...Flood’s Theory of Successful Aging (Flood, 2005) was developed to addresses a nursing theory for care of the older adult regarding to the lack of nursing theory that offers clearly delineated guidelines for care of aging. Flood’s(2002) unique definition of successful aging among other explanations includes mental, physical, and spiritual elements of the aging person and emphasizing the individual's self appraisal. She used existing knowledge derived deductively from the Roy adaptation model, one of the most widely accepted nursing theory model, and integrated these ideas with Tornstam's sociological theory of gerotranscendence and literature related to the concept of successful aging to comprise the foundation of the theory (Flood, 2005). The author adequately explains the specific nursing actions that constitute these attributes. Clarity: The attributes of the theory and the model (Flood, 2005) clearly defines the major concepts relevant to successful aging. Flood provides examples of person with cancer that would exemplify the attribute although the physical health is not stated in the assumptions. In addition, there are no ambiguous statements, nor abstract or complex language employed. Nurses can readily understand the language used in the theory. Moreover, guidelines for interventions to help not only for nurses but caregivers to care for elders are provided for a completely understanding. Consistency: Flood’s views of aging and definitions of successful aging addresses...
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...Compensation and Benefits Plan Companies welcome employees to their organizations through job proposals that should set the tone for a good working relationship. Companies spend tremendous amount of time and resources seeking and attracting high quality talent and people who will hopefully contribute to the long-term success and future growth of the organization. Compensation and benefit packages can be strategic tools that reflect an organization’s commitment to the employee. They should be designed to meet the candidate’s needs and expectations to ensure acceptance. This paper represents a job proposal created by our team for the position of Senior Reliability Engineer at Medtronic, Inc. Various resources and websites were utilized to create a competitive package consistent with Medtronic’s high standards and company policies. Our team included justification of the chosen strategy and also identified potential obstacles and forms of resistance that could impede implementation of the package being offered. Background and Mission of Medtronic, Inc. Medtronic, Inc. was founded in 1949 as a medical equipment repair shop and has grown into a multinational company that has transformed the way debilitating, chronic diseases are treated (Medtronic, 2012). Its mission is to contribute to the human welfare through application of biomedical engineering in the research, design, manufacture, and sale of instruments or appliances that alleviate pain, restore health, and extend...
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...THE CHEMISTRY OF AGING Thesis statement: The science behind aging includes both biological and chemical factors. The Oxidative Damage Theory and Free Radical Theory are two important theories that theorize why organisms age. Researchers have done experiments that discovered chemicals that speed up or slow down aging. A. Introduction 1. Topic sentence: Has anyone ever wondered why we age? Is it because of religious reasons, or are we genetically engineered to do so, or does the everyday changing world affect how we age. 2. The definition of aging and what humans characterize aging by. 3. How the chemistry of the human body leads to the biological changes which causes humans to age. B. Scientists base their theories off of others and have found...
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...Judith Andre HCS-548 Foundations of Gerontology Professor: Jeanette Adams 01/08/2015 Gerontology is the study of aging and has made tremendous progress over the years. In the past, researchers have looked for a single theory that explained aging. There are two main groups of aging theories. The first group states that aging is natural and programmed into the body, while the second group of aging theories say that aging is a result of damage which is accumulated over time. In the end, aging is a complex interaction of genetics, chemistry, physiology and behavior. By understanding and describing how we age, researchers have developed several different theories of aging. The two major theories that will be explain in this paper will be the activity and disengagement theory in which they both will show how important their roles play in the process of aging in older adults. Disengagement and Activity Theory Disengagement theory is the most influential theories in gerontology, because it views aging as a process of mutual withdrawal in which older adults voluntarily slow down by retiring, as expected by society. Proponents of disengagement theory hold that mutual social withdrawal benefits both individuals and society. Activity theory sees a positive correlation between keeping active and aging well. (According to the Henry,2011) proponents of activity theory hold that mutual social withdrawal runs counter to traditional American ideals of activity, energy, and industry."...
