...Tuberculosis MELINDA COSTA FERNANDES, LPN Jerse y College Teterboro Campus Dr. Hemant Sabharwal November 2013 April 2015 ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually attacks the lungs, but can attack almost any part of the body. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes TB is spread from person to person by the airborne route (MMWR, 2013). Tuberculosis is a leading killer of young adults worldwide and the global scourge of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis is reaching epidemic proportions. It is endemic in most developing countries and resurgent in developed and developing countries with high rates of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Renewed efforts in tuberculosis (TB) research have led to important new insights into the biology and epidemiology of this devastating disease. The disease, risk factors, treatment and prevention of TB is discussed in this paper. Tuberculosis can be controlled if appropriate policies are followed, effective clinical and public health management is ensured, and there are committed and co-ordinated efforts from within and outside the health sector. Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually attacks the lungs, but can attack almost any part of the body. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes TB, is spread from person to person by the airborne route. When a person with TB in their lungs or throat coughs, laughs, sneezes, sings, or even talks, the germs...
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...(Provide reference listing using APA format) Reference List Criteria for Case Study I. Introduction – purpose of paper A. Significance B. Objectives II. Assessment a. Include date of admission; date of care; allergies; history b. Address and list analysis of Gordon’s Functional Patterns (list all 11). Integrate treatments, meds, nursing implications, and related assessments in paper. Includes nutritional analysis. III. Literature Review (at least three resources at least one professional journal) a. Disease Description b. Diagnostic Confirmation c. Signs & Symptoms (textbook vs. patient’s actual symptoms being experienced) d. Treatment and Rationale e. Disease Outcome Expectations f. Rehab needs g. Related to client situation IV. Nursing Plan of Care a. Problems Prioritized (list 3 diagnosis) b. Actual Diagnosis c. Potential Diagnosis d. Outcome e. Goals (short and long term) f. Actions/actual diagnosis g. Actions/potential diagnosis h. Rationales (resources documented) i. Evaluation/Revision V. Discharge Planning a. Resources for coping b. Knowledge/Teaching c. Referrals/Continuing Care VI. Summary VII. Format a. Length of paper should be - between 15-20 pages typed b. APA format c. Cover page, reference page, etc… d. Grammar, punctuation, sentence structure, etc… Faculty Signature_______________________________________________ Date________________________________ Name__________________________ Semester______________________ |Criteria...
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...P5 - explain health promotion and protection Health Promotion This is the process of allowing people to have more control over their health as this will help improve their health and well-being. It focuses on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and interventions. Health promotion is how health is shown for example to challenge obesity change 4 life is used so people can have a guidance on how to make their lifestyle healthier. It also shows that health promotion is aimed at individuals whose health is at risk from any diseases from lifestyle factors, which lets individuals take control over their health. By being able to have control over their health it shows individuals what may have happened if nothing was done of it which reduces individuals getting the disease again because they are able to control it. This action of health promotion is encouraging people to take action towards their own health so it is not forcing or done to people it is done by them and with them. It is built on a belief system. There are many approaches to health promotion. Which are; Medical approach, behaviour change approach, educational approach, Empowerment approach and social change. An example would be the medical approach. The medical approach is aimed to identify the people that are at risk of certain diseases. Another approach would be the educational approach. This is an attempt to educate more people on health and being able to manage their own health for diet. This gives...
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...reader’s knowledge about the different diseases and how they are transmitted and can be controlled. Therefore, it is divided into three (3) major sections. These sections includes: water borne diseases, food borne diseases and air borne diseases. These subtopics will go into further details as to make it simpler for your understanding. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION WATER BOURNE DISEASES FOOD BOURNE DISEASES AIR BOURNE DISEASES ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First I would like to thank the Lord who is the head of my life who has given me the strength, courage, and inspiration in completing this assessment. I would also like to thank my teacher who has helped me in every step of the way. I would also like to thank my friends and family, specifically my parents who has provided the necessary resources needed to complete this assessment and also in giving me the ongoing encouragement and assistance. Once again I say thank you. WATER BOURNE DISEASES HOOKWORM Hookworm is an intestinal parasite of humans. The larvae and adult worms live in the small intestine can cause intestinal disease. The two main species of hookworm infecting humans are Anclostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Hookworm eggs are passed in the faeces of an infected person. If an infected person defecates outside (near bushes, in a garden, or field) or if the faeces from an infected person are used as fertilizer, eggs are deposited on soil. They can then mature and hatch, releasing larvae (immature worms)...
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...Tuberculosis ---------- Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by a germ (bacterium) called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This germ primarily affects the lungs and may infect anyone at any age. In the United States, the number of TB cases steadily decreased until 1986 when an increase was noted; TB has continued to rise since. Today, ten million individuals are infected in the U.S., as evidenced by positive skin tests, with approximately 26,000 new cases of active disease each year. The increase in TB cases is related to HIV/AIDS, homelessness, drug abuse and immigration of persons with active infections. How is TB Contracted? TB is a contagious or infectious disease that is spread from person-to- person. A person is usually infected by inhaling the germs which have been sprayed into the air by someone with the active disease who coughs. However, inhaling the germ does not usually mean you will develop active disease. A person's natural body defenses are usually able to control the infection so that it does not cause disease. In this case, the person would be infected, but not have active disease. Only about 10% of those infected will actually develop TB in their lifetimes. Active disease can occur in an infected person when the body's resistance is low or if there is a large or prolonged exposure to the germs that overcome the body's natural defenses. The body's response to active TB infection produces inflammation which can eventually damage the lungs. The amount...
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...How Tuberculosis Affects the World Concepts in Community and Public Health October 17, 2014 How Tuberculosis Affects the World Tuberculosis (TB) was misconstrued as a disease of the past. However, it remains to be a significant threat to public health. In 2012, one-third of the population worldwide is affected by TB. About 9-million were diagnosed with TB and with nearly 1.5-million mortality each year (American Lung Association [ALA], 2013). 95-percent of fatality occurs on low- and mid-income countries. It affects young adults, although all ages are at risk. It is the third leading fatality to women 15- to 44-years-old.TB follows human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) as leading cause of death for a single infectious bacteria. It is the cause of death to 20-percent of people with HIV/AIDS. More than 20-percent of TB disease is connected to smoking (World Health Organization, 2014). TB is caused by Mycobacterium (M.) tuberculosis bacteria which usually attacks the lungs. Although, it can strike any parts of the body such as the brain, kidney, and spine. TB disease can be fatal if not treated. M. tuberculosis is a slow-growing bacteria that proliferates in the body organs with enough supply of blood and oxygen, this explains why it is predominant in the lungs. TB is categorized to being latent or inactive disease if a person is inflicted with the bacteria but is asymptomatic, and at this time is not contagious. A person with active...
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...Strategies for Tuberculosis Control from Experiences in Manila: The Role of Public-Private Collaboration and of Intermittent Therapy INAUGURALDISSERTATION zur Erlangung der Würde eines Doktors der Philosophie vorgelegt der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Basel von Christian Auer aus Bottmingen (BL) Basel, Mai 2003 Genehmigt von der Philosophisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Basel auf Antrag von Herrn Prof. Dr. Marcel Tanner und Herrn Professor Dr. Klaus M. Leisinger Basel, den 6. Mai 2003 Prof. Dr. Marcel Tanner Dekan DEDICATION In memory of Aling Tess and Mang Tony, former neighbours of mine, victims of tuberculosis, the unrestrained killer that terminates daily the lives of 5000 people. With the sincere hope and plea that some findings and thoughts of this dissertation will contribute to reducing tuberculosis and poverty. “The appalling global burden of tuberculosis at the turn of the millennium, despite the availability of effective control measures, is a blot on the conscience of humankind. For developing countries, the situation has become desperate and the "cursed duet" of tuberculosis and AIDS is having a devastating impact on large sections of the global community. The vital question is, can despair be turned to hope early in the next millennium?” John Grange and Almuddin Zumla, 1999 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Summary Zusammenfassung Abbreviations i iii vii...
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...Biotechnology and Informatics, BUITEMS, Quetta Co-Supervisor PROFESSOR Dr. MUHAMMAD AZAM KHAN KAKAR Faculty of Biotechnology and Informatics, BUITEMS, Quetta PREVALENCE OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES (TUBERCULOSIS AND BRUCELLOSIS) IN ANIMALS DOMOISTICATED IN PISHIN DISTRICT (BALOCHISTAN) Abstract This report presents a combined epidemiological and economic framework for assessing zoonoses using a ‘‘one health’’ concept. The framework allows for an understanding of the cross-sector economic influence of zoonoses using improved risk analysis and listing a range of analytical tools. The goal of the framework is to link the check outputs of animal and human disease transmission models, economic influence models and assessment of risk management options to gain improved understanding of factors affecting the acceptance of risk management plans so that investment planning includes the most promising interventions (or sets of interventions in an integrated fashion). A more complete understanding of the costs of the disease and the costs and benefits of control measures would promote broader application of the most efficient and effective control measures, contributing to improved animal and human health, better livelihood outcomes for the poor and macroeconomic growth. Keywords: Zoonoses, Tuberculosis, Brucellosis Acknowledgements / Foreword IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE BENEFICENT, THE MERCIFUL I would like to express my sincere gratefulness to Relief International for financial support and...
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...Beyond Mountains, a book telling the true story of Farmer’s life and passion of treating people with infectious diseases. In the story Farmer strives to treat people in Haiti from mainly tuberculosis and other diseases, he has a dream of creating a better life for these people and to create a more universal health care system for those who cannot afford the necessary treatment that is needed to overall keep these people alive. Tracy Kidder in his book appears to take the side of Farmer, painting a picture to the reader of a man who has done only good in his life and seems to care more for others wellbeing than himself, “I can't sleep. There's always somebody not getting treatment.” (Paul Farmer, 24). It is obvious Farmer cares for others but you are only shown and told view points from those who have received his generous care and much of his gifts. At times throughout the book Farmer seems to express his anger at companies here in America claiming that recourses that we have should be put to better use around the world and not fought over due to money and who can pay for what. The market system to him is a serious problem that is cause many people around the world to receive no treatment and all and eventually causing preventable deaths in areas of serious poverty. His health care idea can seem radical at times, some of his ideas simply aren’t possible to accomplish in our day and age. Farmer wrote a book called Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War...
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...JAN REVIEW PAPER Directly observed therapy and tuberculosis: how can a systematic review of qualitative research contribute to improving services? A qualitative meta-synthesis Jane Noyes1 & Jennie Popay2 Accepted for publication 29 September 2006 Jane Noyes DPhil MSc RN RSCN Professor of Nursing Research, Co-Convenor Cochrane Qualitative Research Methods Group University of Wales, Bangor, UK Jennie Popay MA Professor of Sociology and Public Health, Co-Convenor Cochrane Qualitative Research Methods Group Institute for Health Research, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK Correspondence to Jane Noyes: e-mail: jane.noyes@bangor.ac.uk 2 1 N O Y E S J . & P O P A Y J . ( 2 0 0 7 ) Directly observed therapy and tuberculosis: how can a systematic review of qualitative research contribute to improving services? A qualitative meta-synthesis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 57(3), 227–243 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04092.x Abstract Title. Directly observed therapy and tuberculosis: how can a systematic review of qualitative research contribute to improving services? A qualitative meta-synthesis Aim. This paper reports the findings from a qualitative meta-synthesis concerning people with, or at risk of, tuberculosis, service providers and policymakers and their experiences and perceptions of tuberculosis and treatment. Background. Directly observed therapy is part of a package of interventions to improve tuberculosis treatment and adherence. A Cochrane systematic review...
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...Should the United States (U.S) have a social medical program that is the same of the France or the Netherlands? PRO and CONs for social medical system in the US The following are arguments on the Pros or Cons in the implementation of the federal government to formulate and strategize a social medical system in the US to assure the citizens are cared for the same as the France and the Netherlands does today. PROs Prevent needless deaths due to no or limited health insurance Looking at the health care reform act that was built by the president of the United States Barack Obama, the health care Reform Act is being created so that all Americans have a better standard of living. This allows for the prevention of many diseases that can be avoided with minimal standard follow-up appointments, checkups, and screenings. There are many diseases out there that are preventable if a person has the resources to visit a physician once or twice a year. This health care Reform Act gives every person in the United States to have access to a physician and the opportunity for healthier life. Longer and healthier lifespan By increasing the preventive care in the United States, we are increasing our health and...
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...character, Victor Frankenstein, constructs a creature with the purpose of discovering how to create life; however, he does not foresee all of the consequences that end up arising from the creation of his invention as great tumults develop in his life and in human society due to the creature’s formation. Unintended consequences are not limited to the creation of Victor Frankenstein’s monster because these consequences are also present in reality with actual human creations. One such example of a real life human creation that has developed unintended consequences is the invention and use of antibiotics. The intended effect of antibiotics is to kill bacteria that cause infections in order to...
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...Immigration is a very controversial topic. People from all over the world have an opinion on how immigration policies affect both immigrants and citizens. Personally, I believe that immigration laws should become more strict. The current lack of job opportunities, the spread of diseases, the current poverty rate, and my main concern, terrorism, are some reasons as to why I feel immigration laws should become more stringent. Whether the immigrants are legal or illegal, these are examples that should concern everyone relocating to a different country, as well as the citizens already inhabiting the area. Throughout the years, the need and availability for certain jobs has decreased. With advances in technology and the increase in population,...
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...Bacteria |I | |INTRODUCTION | Bacteria, one-celled organisms visible only through a microscope. Bacteria live all around us and within us. The air is filled with bacteria, and they have even entered outer space in spacecraft. Bacteria live in the deepest parts of the ocean and deep within Earth. They are in the soil, in our food, and on plants and animals. Even our bodies are home to many different kinds of bacteria. Our lives are closely intertwined with theirs, and the health of our planet depends very much on their activities. Bacterial cells are so small that scientists measure them in units called micrometers (µm). One micrometer equals a millionth of a meter (0.0000001 m or about 0.000039 in), and an average bacterium is about one micrometer long. Hundreds of thousands of bacteria would fit on a rounded dot made by a pencil. Bacteria lack a true nucleus, a feature that distinguishes them from plant and animal cells. In plants and animals the saclike nucleus carries genetic material in the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Bacteria also have DNA but it floats within the cell, usually in a loop or coil. A tough but resilient protective shell surrounds the bacterial cell. Biologists classify all life forms as either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria. They lack a defined nucleus of the sort found in plant and animal cells. More complex organisms, including all plants and animals, whose cells have a...
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...patient death. To identify and define the patient wishes it is necessary to learn how to interpret the patient's nonverbal as often patients are unable to formulate the questions they wish to ask concerning their passing. First and foremost I will argue, a good death is achieved when symptoms are controlled and when patients and family recognize death as a unique living experience to be treasured...
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