers use their memory. How does this knowledge inform what we know and what we could study for product placement? Introduction – 200- 300 words Product placement Product placements can be defined as paid product information targeted affecting the viewers via the planned of a branded product into a television program, movie (Balasubramanian, 1994), computer and online game. As it is not totally stated in this definition, product placements have been applied for persuasive motivations, such as increasing product awareness and sales. Some of the merits of product placements include overcoming the difficulty of zapping because viewers are less likely to change the channel or leave the place when a product shows in a movie like they may for advertisements (d’Astous & Chartier, 2000). Moreover, product placements allow marketers to aim very particular audiences because the demography of who attends which type of movie is well understood (Nebenzhal & Secunda, 1993). Product placements also have a longer life time than traditional advertisements (d’Astous & Chartier, 2000). When the movies are released as DVD or shown on TV, the brand placements are typically still present. Finally, surveys have demonstrated that viewers like product placements due to the realistic improvement of the movie or TV show ( Nebenzahl & Secunda, 1993). In its most basic understanding, product placements are the incorporation of...
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...Introduction Consumers’ memory can be influenced by product placement in advertisement, and the placement are able to change consumers’ attitudes toward the products even toward the brands. It is important to understand the consumer’s memory that can use in how to improve the placement. This literature review is to discuss the processes of information transfers to memory, what type of memory can be developed, how consumers use these memory, the relationship between those memory and product placement. This literature review will focus on the study area of consumer behavior, consumer research, marketing and advertising research. In this research, the memory processes will be discussed, including encoding, and retrieval. Then, the factors of influence retrieval will be outlined. At the same time, the applications of product placement will be examined throughout. Memory have ability to encode, store and retrieval information. Encoding can categorize the information which is perceived from advertisements or experiences and converted it into a construct that can be stored in the brain. Retrieval is calling back the stored information with some cues. Encoding Friestad and Thorson (1993) who base on several theories to propose that there are two types of encoding. The first one is called experimental processing. People do not have any particular goals or task when they are watching advertising. Their cognitive resources are distributed...
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...University of Southern Mississippi Abstract This paper reviews current literature on mental fixation and how it can be overcome. The first paper looks at inhibition processes as a means to aid in creating problem solving. The second paper uses an incubation period as an alternative method for aiding in creative problem solving. Overall, both methods proved to be effective for understanding how to overcome mental fixation. All experiments explained in these two studies resulted in support of the researchers’ original hypotheses. This literature expands on some key concepts in problem solving and creativity discussed in Dr. Huff’s Cognitive Psychology...
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...5/30/2014 SSCI206 Unit 4 Individual Project Sensory, short-term and long-term memories are all a part of the first step in the human memory model. After the basic steps of memory function come the types of memory and how they’re used in retaining information. Encoding happens first in order to determine how information is remembered on each acquired basis. Once the information is encoded it is then stored and each memory can be in more than one place. When the memory or information is ready to be used it is then retrieved and brought to a conscious level. Next, “the retrieval process relies greatly on the encoding process and the cues or techniques used to get the material through the encoding process” (Introduction to psychology, 2011). Spacing out the repetition of information can help with the retrieval and storing of information. When a student considers cramming for a test, often times the material is not retained properly and forgotten by the time he is ready to use the information. Interference theory states that old or current information remains until new information comes into play. There are two types of interference theories retroactive and proactive interference. Retroactive interference is when new information interferes with the ability to retain older information and proactive interference is when the old information prohibits new information to retention (Introduction to psychology, 2011). Cramming...
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...Academy of Management Review 2007, Vol. 32, No. 4, 1041–1059. GROUP LEARNING JEANNE M. WILSON The College of William & Mary PAUL S. GOODMAN Carnegie Mellon University MATTHEW A. CRONIN George Mason University We clarify the construct of group learning, encouraging new directions for research. Definitions of group learning vary considerably across studies, making it difficult to systematically accumulate evidence. To reconcile disparate approaches, we first present a set of features for distinguishing group learning from other concepts. We then develop a framework for understanding group learning that focuses on learning’s basic processes at the group level of analysis: sharing, storage, and retrieval. By doing so, we define the construct space, identify gaps in current treatments of group learning, and illuminate new possibilities for measurement. • In an eight-person product development team, one member from Engineering learns a new method for three-dimensional graphing and starts using it in her rough product designs. As a result, the team’s development costs decrease. • Based on its experience with the Love Me cybervirus, a national internet security team agrees that, in the future, the team should wait to send out alerts until it has a tested fix to recommend. Seven weeks later, when the Me Too bug strikes, the team delays sending out an alert for an extra four hours while it develops a patch. This response is roundly criticized in the internet security community. ...
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...week 5 Describe the neuroanatomy of and neural processes related to learning based on current literature. There is a subtle difference between learning and memory whereas learning is the process by which in one’s mind there is an incorporation of new information and abilities and memory is the way in which the mind stores the information and abilities. There is a great importance from the outset that there are many kinds of memory such as procedural memory. Procedural memory is the process of remembering how to do certain things. Declarative memory is another memory where one can remember actual semantic information. These two memories are often unrelated in many instances. A prime example of these two memories would be a basketball player may have the perfect three point shot, but does not need to be fully aware of the physics that goes into shooting a three-pointer because procedural memory comes into play. To some extent this describes the difference between declarative and procedural memory. Even though that they are totally different form one another they both are a kind of memory. You can describe learning as a process in which experiences are incorporates into a person’s memory. This definition can be broad and encompasses not only the most traditional type of learning such as school learning. Learning can also be described as people forming memories of significant events that have occurred in the past. However, biologically, learning encompasses all of these aspects...
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...author will discuss the details of the accident and what it revealed about how the different areas of the human brain support cognitive function. I will also discuss the characteristics of primary memory, the process of memory from perception and retrieval and the unreliability of memory retrieval. Phineas Gage Phineas gage is known as one of the most famous documented cases of brain injury. This brain injury occurred on September 13th, 1848 while Gage was working on the railroad excavating rocks with a tampering rod in the State of Vermont. An explosion occurred on the job-site that caused a tampering rod propelled at an extremely high speed to enter and penetrate Gage’s skull. This tampering rod entered his skull under his left cheek bone and exited through the top of his head; it was later recovered with bits of brain matter and blood on it. The amazing thing is that throughout this horrific accident, Mr. Gage never lost consciousness, in fact, by January of the following year; he had started to live a normal life. However, it was noted that around this time, Mr. Gage was considered to be suffering from some major changes in his personality. What Phineas Gage’s Accident Reveals about Cognitive Functions “Cognition refers to the higher order functions that are needed for learning and interacting with a person's environment. Each human brain is capable of multiple cognitive functions, such as memory, attention, executive functions and language. Each of the cognitive brain...
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...semantic information, the visual counterpart of words.2 Over a century ago, Sir Francis Bacon put the relationship of gesture and language in the form of a simple analogy: "As the tongue speaketh to the ear, so the gesture speaketh to the eye" (Bacon, 1891). Although the extent to which gestures serve a communicative function is presently a matter of some controversy,3 there is accumulating evidence that communication is not the only function such gestures serve. Over the past several years my colleagues and I have explored the hypothesis, casually suggested by a remarkably diverse group of writers over the past 60 years, that gestures help speakers formulate coherent speech by aiding in the retrieval of elusive words from lexical memory. How might gesturing affect lexical retrieval? Human memory employs several different formats to represent knowledge, and much of the content of 1Address correspondence to Robert M. Krauss, Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Ave., Mail Code 5501, New York, NY 10027. E-mail to: rmk@psych.columbia.edu. 2Two different types of conversational gestures can be distinguished: beats, or as I prefer to call them motor gestures (simple, brief, repetitive, movements, that are coordinated with the speech prosody and bear no obvious relation to the semantic content of the accompanying speech) and what I call...
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...Memory Without it, you’d be constantly living in one moment to the next. You wouldn’t know who you are, where you came from or where you are going. But what is it? And how does it work? To answer these questions, early memory researchers decided to break memory down into simple structures. The mysterious power of our mind to store images, words and sounds, was reduced into several components. All of these components were then thought to interact through simple processes. Simplifying memory in this way was a necessary step in developing our understanding of how memory functions. From this structured view of memory, two important models of memory were developed: the Multi-store Model and the Working-Memory Model. Section 1: Multi-store model of memory Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) Do you think you have a good memory? What is your earliest memory? The multi-store model is a structural model which states that memory is made up of 3 distinct, separate stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Each of the stores can be analysed based on three factors: 1) Capacity: how much information can be stored 2) Duration: the amount of time the information can be stored 3) Encoding: how the information is represented by the memory system Sensory memory The first store in the multi-store model is the sensory memory store. This store provides an account of the environment as experienced by our senses. A copy of the stimulus is kept here until we determine...