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...explaining the main aspects of the main theories of ageing. These include; sociological, psychological and biological theories of ageing. I will then go on to compare 2 theories of ageing. Sociological Theories Sociological theories focus on the changing roles and relationships that accompany ageing. These theories discuss how these changing roles, relationships, and status impact the older individual's ability to adapt. In this blog, we will discuss the following sociological theories: disengagement, activity, and continuity. Disengagement Theory The Disengagement Theory, one of the earliest and most controversial theories of aging, views aging as a process of gradual withdrawal between society and the older adult. This mutual withdrawal or disengagement is a natural, acceptable, and universal process that accompanies growing old. It is applicable to elders in all cultures, although there might be variations. According to this theory, disengagement benefits both the older population and the social system. Gradual withdrawal from society and relationships preserves social equilibrium and promotes self-reflection for elders who are freed from societal roles. It furnishes an orderly means for the transfer of knowledge, capital, and power from the older generation to the young. It makes it possible for society to continue functioning after valuable older members die. Weakness: There is no base of evidence or research to support this theory. Additionally, many older people desire...
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...Franco, Reina L. Mrs. Luningning O. Marcelino BSN – 4B, B1 Ageism - also called age discrimination is stereotyping of and discrimination against individuals or groups because of their age. It is a set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values used to justify age based prejudice, discrimination, and subordination.1 Gerontology - is the study of the social, psychological and biological aspects of aging. It is distinguished from geriatrics, which is the branch of medicine that studies the diseases of the elderly.2 Geriatric Nursing - Nursing care of the aged patient given in the home, the hospital, or special institutions such as nursing homes, psychiatric institutions, etc.3 Issues Facing the Elderly Being old can mean being sick, poor, hungry and depressed, even in developed nations like Australia. What are the issues? In Australia, the ‘elderly’ is generally a reference to people over the age of 65. Lots of over 65ers lead healthy and empowered lives, and many are involved in community volunteering. But for the elderly, health can be a big concern. Their bodies are more susceptible to illness, they may be physically frail, and many are on medications which are costly and ongoing. An elderly person who is able to fund their own retirement is called a retiree. This means they had a job that paid them enough superannuation. Someone who is unable to fund their own retirement, and is paid welfare money by the government is called a pensioner. Pensioners...
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...The Ageing Process “How Our Bodies and Minds Change” Aging is a process that concerns us all. The increasing armamentarium provided by molecular biology and other techniques has allowed greater understanding of some of the processes involved. Numerous definitions of aging exist; an acceptable and commonly used definition is that aging is the total of all changes an organism undergoes from its conception to its death, including development, maturation and adulthood. There are many theories about how our bodies and minds change as we age, but no matter how much research or theories have been formed, one thing remains true is that our bodies and minds does, and will, change with age and one thing can be agree upon is that the end results in all these studies is that the body and minds does go through many changes during our life time. Since the life span varies between and within species and human longevity is partially hereditary, it is clear that genetic factors, the biology of the brain, and our culture effect the function of the brain and influence the aging process ( Johnson 1993, Schacter et al. 1993, Vijg et al. 1995). Twin studies show that genetic differences account for about a quarter of the variance in adult human lifespan. While a great deal of research has focused on diseases of aging, there are only a few informative studies on the molecular biology of the aging brain. Many molecular changes are due in part to a reduction in the size of the brain, as well as loss...
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...Why we get old, and ways to prolong life Aging is the process that follows a human being from birth to death. There are many factors that cause aging, and many theories that use these factors to explain aging. Aging cannot be stopped; however, the debate stands on how life can be prolonged. This essay will discuss theories of aging, and ways that these theories give for life prolonging. Aubrey de Grey uses the analogy between a human being and a machine. He states that the same way machines deteriorate, the human body gets old. Similarly to machines in need repair, humans use different medications in order to cure their diseases and prolong their lives[1]. However there is still no unique definition on the cause of aging but there are many theories on what causes aging. In order to define aging, Grey quotes Edward Masoro’s : “deteriorative changes with time during postmaturational life that underlie an increasing vulnerability to challenges, thereby decreasing the ability of the organism to survive.”[2] Grey is a renowned scientist who graduated in Cambridge. Grey thinks that life can be prolonged to extremes. According to Grey there are seven components of aging. The Economist properly paraphrases him when saying “The seven sisters that Dr de Grey wishes to slaughter with SENS are cell loss, apoptosis-resistance (the tendency of cells to refuse to die when they are supposed to), gene mutations in the cell nucleus, gene mutations in the mitochondria...
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... Simply reading the above definition, one assumes that Assistive Technology is the best thing for the elderly shy of not aging at all. However, in the following essay, I will make my attempt to inform the reader that this is not always the case. Those who support assistive technologies assume that increasing our elderly’s ability to age “in place” automatically improves their quality of life; therefore, successful aging. However, assistive technologies do not consider that “successful aging” is very subjective. Aging is a complicated event and is not limited to issues only associated with biological and/or functional means, which assistive technology focuses on and attempts to resolve. By relying heavily on assistive technologies and allowing the elderly to “adjust” to their environment as a means of adapting to their biological and/or functional limitations associated with old age, assistive technologies diminish the concept of “social aging”. Through a social gerenotlogical view, the argument is raised that assistive technologies harm the elderly’s successful aging by underling only the physical challenges involved with aging and not enough on the social aspects of aging. Many believe that assistive technologies are designed to provide society with functional remedies to the physical and mental limitations that are associated with aging, thus allowing elders to age...
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...Running head: WEEK 5 FINAL ASSIGNMENT: PSYCHOLOGY OF AGING 1 Psychology of Aging Mildred T. Murphy PSY 317: Cognitive Functioning in the Elderly Professor Rhonda Travland Ashford University August 26, 2013 Running head: WEEK 5 FINAL ASSIGNMENT: PSYCHOLOGY OF AGING 2 Abstract Aging in the United States raises challenges in terms of belonging, especially for older people. The interrelationship between aging and a sense of belonging is complicated because the aging process itself is influenced by many factors, including biological, sociological, psychological, economical, and attitudinal factors. Each of these factors has a unique impact on aging. Exacerbating these factors are society’s negative stereotypes and myths, discrimination, biases, prejudices, and negative attitudes toward the older people, which are cumulatively identified as ageism for the purposes of this paper. Thinking about the dimensions of aging for older people gives rise to a number of questions. For example, what are our cultural attitudes and traditions towards aging? How do these attitudes and traditions inform our private thoughts and public policies towards aging? This paper will focus on the mysteries that control human lifespan which are yet to be unraveled. Running head: WEEK 5 FINAL ASSIGNMENT: PSYCHOLOGY OF AGING 3 Part I-Intro to the Psychology of Aging Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior, and is unique...
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...Analyzing the Psychology of Aging Jason Russ Analyzing the Psychology of Aging Not only is the country’s population growing, it is aging as well. Older adults are the fastest growing population on the charts right now. There is no point and time when a person overnight just becomes “old.” Obviously everyone knows we simply just age; it comes with getting older. This thing called “aging” happens to everyone at a different rate. In this particular essay I will briefly be discussing five parts of psychology aging, and cognitive functioning in the elderly. Psychology of Aging, Theories of Aging, the Physical Dimension, the Cognitive Dimension, and the Social Dimension. The psychology of aging focuses on the behavioral changes which occur during the normal aging process. Age differences in learning, memory, perceptual and intellectual abilities will be investigated. In addition, emphasis will be placed on the neural correlates and cognitive consequences of disorders of aging such as Alzheimers disease(Belsky, J.1999). Aging introduces a number of psychological and physical changes in the human body and engaged researchers in this field of study. The growing population in industrialized countries has become a serious issue in the 21st century. Life expectancy has increased significantly over the 20th century. For example, in 1900 a baby born in an industrialized country would usually live to between 47 and 55, while a baby born in the 21st century would be expected to...
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...Written Assignment #3 1. