...Hypertension Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood your heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in your arteries. The more blood your heart pumps and the narrower your arteries, the higher your blood pressure. Hypertension is the consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure. It is also the most common primary diagnosis in the United States (Brashers, 2010). It is one of the most common worldwide diseases afflicting humans. Because of the associated morbidity and mortality and the cost to society, hypertension is an important public health challenge. Over the past several decades, extensive research, widespread patient education, and a concerted effort on the part of health care professionals have led to decreased mortality and morbidity rates from the multiple organ damage arising from years of untreated hypertension. I. Prevalence of disease (in US) and risk factors Hypertension is a major U.S. health problem affecting some 50 million individuals. Approximately 65% of Americans older than age 60 have hypertension. Of those diagnosed with hypertension, over 30% do not have their hypertension adequately treated and controlled. Ninety to ninety-five percent of hypertension is idiopathic and called primary hypertension. Five to ten percent of hypertension is the result of an identifiable etiologic cause and is called secondary hypertension. According to Center of Disease Control (CDC) the prevalence of hypertension, 45.3% had been treated...
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...as the nursing management for older population. Knowledge of nursing care and competency of caring for elderly become more important as the result of increasing population of old age people in the past decade and expecting in ongoing increasing in the next twenty years. There are many theories of aging that describe and explain aging process and how the individuals respond to changes that occur with aging. By understanding a normal process of aging, the quality of nursing care for this population may be enhanced. The purpose of this paper is to present and explore some of the theories of aging and apply the theory into nursing practice that cooperated with evidence base research studies to implement the plan of care for an older adult. Two main theories of aging: Biological theories and Psychological theories are the focused theories that being discussed in this paper. According to many current resources the aging population in the U.S. is now rapidly growing. There were 4% of people age 65 and older or about 3 million people in 1900 (McGuire & Mefford, 2007). This old age population increased to 36.8 million people in 2005 with the increase of 3.2 million or 9.4% from 1995 (Mauk, 2010). As of today a newborn child is expected to live at least 77 years old, many of children these days will live up to 90 years or longer; some may live to become centenarians (McGuire & Mefford, 2007). The old age population age 65 and older is expected to increase by 15%...
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...Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and stroke which have a systolic and a diastolic blood pressure level of >140/90 mmHg. 31% of US adults continue to suffer from hypertension, with minorities being more likely to have the condition. Of these, 25% have uncontrolled blood pressure. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for 1999–2002 showed that the hypertension prevalence rate was highest among African American, almost 50% higher than white people. African Americans develop hypertension at an early age, reach advanced levels of hypertension, are prone to experience further complications, and are less likely to attain control of their hypertension. Hypertension is a leading cause of preventable death in the United States and among African Americans. African Americans have the highest risk for hypertension-related deaths. Among all racial/ethnic groups, African American women have the highest prevalence (45%) and lowest control of high blood pressure (59%). NHANES data examining the 2001–2010 time period also showed African Americans were more likely to have uncontrolled hypertension than white people and Hispanic people. Poor adherence to medication has been identified as a major contributor to uncontrolled hypertension among African American patients. Women are about as likely as men to develop high blood pressure during their lifetimes. However, for people younger than 45 years old, the condition affects more men...
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..."Obesity is a health condition that affects both adults and children in the United states. More than 35% of US adults are obese, and more than 34% are overweight. Obesity affects 17% of all children and adolescents in the United States, which is three times the prevalence from just one generation ago. Nearly 32% of children and adolescents are either overweight or obese. (CDC 2012)" Prior to doing research about obesity and the effect that it has on both children and adults I knew a few facts. Obesity can put a person at high risk for Hypertension, Diabetes, Heart disease, and breathing problems. Out of the listed diseases I am most knowledgeable in the topic of Hypertension. Hypertension is when an individual has an abnormally...
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...Pathophysiology Blood normally flows silently through the heart, however there are conditions that can create a turbulent blood flow. Conditions that contribute to turbulent blow flow include increased blood velocity, structural valve defect, valve malfunctions, and abnormal chamber opening (Potter, Perry, Hall, & Stockert, 2013). Hypertension is a condition that can cause increased blood flow throughout the heart is. Hypertension is associated with thickening and loss of elasticity in the arterial wall causing the heart to continually pumps against greater resistance((Potter, Perry, Hall, & Stockert, 2013). The classification for adults to be considered hypertensive is to have a systolic reading 140 or greater and a diastolic reading 90 or greater. Modifiable risk factors that contribute to hypertension are obesity, cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, high sodium intake, sedentary lifestyles, and continued exposure to stress. Incidences of hypertension are greater in patients with diabetes, older adults, and African Americans and contributing factors for heart attacks ((Potter, Perry, Hall, & Stockert, 2013). Mitral value prolapse could be another indicator of a heart murmur. The mitral value is located between the left atrium and left ventricle. . Mitral valve prolapse occurs when the two leaves of the mitral valve...
