...Green Car Rental Feasibility Study: Hydrogen Vehicles Student Name COMM/215 Month DD, YYYY Faculty Name Green Car Rental Feasibility Study: Hydrogen Vehicles Introduction Obtaining a fleet of alternate fuel vehicles 5 years ago, proved to be a very good decision for the company. There is a growing trend across America to use alternative fuel sources. Americans are more eco-friendly, and looking for transportation options that can save them money as well as become more environmentally conscious. Based on this demand, many car manufacturers are now developing and producing more energy efficient vehicles. Firmly established as a leader in our industry, Green Car Rental entered the alternate fuel vehicle market, in response to the desires expressed by its customers. Based on our award winning success with alternative fuel vehicles, and the growing consumer demand for even more efficient, reduced emission vehicles, Green Car Rental Company intends to demonstrate the feasibility, and lead the rental car industry again by adding hydrogen fuel cell vehicles to our fleet. Product Information Hydrogen is a simple and plentiful, odorless, and colorless gas (H2) derived from gas fields. It is an abundant resource for fuel once processed. Manufacturers from BMW to Toyota have been developing numerous strategies to utilize hydrogen to power vehicles. Aside from CNG (compressed natural gas), LNG, and a host of other alternative fuel resources, hydrogen although expensive to...
Words: 2470 - Pages: 10
...Radiant energy involves lights and other parts, its energy travels throughout space. Nuclear energy is used as a source in power plants and the mechanical energy is the type of energy of familiar objects and machines. The electrical energy travels to our homes through wires. The following are examples of Fossil fuels, petroleum, coal and natural gas. Fossil fuels have been stored through radiant energy which are organisms that lived millions of years ago. It’s attractive energy because it is the strongest source of energy and nothing can power things up as strong as the fossil fuels. The alternative sources of energy are: hydrogen gas and solar. Hydrogen based on my research is the simplest and lightest of all elements, which occurs as a diatomic gas and can be used for energy directly in fuel cell or also burned to release heat. The benefit of hydrogen as fuel is that it generates no...
Words: 595 - Pages: 3
...Hydrogen Concentration Sensor Selection for the Renewable Energy Vehicle Travis Hydzik School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Western Australia Associate Professor James Trevelyan School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Western Australia ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the selection of a hydrogen concentration sensor for the use in the University of Western Australia’s Renewable Energy Vehicle (REV). Prior to selecting a sensor, it is important to consider the available sensing methods and the specific properties of the measurand, hydrogen. The selection process leading up to the purchase of two different hydrogen sensors from Neodym Technologies, is documented and finally the method of sensor calibration is outlined. 1 INTRODUCTION The University of Western Australia’s Renewable Energy Vehicle (REV) project aims to show the viability of using renewable energy as a means of transport. The vehicle will resemble the cars of today, but will be solely powered by a hybrid of hydrogen fuel and solar energy. The proposed car’s completion date is late 2005, allowing it to be driven around Australia in 2006. The REV requires numerous amounts of measured physical quantities for both data logging and controlling the car’s systems. For each measured physical quantity, a sensor is required to convert this quantity into an electrical signal. Safety is always first priority, and for this reason hydrogen leak safety sensors were given the highest priority on...
Words: 2412 - Pages: 10
...substance whose aqueous solutions are characterized by a sour taste, the ability to turn blue litmus red, and the ability to react with bases and certain metals (like calcium) to form salts. Aqueous solutions of acids have a pH of less than 7. A lower pH means a higher acidity, and thus a higher concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic. Common examples of acids include hydrochloric acid (a solution of hydrogen chloride which is found in gastric acid in the stomach and activatesdigestive enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute solution of this liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and tartaric acid (a solid used in baking). As these examples show, acids can be solutions or pure substances, and can be derived from solids, liquids, or gases. Strong acids and some concentrated weak acids are corrosive, but there are exceptions such as carboranes and boric acid. There are three common definitions for acids: the Arrhenius definition, the Brønsted-Lowry definition, and the Lewis definition. The Arrhenius definition defines acids as substances which increase the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+), or more accurately, hydronium ions (H3O+), when dissolved in water. The Brønsted-Lowry definition is an expansion: an acid is a substance which can act as a proton donor. By this definition, any compound which can easily be deprotonated can be considered an acid. Examples include alcohols and amines...
Words: 363 - Pages: 2
...paper, leaving the residue on the impermeable substance/filtrating medium and the filtrate to pass through. | Dissolved solids in liquids Evaporation | If the liquid in the mixture is more volatile (boiling point is lower) than the soluble solid, the soluble solid will remain while the liquid evaporates. The procedure employs the use of an evaporating dish and a Bunsen burner. | Crystallisation | Another method of dissolved solids from a liquid mixture (solution)The impure salt is dissolved in water at a high temperature to create a concentrated solution.The mixture is then cooled and the salt crystallises, leaving the impurity in the solution.This crystallised slat contains much less of the impurity than before. The salt can then be filtered and dried.Sugar cane industry. | Assess separation techniques for their suitability in separating examples of earth materials, identifying the differences in properties which enable these separations Yes, fractional distillation can separate a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen because they have similar (but not the same) boiling points. Could filtration successfully separate sand from a sand-salt mixture? No. Without water the salts in the sand and salt mixture will not separate out via filtration because filtration requires an insoluble solid plus a liquid mixture, which in this case would be salt + water Describe situations in which gravimetric analysis supplies useful data for chemists and other scientists * the process...
Words: 6530 - Pages: 27
...Here on Herbonia, life is very much like that on earth in the sense of building structures. The residents of Herbonia build everything out of wood. They have built many parks throughout the community. The parks have solar panels over them to shade the children from the long 18 hour days of sunlight. All roads are paved in stone from the mountains of Killinher. All buildings and structures have a roof made up of solar panels. We set up a solar powered Subway system throughout the whole land. The Subway will take you from town to town. The residents call the Subway system “The Silver Bullet.” Most residents have a Hydrogen car that runs on water. There is even a solar powered bicycle on Herbonia. The semi trucks on Herbonia run on a clean source of energy, it is vegetable oil. With the fast growth of the vegetation, we have more than enough vegetable oil to run trucks for 2 whole years and still have food left over. For water we drill past 35 feet to get rid of the sulfer smell. Water is really pure here. Sewer is the same as that on Earth, below ground and runs to a water treatment facility located in each town. All power is connected with aluminum wire. Farming is designated to flat, plain, prairies. The soil is rich in nutrients and nitrogen, perfect for growing vegetables. The pro’s are having earth to look at as a reference to see what systems actually work and the con’s are not using that information on the planning of...
Words: 266 - Pages: 2
...Deuterium? A. Definition B. History C. Importance and Uses III. Sources D. Deuterium Mining IV. Effects E. Man and; F. Economy Introduction: “The only permanent in this world is change” and the dependence of mankind to fossil fuels as source of energy is about to end soon. Studies show that there are only 1,000 billion barrels of reserve petroleum left in the world today. With the world's annual consumption of 28.6 billion barrels, all reserve oil will be fully used up 35 years from now. World energy requirements will have to be shifted then to natural gas which still has 5,457 trillion cubic feet in reserve (Halog). But this particular source is still subject to depletion. Thus, Hydrogen, which has an abundant and unlimited source in Deuterium, can be or will be the future energy reserve. This research includes some of the details about the said element. And will also give the readers knowledge and background about the existence of what might be the possible energy source of the future, Deuterium, and how it will affect Philippines in particular. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents various materials found to be relevant in the study. The materials are the result of exploring sources of literature and studies that have shed light to the problem under study. What is Deuterium? According...
Words: 1874 - Pages: 8
...pollution from factories making the packaging. We can recycle glass and metal containers such as drinking bottles. We can recycle rainwater by collecting it on our roofs and using it for washing clothes, showers, baths and for flushing toilets. | | | TRANSPORT Cars, and planes are responsible for much of the carbon we ‘pump’ into the atmosphere and environment. If we reduce the journeys we make by cars and planes our carbon footprint will also be reduced. This is also the case if we take public transport rather than using our private cars. Cycling and walking is also a healthy option for ourselves and the environment. We could also use environmentally friendly fuels such as hydrogen in our cars. | | | HOLIDAYS AT HOME If we stayed in this country for our annual holiday instead of flying abroad our carbon footprint would be reduced. Aeroplanes produce a large amount of pollution, especially carbon which damages the environment and contributes to global warming. | | | | BIO FUELS Bio fuels are fuels that are produced by growing crops that can be processes to give us fuel that is more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels. Sugar cane is used to produce ethanol which can be used to power cars and yet is less polluting than petrol or diesel. Animal waste can be used to produce methane gas which can be used to power vehicles. There are many more bio fuels which are alternatives to oil, petrol and diesel. Using these fuels in place of fossil fuels would help...
Words: 417 - Pages: 2
...Chemistry Revision Hazard Symbols States of Matter As heat is added to a solid the particles start to vibrate more and more vigorously. Eventually when it reaches its melting point the particles have enough energy to break their bonds and melt into a liquid. As it is cooled energy is taken away so the particles vibrate less and if a liquid or gas the bonds become stronger and so it freezes or condenses. In the case of a solid it becomes less flexible. Particles in a solid vibrate around their equilibrium but don’t move and keep a rigid shape with their bonds intact. Liquid particles are similar but have more energy so vibrate faster and have more fluidity. Gas particles have no bonds and move around very quickly Structure of an atom |Particle |Where? |Mass |Charge | |Proton |Nucleus |1 |1+ | |Neutron |Nucleus |1 |0 | |Electron |Energy Levels |1/1840 |1- | Atomic/Proton Number – Number of protons (small number) Mass Number – Sum of protons and neutrons Mass Num – Atomic Num = Number of neutrons Number of protons = number of...
Words: 4458 - Pages: 18
...Steven Velasquez Page 1 Chemistry has been around since before time these element have existed since before time. It was only up to us to find each and every one of them. Every element is unique in their own way. Each have different amounts of protons and electrons, have different masses, and are in different states of matter. Sodium, Oxygen, and Carbon each have different components and different ways that they react with other elements. Sodium Sodium is the eleventh element on the periodic table of elements. This means it has 11 protons and 11 electrons. Its symbol is Na and has an atomic weight of 22, 9898. It’s a soft metal, and even though sodium is the sixth most abundant element on earth, it is a very reactive element and is never found free in nature. Sodium was first made pure by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807 by the electrolysis of caustic soda. Sodium is so reactive it can ignite on contact with water forming sodium hydroxide which is highly irritating to skin, eyes, nose and throat. This can cause coughing and sneezing but very intense exposures can result in difficult breathing, and chemical bronchitis. Contact to the skin may cause itching, tingling, and permanent damage due to burns. Contact with eyes may result in permanent loss of sight. So because of this it has to be kept in a moisture free environment. Titanium, sodium peroxide, sodium hydride, and sodamide are produced by sodium. Sodium is also used as coolants for nuclear reactors. Sodium...
Words: 1089 - Pages: 5
...CHEMICAL CONVERSIONS Acylation Acylation (rarely, but more formally: alkanoylation) is the process of adding an acyl group to a compound. The compound providing the acyl group is called the acylating agent. These are used to form aryl ketones. Because they form a strong electrophile when treated with some metal catalysts, acyl halides are commonly used as acylating agents. For example, Friedel-Crafts acylation uses acetyl chloride (ethanoyl chloride), CH3COCl, as the agent and aluminum chloride (AlCl 3) as a catalyst to add an ethanoyl(acetyl) group to benzene: The mechanism of this reaction is electrophilic substitution. Hydrolysis While solvolysis often refers to an organic chemistry context, hydrolysis is very common in inorganic chemistry, where aqua complexes of metal ions react with solvent molecules due to the Lewis acidity of the metal center. For example, aqueous solutions of aluminium chloride are acidic due to the aqua-aluminium complex losing protons to water molecules, giving hydronium ions which lowers the pH. In organic chemistry, hydrolysis reactions often give two fragments from an initial substrate. For example, the hydrolysis of amides give carboxylic acids and amines; the hydrolysis of esters give alcohols and carboxylic acids. Alcoholysis An example of a solvolysis reaction is the reaction of a triglyceride with a simple alcohol such as methanol or ethanol to give the methyl or ethyl esters of the fatty acid, as well as glycerol. This reaction is...
