...“Evolution by natural selection is now replaced by evolution through human intervention.” Evolution has been one of the big topics on the science part of the world. Through years, there has been many debates on not the idea of evolution but by which process(es) it undergoes. There is the natural and artificial selections. I take I have enough knowledge to distinguish both sides of the argument and to take my stand which would be somewhere right in the middle, leaning more on the natural selection side. It is quite easy for me to choose between artificial and natural. Although I am aware that in this generation, we are exposed to such artificial choices which prove to be of much more convenience to the majority, I still believe that natural is always the best way. Natural is more real and original. In a much more abstract sense, natural provides more meaning. It is pretty much a fight between ‘what things can be but not necessarily should be’ and ‘what things are really in the first place’. On the talk of evolution, natural selection gives the same general sense and feeling. It’s basically how the cycle goes, without intentions and preferences. Human intervention, with the military sense included, has force. The choice is created, not given, to a man. Cloning has been disliked by so many simply because it is against the ideals of humanity. It is considered a shortcut or even cheating life. It is too easy therefore it gives fear and prejudice amongst the majority, especially the...
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...Origin of the Concept of the Natural Justice Roman jurists expressed rules and principles for conduct of man – Jus Naturale Use interchangeability with divine law. Even Adam called upon to explain why the forbidden fruit was eaten. Principles of Natural Justice (i) Rule of fair hearing for Audi Alteram Partem – A person must be given an opportunity to defend himself. Nobody should be condemned unheard. Constitutional base under Article-311 Case Law R.K.Vasistha vs UoI – Receipt of Documents {1993 SCC (L&S) 153} Joseph Vilangandan vs Executive Engineer {1968 (3 SCC) 36} Errington vs Ministry of Health – Order for demolition of buildings P.K.Sharma vs UoI – Mandatory to give copy of enquiry {1988 (6 ATC) 904} Mohd. Ramzan Case {1990 SCC (L&S) 612} ECIL Case {1993 (4 SCC) 727} (ii) Rule against Bias No person should be a judge in his own cause. Meaning of bias – It means operative prejudice whether conscious or unconscious in relation to a party or an issue. Types of Bias a. Personal bias b. Pecuniary bias c. Departmental bias d. Test of bias e. The real question is not whether a person was biased f. The test is not what actually happened but the substantial possibilities for the real likelihood of bias Justice must be rooted in confidence Case Law Chanda Case G.Nageshwara Rao vs APS RTC {1959 SC 1376} Justice should not only be done but appear to be done Maneklal vs Premchand {202 (9 SCC) 732} Demonstration in...
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...4 fields of Anthropology (Bio/Physical, SocioCultural, Archaeology, Linguistics): Subfields of Anthropology • Socio‐Cultural Anthropology – Study of living peoples • Biological/Physical Anthropology – Evol i ut on of the human species – Study of physical remains of people – Adaptation of living peoples • Archaeology • Linquistics Bio‐Anthropology • Evolution of us (subject of this class) • Study of Primates • How the human species has physically ad d apte to different environments (bi l ) (biology) • Diversity of human species • Human health, past and present • Interpretation of human remains (forensics, osteology). Scientific Method (including steps in the scientific method) The Scientific Method • Basic belief that physical world is empirical and objective • Objective vs. interpretive information • All science is conducted within a cultural and social paradigm Observation Inductive Interpretation Coming up with Hypothesis • Use what we already know about the world to create hypothesis of what bees do: Testing Hypothesis • Create tests or design set of observations to test the hypothesis’ Refine Hypothesis/Create new ones • If hypothesis is rejected, can come up with new ones (alternatives) to test • If hypothesis is supported, can further refine it or come up with alternatives that could also be “correct” – Could tomatoes be naturally pollinated in other ways? • Occam's razor: accept the simplest explanation that works Testing hypothesis is repeatable • Our results...