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...2009 Corresponding Author: A. Abubakar, Department of Human Physiology Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria 94 Relation of Body Mass Index with Lipid Profile and Blood Pressure in Healthy Female of Lower Socioeconomic Group, in Kaduna Northern Nigeria 1A. Abubakar, 1M.A. M abruok, 2A.B. Gerie, 3A.A. Dikko, 4S. Aliyu, 1T. Yusuf, 3R.A. Magaji, 1M.A. Kabir and 1U.W. Adama 1Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria 2Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Teaching Hospital Shika, Zaria, Nigeria 3Department of Human Physiology, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria 4Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria Abstracts: In Nigeria 30 million people suffer from this hypertension which is the main risk factor for stroke, and renal failure. Elevated levels of triglyceride, cholesterol and LDL-C are documented as risk factors for atherogenesis. LDL-C in its oxidized or acetylated form has been identified as a major atherogenic particle. Fifty two women between 19-32 years of age attending Primary Health Care center (PH C) in Kaduna and its environment were use in this study. Their height, weight and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were recorded. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated by using their height (m2) and weight (kg). On the basis of BMI, all participants were divided into three groups that is under weight whose BMI was less than 19 kg / m2, normal who’s BMI was between 19 and 26 kg / m2and overweight...
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...development of serious, disabling complications (www.Healthypeople.gov ). The 3 common types of diabetes are Type 1 which is the results when the body loses its ability to produce insulin, type 2 which is the results from a combination of resistance to the action of insulin and insufficient insulin production, and the third type of diabetes is Gestational diabetes, a common complication of pregnancy. Gestational diabetes can lead to prenatal complications in mother and child and substantially increases the likelihood of cesarean section. Diabetes affects an estimated 23.6 million people in the United States and is the 7th leading cause of death (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). More than 25% of the U.S. population aged 65 years or older has diabetes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), and the aging of the...
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...Hypertension Hypertension is high blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries as it flows through them. Description As blood flows through arteries it pushes against the inside of the artery walls. The more pressure the blood exerts on the artery walls, the higher the blood pressure will be. The size of small arteries also affects the blood pressure. When the muscular walls of arteries are relaxed, or dilated, the pressure of the blood flowing through them is lower than when the artery walls narrow, or constrict. Blood pressure is highest when the heart beats to pump blood out into the arteries. Between beats, when the heart relaxes to refill with blood, the pressure drops to its lowest point. The blood pressure peak, when the heart pumps, is called systolic pressure. The blood pressure trough, when the heart is filling, is called diastolic pressure. When blood pressure is measured, the systolic pressure is stated first and the diastolic pressure second. Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). For example, if a person's systolic pressure is 120 and diastolic pressure is 80, it is written as 120/80 mm Hg. The American Heart Association considers systolic blood pressure less than 140 and diastolic blood pressure less than 90 normal for adults. Hypertension is a significant public health problem. Since it has no symptoms, many people are unaware that they have hypertension. In the United States...
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...to address the growing epidemic that many American’s will face. . According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2003) the population aged greater than 65 years is estimated to reach 19.2% in 2030, an increase from 12.4% in 2000. To break the growth down by age; the population age 65 and older is estimated to increase from 35 million in 2000 to 75 million in 2030, and people age 80 and older will increase from 9.3 million to 20 million. Except for Alaska and California, 48 states, by the year 2025, will see an average of 15% of their population age 65 and older, led by Florida with 26%. The aging phenomenon has several combining factors that play a part of the growing population; Age Dynamics: The elevated fertility rate (baby boom) from 1946 to 1964. Decline in Fertility Rate: The decrease of young people reproducing has caused an automatic increase of older people. Longevity increase: Life expectancy has increased 20 years due in part to improvements in healthcare and medical technology "The growing number of older adults increases demands on the public health system and on medical and social services.' ‘Chronic diseases, which affect older adults disproportionately, contribute to disability, diminish quality of life, and increased health and long-term care costs" (CDC, 2003). With the dramatic increase in the statics, the life expectancies has increased and...
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...of hypertension, antihypertensive medications, can cause fetal injury, the main issue is undernutrition from placental insufficiency (Lapidus 2011). Fetuses adapt to decreased nutrient supply permanently change their structure and metabolism. Altered fetal growth increasing risk to fetus by fetal height and weight being compromised leading to various morbidity and/or death is an immediate impact observed. Babies that experienced intrauterine growth retardation were at higher risk to develop hypertension, coronary artery disease, and diabetes in adult life (Lapidus 2011). Recovery is characterized by increased urinary output of 4-6 L/day, which causes a rapid reduction in edema and rapid weight loss; decreased protein in the urine, gradual improvement...
