...Introduction Human sexuality plays a major role in everyone’s life, it aides in the definition of who we are and what we do and is the way in which we experience and express ourselves as sexual beings (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2010) Human sexuality; different from that of force driven animal instinct, is directed by a variety of different complex factors. Due to the complexity of human sexuality there has been much done by the way of research, theory and model development from past researchers such as Sigmund Freud, Henry Havelock Ellis, Alfred Kinsey, and the team of Masters and Johnson (King, 2012). This paper will explore some of the current contributors of research as well as factors leading to the development of human sexuality based upon: the biological perspective, gender identity and roles, sexual orientation, as well as the relation between these terms. Development of Human Sexuality Human sexuality is indeed the way in which we experience as well as express ourselves as sexual beings (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2010). Many theories have been developed regarding the development one’s gender identity and human sexuality; however it is argued that the most important factor to consider is our actual gender (DeLamater & Friedrich, 2002). Sigmund Freud’s “Freudian Theory” is based on the fact that each stage in life brings new milestones for human sexual development (King, 2012, p. 207). In the first year of life Freud believed that due to the occurrence...
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...regarding their sexuality in an environment that affirms and promotes sexual health in accordance to Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2010). Sexual health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being in relation to sexuality. It requires a positive and a respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationship, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences free of coercion, discrimination and violence (WHO, 2014). Sexuality is part of us as humans and it shapes our individuality right throughout the life span. However it is not one that is easily constructed or defined. WHO (2014) defines sexuality as incorporating gender, individualities and roles, sexual orientation, desire, pleasure, intimacy and reproduction. Furthermore it considers that sexuality can be expressed and experienced through thoughts, fantasies, desires, attitudes, values, beliefs, roles and relationships, practices and behaviours. Bouman et al, (2006) considers that sexuality reflects the social interpretation that relates to the perception within society that middle age and older people do not experience sexual desires or feelings. Even within healthcare professionals sexuality is still very much considered to be an unmentionable issue (Bouman et al, 2006). The result of which is that all too often older people are not given the required information on sexuality as well as the risk factor for sexually transmitted disease such as Human Immunodeficiency...
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.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Why do we need sexual health education in the schools?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Do parents want sexual health education taught in the schools? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. Do young people want sexual health education taught in the schools? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. What values are taught in school-based sexual health education?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6. Does providing youth with sexual health education lead to earlier or more frequent sexual activity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. Is there clear evidence that sexual health education can effectively help youth reduce their risk of unintended pregnancy and STI/HIV infection?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 8. Are “abstinence-only” programs an appropriate form of school-based sexual health education? . 8 9. What are the key ingredients of behaviourally effective...
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...Comparing and Contrasting Essentialist Approaches to Social Psychology with Social Constructionist Approaches to Social Psychology. A widely recognised definition of social psychology is “an effort to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others” (Allport, 1985). However, how to measure this, the research methods to be used and what constitutes useful evidence has caused much debate in the history of social psychology. This essay will compare and contrast the two epistemologies of essentialist and social constructionist approaches to social psychology and the research methods of quantitative and qualitative used in each approach. Essentialists’ view of the world is that the properties possessed by a group are universal in that group and do not depend on context. However, a member of a group may possess other characteristics that are not required to include it as a group member but, it must not have characteristics that preclude it from being a member of the group (Burr, 1995). For example, essentialists believe that personality consists of a number of traits and personality of an individual is established by the level of each of these traits. Essentialists also believe that these traits remain more or less stable over time and it is our personality that influences behaviour (Maltby, 2010). As essentialists are able to classify groups as such, they use quantitative research...
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...Mandatory in High Schools 1 Harris It is imperative to support the provision of high quality sexual education in schools. Sexual education in high school continues to be a controversial subject in today’s society. It is wishful thinking to assume that young adults do not engage in sexual activity. Many students become sexually active during high school (McKay and Bissel 48). Canadian guidelines describe sexual health education “the process of equipping individuals, couples, families and communities with the information, motivation, and behavioral skills needed to enhance sexual health and avoid negative outcomes” (McKay and Bissel 53). Parents and teachers are the key source of guidance and support for teenagers in regards to sexuality and sexual behavior (McKay and Bissel 50). Comprehensive sexual health education should be mandatory in high school as it can provide students with accurate information from trained professionals regarding pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STI’s) and HIV. Both abstinence-focused and comprehensive sexual education programs agree on the fact that abstinence is the safest method for preventing unwanted pregnancy and STI’s. Those in favor of abstinence-focused programs argue that comprehensive sexual health education programs encourage youth to engage in sexual behavior. Abstinencefocused programs stand behind the notion that one should refrain from sexual activity before marriage (Silva 471). Various programs tend to focus more...
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...ARTICLES Sociology o Sport Journal, 1998, 15, 1-20 f O 1998 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. "Disciplining the Body": HIV-Positive Male Athletes, Media Surveillance,and the Policing of Sexuality Shari Lee Dworkin and Faye Linda Wachs University of Southern California This paper analyzes how mainstream print media polices sexuality through framings of HIV-positive male athletes. We analyze the HN-positive announcements of Magic Johnson, Greg Louganis, and Tommy Morrison. Specifically, we discuss differences between the framing of gay men (Louganis) and self-identifiedheterosexual men (Johnson and Morrison). First, there is an extensive search for the ways Magic Johnson and Tommy Morrison contracted HIVIAIDS. Media coverage emphasizes that "straights can get it too" through promiscuity and a "fast lane" lifestyle. Consistent with the historically automatic conflation of HIVIAIDS with gay identity, the media pose no inquiries into the cause of Louganis' HIV transmission. We close our discussion by focusing on the meaning of extending the signifier of HIVIAIDS beyond gay bodies to include working class and black male bodies. Media surveillance of sexual identity and the body reinforces hegemonic masculinity in sport while feeding into the current sexual hierarchy in U.S. culture. Cette Ctude porte sur la f a ~ o n les mCdias Ccrits surveillent et contr6lent la sexualit6 par dont le biais de leur traitement des athlktes masculins skro-positifs.Nous analysons les annonces de skro-positivitk...
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...Why is men’s fashion photography redefining the image of the contemporary male and how does it use diverse male sexualities as a tool in advertising? The works of renowned photographers such as Hedi Slimane have a heavy impact on prevailing images of male sexualities in fashion advertising, eventually affecting the image of the ideal male in fashion. Male sexualities in high fashion photography can oscillate between the homoerotic or a dominant hetero-masculinity, thus there is usually no middle ground in fashion advertising, especially where artistic direction takes over. Such advertising targets niche “high fashion” audiences and responds to the popularization of sexual themes in other forms of advertising (and indeed wider media), whilst associating diverse sexualities with artistry. Coding in high fashion advertisements affect, but also respond intuitively to, audience sexual ideologies by deconstructing the concepts of femininity and masculinity that have undergone rapid change in our self-reflective and deconstructing postmodern world. Hedi Slimane’s penchant for androgynous men has significantly heightened popularity for thin male models in the fashion industry. His work usually incorporates explicit concepts of homo-eroticism and femininity inspiring many leading contemporary designers and photographers who saw his designs as radical and surprisingly persuasive” [1]. Indeed, Hedi’s influence on modern fashion aesthetics suggests that “designers everywhere started...
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...| | | |[pic] |AllPsych Journal | | |[pic] | | | | | |Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture | | |Ryan D. Johnson | | |April 30, 2003 | | |[pic] | | |In recent decades, many hotly debated topics have come under the scrutiny of sociobiologists, trying to determine their causation | | |and origins. One such topic is homosexuality. Originally thought by the American Psychological Association (hereafter referred to | | |as APA) to be a mental disorder, research into its causes, origins...
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...Mr. and Ms. Albert: Problems of Premature Ejaculation 17th Dec. 2012 Abstract This paper reviews the problem of a couple who is experiencing premature ejaculation problems. Psychological ejaculation theories and treatment interventions are considered. Mr. Albert’s possible negative psychological effect is looked at as well as his partner’s. Successful psychological interventions are discussed that could minimize the problem of rapid ejaculation. Combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy are found to be the most effective in minimizing the problems of rapid ejaculation and psychological obstacles that arise from the problem. It is highlighted that the psychotherapeutic intervention, cognitive behavioral therapy is important in any case to reduce distress and negative affective thoughts along with the medical process. Mr. and Ms. Albert: Problems of Premature Ejaculation Mr. and Ms. Albert have been married for 15 years. Mr. Albert works as a restaurateur and is a successful man, and Ms. Albert is a housewife who is committed to child rearing. Mr. Albert is 38 and Ms. Albert is 35 years old. Mr. Albert was always a perfectionist, and he always managed to achieve his goals. Additionally, it was important for Mr. Albert throughout his childhood to please his demanding father. Nevertheless, despite the fact that this couple seems to lead a decent life and are highly compatible, they are experiencing problems when they engage in sexual intercourse. The Presenting Problem ...
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...discussions on the gay gene. It has long been debated as to whether or not a person who has embraced has lived gay or lesbian is born that way. The question being is this an act of their own volition or are they born that way. On one side there are those who assert that people are biologically predisposed to such a lifestyle and cannot help but pursue same sex relationships. On the other side there are those who argue it is an issue of will, and one of choice. I believe the current research is inconclusive on both sides. The data is up to date and the results are a testimony to how much ignorance there is about this controversy. As we attempt to understand those whose sexual point of reference we question we must remember that all human beings are the Creator’s offspring and should be treated as such no matter how we feel about their sexual orientation. We must employ respect and reason as we journey down the road to understanding this intriguing subject. People may be different in their sexual expression and it may concern us to no end. The truth of the matter is if their behavior is in our estimation deviant, no matter how wrong we think it is we have a responsibility to treat them in a way that is respectable and proper. People are at liberty to express themselves sexually as they deem it fitting for them. This paper is designed to deliver a biological and scientific perspective about the gay gene and not to express my personal feelings about the moral views of the gay-lesbian...
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...literature where further research is needed. These studies are categorized into eight groups: 1) Different types of infidelity 2) Gender difference in infidelity 3) Education level and infidelity 4) Genetic effect on infidelity 5) Personality and infidelity 6) Reasons of infidelity 7) Consequences of infidelity 8) Infidelity and treatments. The existing body of knowledge relating to these groups of studies will be summarized in this paper. Key words: Infidelity, Personality, Gender, Education Level, Genetic Effect. 1. Introduction Nowadays, infidelity is a most important reason of divorces. Based on research reports, 90% of all divorces involve infidelity. The most consistent data on infidelity drives from the General Social Survey which sponsored by the National Science Foundation to track the opinions of Americans about social behaviors since 1972. The survey data shows that in any given year, about 10% of married couples (12% men and 7% of women) have engaged in sex outside their marriage. But detailed analysis of the data from 1991 to 2006 shows surprising shifts. University of Washington researchers have found that the rate of lifetime infidelity for men over 60 increased to 28% in 2006 from 20% in 1991. For women over 60, this rate increased from 5% in 1991 to 15% in 2006 (Barker, 2011). As a consequence, infidelity becomes an important issue in psychology literature which attracts lots of attention of researchers. Also infidelity...
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...Prerequisites: NONE Units: 3.0 Class Hours: T, TR 5:10p.m.-6:35 p.m. Phone: e-mail: sakili@swccd.edu Course Description: Addresses contemporary public health issues and development of holistically healthy living. Provides an overview of epidemiology, chronic and infectious diseases, environmental health, injury prevention, chemical dependency, nutrition, health policies and promotion, global health, body composition, fitness, psychological wellness, fertility, sexuality, emergency preparedness, disaster response, conflict resolution, and end of the life cycle. Text: Insel, P. & Roth, W. (2011). Core concepts in health. 13th ed. brief. New York, NY: McGraw- Hill. ISBN: 978-0-07-8028533 MHID: 0-07-802853-1 Student Learning Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to: 1. Identify present health condition that may develop into disease and modify them as necessary. 2. Identify causes and health consequences of stress and implement stress management techniques. 3. Evaluate components of a good relationship including communication, responsibility, commitment, and sexuality. 4. Design an exercise program to improve cardiovascular health. 5. Analyze daily diet for balance of essential nutrients, design and implement an appropriate dietary regimen to...
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...This paper will demonstrate Counseling Plan a woman who was referred by her gynecologist for counseling because she has never experienced an orgasm. It will include assessment of the dynamics of the couple’s relationship as well as issues regarding their sexual functioning, possible sexual dysfunction within the framework of the sexual response cycle, sexual normality as well as a evidence-based counseling interventions grounded through research and treatment plan with ethical considerations. . Table of Contents Abstract 2 Case Study: Michelle and Tom 5 Assessment of Sexual Issues 6 Biological Assessment of Sexuality 6 Cultural Assessment of Sexuality 6 Religious Assessment of Sexuality 7 Psychological Assessment of Sexuality 8 Assessment of Dynamics of the Relationship 8 Family and Couples 8 Diagnostic and Multi-Axial Impressions 9 Diagnostic 9 Multi-Axial 10 Integration of Disorder 11 Sexual Response Cycle Framework 11 Sexual Normality and Sexual Response Cycle 12 Sexual Disorder and Sexual Response Cycle 13 Psychosexual Development over the Lifespan 14 Psychosocial Contributions 15 Treatment Goals 15 Individual Goals 15 Couples’ Goals 16 Counseling Interventions 17 Initial Assessment 17 Counseling...
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...JORIND (9)1 June, 2011. ISSN 1596-8303. www.transcampus.org/journals. www.ajol.info/journals/jorind PSYCHO-CULTURAL VARIABLES PREDICTING ATTITUDE OF STUDENTS’ TOWARDS HIV COUNSELLING AND TESTING IN SELECTED TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA. Olujide Adekeye, Augustine Ebiai and Sussan Olufunmilola Adeusi Department of Psychology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria E-mail: oadekeye@covenantuniversity.com, aebiai@yahoo.com, funmiswayas@yahoo.com Abstract The aim of the present study was to assess attitude of young people (n=287, mean=20.5 years) towards testing for HIV/AIDS. The participants completed a standard socio-demographic questionnaire, indicating sexual behaviour, cultural beliefs and practices, attitude to HCT, and knowledge of HIV/AIDS. Descriptive and inferential statistics at 0.05 alpha level were used to analyze the data. The study indicates that most participants have poor knowledge of HCT centres in their communities, but had a fairly high knowledge level of HIV. The findings of this study include that there is a significant difference in the disposition to HCT between respondents who have experienced sexual intercourse and those who have not (t = 3.866, df = 285: p<0.05) and between male and female respondents (t = 4.775, df = 285; p< 0.05). The study also shows that knowledge of HIV/AIDS was the strongest predictor of attitude of young people towards HCT ( = 0.547; t = 3.458 p<0.05), closely followed by cultural practices ( = 0.324; t = 2.740 p<0.05)...
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...Maria Lwantale Stephanie Wilhelm English 112 April 20, 2013 Genital mutilation: Negotiating Human Rights and Culture! I come from a small country called Uganda. We perform certain acts not because we want to, but as culture dictates. I remember being oblivious to genital mutilation, but all this changed during my years in high school because I attended boarding school. As adolescents, we enjoyed talking about our sexuality and bodies. One sunny Saturday evening, as we sat down in our dormitory, one of the girls asked if anyone had under gone genital mutilation just like her. Diana yelled out loud: “It was one of the most embarrassing and painful experiences I have ever gone through.” She said that it is held in a group setting and the act involves cutting off one’s labia minora. I was in total dismay! My family chose to stubbornly ignore certain cultural acts and this is one I am happy to have skipped judging from the information I know right now. The second time I heard of it was during my last year in high school. We had a social studies class that everyone used to enjoy so much because it had some very interesting topics. Interesting and controversial topics just like female genital mutilation. The topic at hand one chilly morning was female genital mutilation. I was prone to being absent minded and being mentally absent from class. Just hearing the three words woke me up. Ms. Kelly Miti described it as the cutting off of a few of a woman’s sexual parts which I found...
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