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...that survives, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change.” (Charles Darwin). One of the more controversial pieces ever written was Darwin’s Natural Selection. The controversy is evolution vs. creation. Religion says earth and mankind, and life in general was created by god (as told in the creation story) with a design and purpose. Darwin says life all descends from a common ancestor with modifications over time in an undirected manor. It is not outside the realm of possibility that Darwin may be right considering he was trained as a minister and allowed himself to step outside the general consensus. Much like he did, we may need to accept that there may be some truth to the work he has done over his life I feel that Darwin's work was impactful because it shows us that there are alternative reasoning’s behind how we got here. I agree with Darwin's work and his theory of evolution because it is actually supported by evidence. I don't know about you but I've never been religious. I also think that his theory should be taught because religion has no place in public classrooms. Let parents teach religion, schools teach science, and allow the child to decide what to believe. I believe that evolution is real because it explains why there are so many different types of certain species. Natural selection is the gradual process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population. Variation exists within all populations of organisms. This occurs...
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...Natural Vs Artificial Selection in dogs that has been altered to suit a person’s need Introduction Dogs exist in both wild and domestic set-up whereby they vary in shape and size. This means that there are different breeds of dogs resulting from artificial and natural selection. Each existing species was created separately but they can be modified by the environment. However, these changes are limited hence cannot produce a new species. Artificial selection is whereby a species of a particular plant or animal is modifies by breeders into a distinct breed with unique physical attributes. The offspring obtained from each breeding process may exhibit minimal differences that only a breeder can identify. The aim of this breeding process is to breed an offspring with desired physical attributes, which is then allowed to breed further. An offspring with undesired physical attributes is not allowed to breed. The breeding process is repeated until the small differences observed increase gradually. This represents the process of artificial selection (Venemma). Natural selection represents a similar process that occurs in nature. In a natural setup, organisms normally vary hence reproduce at a specific geometric rate. Survival of these organisms depends on adaptation to the natural environment (Pollan 23). This creates a division whereby organisms that are environmentally suited will reproduce and those not suited will die. This is a resemblance of artificial selection, but this natural...
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...¥@E!¥" $B #! )#A @95) #¦ &8¦ ¥ ' ( ¢7 ) 'D C ¡ $ $ 1 ¡ ¦ $ ¨ 4 2 © ' #¦"2#©6&5)##) #230("0"!"¥) "' &§$"©¦ %! #"¢ 1 ' ¡ ' ! ( ¡ ¤ $ !! ¦ ¥ ¥©¥©§¥£ ¢ ¨ ¡ ¦ £ ¨ ¦ ¤ ¡ April 28, 2007 Oxnard, CA Human Evolution and the Nature of Science Evolution & NOS • As the common thread in biology, the topic of evolution can help students make sense of diverse biological concepts. 4 Common Misconception about Human Evolution – Man evolved from apes or chimps… chimps… – No, Chimpanzees and humans had a common and less specialized ancestor – Common Chimp = Pan troglodytes – Human = Homo sapiens 5 In the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin makes reference to human evolution only once when he writes “light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history.” 6 2 It is of no surprise that much light or evidence has been gathered by paleoanthropologists – which include scientists who study human evolution – since Darwin’s book was first published in 1859. 7 In the last two years alone, both in science/research journals and in the public media, there have been numerous scientific articles, news reports, radio broadcasts, etc. describing further evidence of human or hominin (which include present day humans and their ancestors) evolution. The evidence collected ranges from new fossils being unearthed to new hominin species being described such as the discovery of the “Hobbit” scientific name: Homo floresiensis on the Indonesian island of Flores...
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...ISU Controversial Issues in World Religions Evolution vs. Creation In society, there are many diverse issues that raise intense controversy. One that is particularly interesting is the ongoing conflict between the world of science and some segments of religious society. This essay will refer to the debate between evolution and creationism which has ranged through the course of human history, but intensified as the science and evolving proofs of evolution are generated. Evolution has proved that Creationist beliefs and their denial defy logic, science and reality. One of the most common questions that humanity tends to ask itself is where we came from and how we came to be. It is inherent to every human being to ask himself about their origin and purpose of their existence. Humanity’s first attempt to answer these questions was religion (Christianity, Judaism, Islamic); however science has introduced an alternative to religion’s so called answer, evolution. The current argument began with an English naturalist by the name of Charles Darwin. Darwin was the first to propose the theory of evolution, which states that mankind, through genetic mutation and natural selection, evolved from a common ancestor over a prolonged period based on natural selection processes. This theory directly defied religious beliefs at the time; more specifically those of the Catholic church which believes in creationism, or in a more general sense intelligent design. Creationism...
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...ENG121 Evolution vs. Creationism The debate between evolutionism and creationism began thousands of years ago and the battle between the two streams of thought continues to this day. While creationists believe in a god who is the absolute creator of heaven and earth less than 10,000 years ago, evolutionists believe that the universe began billions of years ago with life started as just a single cell bacteria evolving slowly into everything we see today. “What’s the difference between creationism and evolution?” Charles Darwin’s work on evolution is the most recognized throughout history and the evidence that he discovered supporting evolution changed how many people viewed the history of our universe. His main research project was on a process called natural selection, the idea that survival of the fittest has been a main determinant is shaping how the earth and all living things appear today. Charles Darwin discuses this idea of Natural Selection in his essay “Natural Selection”, detailing evidence supporting his theory. This paper will discuss Darwin’s essay but will also go into further detail of his discoveries, other evolutionary milestones and finally comparing and contrasting the evolutionary argument to the creationism point of view. The idea of evolution first came about in the 1600’s when European naturalists started to question the current theories about how our universe was created. In 1666 the first evidence of evolution was discovered when a couple of fishermen...
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...Pure Logic vs. Scientific Logic “Reasoning is an art, and reasoning about the natural world is the art that lies at the base of science” (Castel and Sismondo 55). Pure logic is “a form of reasoning conducted or assessed according to strict principles of validity” (Oxford Dictionaries). In contrast, scientific logic is a form of reasoning in which a logical thought process is used to conduct experiments and research in order to reach a valid conclusion. Altogether, pure and scientific logic are different forms of reasoning used to solve everyday problems in life; yet, it is ‘scientific logic’ that is more prevalent in solving everyday problems, including critical interpretations of major problems on earth. Scientific logic is the best choice to cope with life problems in the midst of global issues; it helps facilitate our logical expertise in daily matters; it is both predictable and reliable; and on a greater scale, scientific logic helps us deal with the widespread problems on earth. With the growth of science and new emerging technologies, life is becoming more complicated, therefore relying purely on logic is insufficient. “Most of the time very little follows logically from what we know, and when we think that it does we learn that most of our knowledge consists of generalizations that don’t hold 100 percent of the time” (Castel and Sismondo 71). People live in a world of probability and because “scientific reasoning develops over time,” (Castel and Sismondo 74) they...
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...Creationism Vs. Evolution in Today’s Society The dispute between creationism and evolution is a long debated controversy. It is an argument most people choose to avoid. This debate is extremely controversial due to personal belief, most in part due to secularism and religion. Even with the exponentially increasing knowledge of today, it has remained a long fought controversy throughout the twenty-first century. Science deals with the mind, and is the backbone of modern civilization. Religion deals with emotions, and often teaches people invaluable ethical principles. Both Science and Religion are vital in our culture in order for humanity to progress. In order for society to progress, children should be taught about both evolution and creationism, and taught to question both theories. As a result, our children will be open-minded and have the skills to “think outside of the box”. The theories of today and from the past are ones regarding strong factual evidence that has been extensively tested through the scientific method. The Theory of Evolution states that life has evolved from simple, single-celled organisms that all share a common ancestor. Throughout history these organisms faced the challenges of survival, and because of this, became more complex. Different stimuli, in different parts of the world, cause organisms to evolve differently. When these different simple organisms meet, there is often competition between the two in order to reproduce and/or survive. This occurs...
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...1) Natural selection works on individuals * 2) Individuals do not evolve, populations do * Insecticide application didn’t result in insecticide resistance: some insects carry trait of resistance in their genes * Processes in Microevolution -Mutation -Non-random mating -Genetic Drift -Natural Selection -Gene Flow * Hardy-Weinburg Theorem: Frequencies of alleles and genotypes are preserved from generation to generation in populations that are not evolving -p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 * Hardy-Weinburg tells us that we will never get rid of bad genes and it’s used to figure how gene populations change over time * The Hardy-Weinberg theorem describes a pop’n that is not evolving. It has 5 assumptions: 1. Genetic Drift: This represents random changes in small gene pools due to sampling errors in propagation of alleles. The bottleneck effect and founder effect are prime examples of genetic drift. In either case the number of individuals in a population is drastically reduced distorting the original allelic frequencies. (H-W assumes large population) 2. Gene Flow: The movement of alleles into and out of a gene pool. Migration of an organism into different areas can cause the allelic frequencies of that population to increase. Most populations are not isolated, which is contrary to the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem. (H-W assumes the population isolated from others) 3. Mutations: These changes in the genome of an organism are an important source of natural selection...