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...SLO Week 14 Spring, 2015 14 SLO: Older Adult OBJECTIVES 1. Identify common myths and stereotypes about older adults. 2. Identify selected biological and psychosocial theories of aging. 3. Discuss common developmental tasks of older adults. 4. Describe common physiological changes of aging. 5. Differentiate among delirium, dementia, and depression. 6. Discuss issues related to psychosocial changes of aging. 7. Describe selected health concerns of older adults. 8. Identify nursing interventions related to the physiological, cognitive, and psychosocial changes of aging. Joseph Lawrence, a 78-year-old retired attorney, was admitted to the hospital with chest pain that was diagnosed as a myocardial Infarction. He was treated with a stent 2 days ago. He has a history of hypertension. He is active and plays golf twice a week with a group of friends. He is married and has a daughter who lives out of town. His wife has been at the hospital with him constantly. He is now pain free and is ready to go home. Katy Summers is a nursing student assigned to Mr. Lawrence today. 1. ------------------------------------------------- Katy is to first determine whether Mr. Lawrence is meeting the development tasks for an older adult. Which of the following would Katy use to determine this? Select all that apply. A. ------------------------------------------------- He has adjusted to retirement. B. He maintains satisfactory living arrangements...
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...Healthy Eating After 50 Shannon Owens UMUC ASIA Spring Session 2 April 26, 2015 Healthy Eating After 50 Aging is a part of life that is associated with high risk factors for many diseases. As people grow older, they become more prone to infections and diseases. This is because the vital organs and the immune system weaken over time. The vital organs such as the heart and the brain are also affected. The heart increases in size in most senior individuals and the blood vessels become stiffer (Morelli & Sidani, 2011). This makes the heart work harder to pump blood through the vessels thus puts the senior individuals at risk of getting hypertension (high blood pressure), cardio vascular disease and other cardio vascular problems (Morelli & Sidani, 2011). However, there is evidence that eating a balanced diet along with safe physical activity makes great strides in reducing such adverse effects of aging and helps senior individuals live longer. This paper explores the molecular mechanisms of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan that is said to have the effect of lowering blood pressure in seniors and thus reduce their chances of getting hypertension. Overview of the DASH Eating Plan The link for the eating plan is http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/dash. The eating plan focuses on increasing intake of vegetables, fruits, and fat-free or low-fat dairy products. This is because they are...
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...cause of death more than any condition in women over the age of 50, including cancer (1) and in fact is responsible for more than a third of all deaths in women (2). It is estimated that 370,000 women in the United States die from heart disease each year. However, our knowledge base regarding CVD in African American (AA) women has not kept pace with the accumulation of data on white females. Thus, there is a deficit of information about this subgroup and the prevalence of CVD despite the fact that black women have more risk factors for CVD than do white women (3). The purpose of this paper is to review the subject of CVD in African American women and to focus upon four principal CVD categories: Coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, stroke, and congestive heart failure (CHF).The impact of gender and race on each of these entities will be examined in comparison to white women, and a determination will be made as to whether a different approach to the management of these disorders should be made based on ethnicity and sex. Coronary Artery Disease It has long been held that men have much more of a problem with CAD than women do; the belief has been that men are more susceptible to the disease, whereas...
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...Safety, Communication, and Placement for the Older Adult Safety, Communication, and Placement for the Older Adult Henry Trosack is a 72 year old male that was hospitalized one month ago after a fall at home requiring right total hip replacement. Mr. Trosack reported no previous health history but has been diagnosed with hypertension and non-insulin dependent diabetes during hospitalization. Mr. Trosack is a widower, lives alone and manages the family-owned business with his brother. Currently ambulating with the assistance of a walker, Mr. Trosack has been in in-patient rehabilitation for the past 2 weeks. Healthcare Issues Related to Discharge Plan Three issues that must be addressed in Mr. Trosack’s discharge plan are safety, treatment compliance and psychological well-being. Mr. Trosack’s safety plays a pivotal role in determining the proper discharge plan. The safety of the environment Mr. Trosack will be discharged to must be evaluated to ensure that it will be conducive to his recovery and low risk for further injury. Compliance of Mr. Trosack’s treatment plan regarding not only his hip replacement but also his newly diagnosed hypertension and diabetes is another important issue. With no previous medical conditions, compliance with treatments and medications may prove to be difficult and cumbersome to Mr. Trosack. Adjusting to these changes and incorporating them into his activities of daily living is going to take time and strict adherence. Non-compliance...
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...Problems Nursing Intervention Confusion/Dementia Dementia is not a specific disease. It is a descriptive term for a collection of symptoms that can be caused by a number of disorders that affect the brain. People with dementia have significantly impaired intellectual functioning that interferes with normal activities and relationships. They also lose their ability to solve problems and maintain emotional control, and they may experience personality changes and behavioral problems such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations. 1. Spend time with the Patient 2. Use touch to convey concern 3. Provide frequent reiteration of orienting data (e.g. time, place) 4. Have clocks or calendars in the environment 5. Explain all actions, procedures and routines to the patient 6. Address the patient by his/her name 7. Keep a routine activities Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent and/or hard to pass. 1. Increase Fluid Intake 2. Daily Exercise 3. Increase fiber intake (e.g. fruits and vegetables) Complications associated with constipation include hemorrhoids from straining, anal fissures, rectal prolapse, and fecal impaction. Untreated constipation in institutionalized patients can lead to cemented lesions in the colon, megacolon, bowel blockage and perforation, peritonitis, and sepsis. Osteoporosis is a disease of bones that leads to an increased risk of fracture.[1] In osteoporosis the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, bone microarchitecture...
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