Words: 3078 - Pages: 13
...http://www.kewpid.com 1. Fossil fuels provide both energy and raw materials such as ethylene, for the production of other substances 1) Construct word and balanced chemical equations of chemical reactions as they are encountered • Methane + oxygen carbon dioxide + water • CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) 2) Identify the industrial source of ethylene from the cracking of some of the fractions from refining of petroleum Generally, demand for petrol exceeds supply produced from fractional distillation of crude oil. Thus, oil refineries increase the proportion of the desired hydrocarbon (ie ethylene) by converting lower demand fractions. This process is called catalytic cracking. Catalytic Cracking: process where high molecular weight fractions from crude oil are broken into lower molecular weight compounds. 3) Identify that ethylene, because of the high reactivity of its double bond, is readily transformed into many suitable products The two bonds of ethylene are not identical. The second bond (pi-bond) is weaker than the first bond (sigma-bond). Thus, only a small amount of energy is needed to enter the system in order to convert a double bond into a single bond. This results in ethylene’s high reactivity. 4) Identify that ethylene serves as a monomer from which polymers are made • • • Ethylene is polymerised to polyethylene High pressures produce soft, low density polyethylene, consisting of tangled chains (with molecular masses 100,000) 5) Identify polyethylene as an addition...
Words: 4540 - Pages: 19
...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate CSEC® CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS Effective for examinations from May–June 2015 CXC 21/G/SYLL 13 Published by the Caribbean Examinations Council. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the author or publisher. Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to: The Pro-Registrar Caribbean Examinations Council Caenwood Centre 37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica Telephone Number: + 1 (876) 630-5200 Facsimile Number: + 1 (876) 967-4972 E-mail Address: cxcwzo@cxc.org Website: www.cxc.org Copyright © 2013 by Caribbean Examinations Council The Garrison, St Michael BB14038, Barbados CXC 21/G/SYLL 13 Contents RATIONALE ................................................................................................................................... AIMS ............................................................................................................................................. CANDIDATE POPULATION ............................................................................................................. SUGGESTED TIME-TABLE ALLOCATION ........................................................................................ ORGANISATION OF THE SYLLABUS .................................................
Words: 24316 - Pages: 98
...AS/A Level GCE GCE Chemistry A OCR Advanced Subsidiary GCE in Chemistry A H034 OCR Advanced GCE in Chemistry A H434 Vertical black lines indicate a significant change to the previous printed version. © OCR 2008 version 2 – February 2008 QAN 500/2425/5 QAN 500/2347/0 Contents 1 About these Qualifications 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 The Three-Unit AS The Six-Unit Advanced GCE Qualification Titles and Levels Aims Prior Learning/Attainment 4 4 4 5 5 5 2 Summary of Content 2.1 2.2 AS Units A2 Units 6 6 7 3 Unit Content 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 AS Unit F321: Atoms, Bonds and Groups AS Unit F322: Chains, Energy and Resources AS Unit F323: Practical Skills in Chemistry 1 A2 Unit F324: Rings, Polymers and Analysis A2 Unit F325: Equilibria, Energetics and Elements A2 Unit F326: Practical Skills in Chemistry 2 8 8 20 38 40 51 62 4 Schemes of Assessment 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 AS GCE Scheme of Assessment Advanced GCE Scheme of Assessment Unit Order Unit Options (at AS/A2) Synoptic Assessment (A Level GCE) Assessment Availability Assessment Objectives Quality of Written Communication 64 64 65 66 66 66 67 67 68 5 Technical Information 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Making Unit Entries Making Qualification Entries Grading Result Enquiries and Appeals Shelf-life of Units Unit and Qualification Re-sits Guided Learning Hours Code of Practice/Subject Criteria/Common Criteria Requirements Arrangements for Candidates with Particular...
Words: 11553 - Pages: 47
...Electrolysis and Cars Roy Howe ITT-Tech Abstract In an article on the Stanford University website I found an article about something that I think has a tremendous amount of potential. It is the process of electrolysis, the splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen. The man problem with this process has been that you always had to put more into the process then you gained from it. I believe that has changed with this breakthrough that is written about in this article. Scientist at Stanford University have developed a low-cost, emissions free device that uses ordinary AAA batteries. Electrolysis and Cars Introduction Automakers have long considered the hydrogen fuel cell a promising alternative to the gasoline engine. Fuel cell technology is essentially water splitting in reverse. A fuel cell combines stored hydrogen gas with oxygen from the air to produce electricity, which powers the car. The only byproduct is water – unlike gasoline combustion, which emits carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. (SHWARTZ, 2014) The implications of this are vast, one of the areas that this will change in the next 20 years is that we will have a clean zero emissions way of producing gases that can be burn within automobiles. The Technology The proton exchange membrane electrolyzer also works in exactly the same way, by decomposing water with an electric current. The distinctive feature is a proton-permeable polymer membrane. An external voltage is applied to its electrodes, which...
Words: 753 - Pages: 4