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...Couples Wishing to Undergo IVF Treatment Should Be Awarded the Legal Right to Choose the Sex of Their Child: Abstract: Sex selection, also known as gender selection, has attracted great interest and controversy over the years. Gender selection has been associated with a number of ethical, moral, social and legal issues. Sex selection may be performed for medical reasons to avoid sex-linked diseases or for parental preference. The topics I will be covering include eugenics, beneficence, utilitarianism and pre-genetic screening in regards to sex linked diseases. Eugenics can be defined as the study or belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species. In the context of IVF, treatment positive eugenics encourages reproduction by implantation of healthy embryos with inheritable desirable traits and negative eugenics seeks to identify and dispose of embryos found to carry undesirable inheritable traits. Introduction: Utilitarianism in the context of IVF sex selection and genetic screening is defined by the principle of utility, which seeks to judge moral rules, actions and behaviors based on their consequences. Where an action produces the best possible outcome, that being the greatest good for the greatest number it is seen as ethical and moral. Therefore, the testing, screening and disposal of genetically impaired embryos and implantation of only healthy and preferred embryos is justifiable because the outcome...
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...that the human species are the results of billions of years of transition. That we have evolved from many mammal species to become the dominate character we are today. There are many theories that suggest this idea. Natural Selection and Adaptive Behavior One way to describe natural selection is the natural process to which the weaker biological traits die off leaving the best characteristic to be passed on to the next evolving offspring. The best adapted gene dominates and produces the stronger creatures most likely to reproduce. This idea was suggested my Charles Darwin (in 1859). Evolutionary Psychology The theories that evolutionary psychology are based on do originate with Charles Darwin's work, but David Buss incorporates the ideas that the psychological aspects rely on natural selection as well. Our selection of mates, behavior, our social skills , and many other functions are derived from the “survival of the fittest.” Evolutionary Psychology- A branch of psychology that emphasizes the importance of adoption, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior Evolutionary Developmental Psychology It is believed that there is a extended period in childhood that is needed due to the evolving of the human brain. This time is allotted to allow the brain to learn the complexities of the human society. Evolution and Life-Span Development If it is “Survival of the fittest”, why does the human race tend...
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...Running Head: CONSERVATION VS PRESERVATION Conservation vs. Preservation Jose E. Ortiz December 16, 2012 SCI/275 Joanna Gress In the era of climate change and global warming, there is an increased interest in land management techniques. Some experts are proponents of the preservation theory, which sets aside areas of natural resources in their pristine state, without intrusion or interference of man. Other experts favor conservation practices, which seek to find a happy medium between responsible land management and protection of natural resources while permitting humans to enjoy that land in a variety of ways. The desire to preserve areas in their natural state can be driven by a desire to maintain refuges for animals and plants free of human interference and to keep species from the threat of extinction. With the advent of the last twenty years of the housing boom, many natural areas have disappeared. The point of preservationists is that there need to be certain aspects of the natural population that are never disturbed. The disagreement among naturalists arises from the methods of protection versus the actual concept of protection. Some believe conservation of resources provides the best of all worlds. Individuals can, for example, live in a subdivision, but the subdivision would be placed adjacent to natural forests, wetlands, or other natural areas of importance to the environment. Within these wetlands and forests...
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...Approaches to Understanding Evolution * What is Anthropology? * the study of culture * the study of humans * the study of humans and human behavior * the study of culture among different people and places * the study of global cultures and the comparisons between the various differences * It incorporate culture, including language, social practice, religion, etc. * the study of culture…it can be scientific, humanistic and based on observation * the study of humans in all parts of the world…it combines several fields into a holistic view * the study of humankind in all time and places * Anthropology is: 1. A Social Science * Academic discipline concerned with society and the relationships among individuals within a society, which often reply primarily on empirical approaches 2. Studies Culture * Culture is composed of ideas, values and perceptions * Culture is not instinctual, it must be learned and shared * Culture only exists within a society or group of people * Culture is a human adaptation to their environment 3. Holistic * The various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence * Cultural Anthropology * The study of patterns of human behavior, thought and emotions, focusing on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures * Ethnography * Detailed description...
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