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...“Critically consider how advances in fMRI scanning have contributed to our understanding of the systems, processes and functions of human memory.” Introduction: The aim of this essay is to critically consider the advances in fMRI scanning to our understanding of the systems, processes and functions of human memory. fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) is a functional neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow. We are going to explore these three areas in depth, finding support and critiques for each one. As this is a big debate in neuropsychology there are several theorists supporting this debate and also critiques that have different views on this subject. Memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to reach the five senses in the forms of chemical and physical stimuli. Without a memory of the past we are unable to operate in the present and think about in the future. Henson 2006 used fMRI to compare single and dual processes of recognition memory. According to single processes items that are presented and remembered compared to those that are seen familiar (knowing) differ only in memory strength. However dual processes state that the ‘remember’ and ‘know’ judgements are qualitatively different as they rely on two distinct memory processes. Therefore Henson 2006 argued that any qualitative fMRI data between...
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...SIGIR 2010 Geneva, Switzerland July 19-23, 2010 DESKTOP SEARCH Workshop of the 33rd Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval Organised by David Elsweiler Gareth J.F. Jones Liadh Kelly Jaime Teevan Copyright ©2010 remains with the author/owner(s). Proceedings of the SIGIR 2010 Workshop on Desktop Search (Understanding, Supporting and Evaluating Personal Data Search). Held in Geneva, Switzerland. July 23, 2010. Preface These proceedings contain details on the invited talks and the papers presented at the SIGIR 2010 Workshop on Desktop Search (Understanding, Supporting, and Evaluating Personal Data Search), Geneva, Switzerland, 23 July, 2010. Despite recent research interest, desktop search is under-explored compared to other search domains such as the web, semi-structured data, or flat text. Even with the availability of several new desktop search tools, users are more successful finding information through browsing their personal collections and subsequently show preference for this approach. Problems with existing desktop search tools include performance issues, an overreliance on good query formulation, and a failure to fit within the user’s work flow or the user’s mental model. As the available storage for desktop collections becomes cheaper and more plentiful and new media types continue to appear, the size and types of items stored in personal collections is growing rapidly. The need for effective methods...
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...Chapter 7 Memory * Mazing feats of memory * Kim peek, the real “rain man” * Rajan and pi * But memory is also surprisingly malleable Paradox of memory * Memory illusion * Our brains will often go beyond the available information to make sense of the world * Generally adaptive, but makes us prone to errors Three system of memory * Sensory memory * Very quick (see, smell touch) * Short-term memory * Turns it into something more meaning * Long-term memory * Something that we remember for a long time Sensory memory * Iconic * Visions very brief last about one second * Picture things * Echoic * 5 to ten seconds allows to hear what the teacher is saying and writing down and taking notes Short term memory * Working memory * Actually processing and thinking about the information * Lose information in two processes * Decay * Interference * Most responsible for forgetting * Types of interference * Retroactive interference * New messes up old * Proactive interference * Earlier learning gets in the way of new learning * Magic number 7 * We only are able to process 7 bits on information at a time + or – 2 * Chunking * Organize bits information into groups so we can memorize things Rehearsal * Maintenance rehearsal * Repeating it over and over *...
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...hole entered his sensory memory (SM) and divided into his iconic memory and echoic memory. These two types have a duration of up to 4 seconds, and an unlimited capacity. The event, having significant impact, continued to be attended to, and hence was not lost from sensory memory, but entered his short-term memory (STM). The short-term memory has a capacity of 5 to 9 pieces of information (Grivas, 2007), which can occasionally reach 30 seconds in duration. Again, because of the significance of the event, Sgt. Jackson would have attended to the memory which allowed it to be passed into the long-term memory (LTM), specifically into his episodic declarative memory. The information, in Sgt....
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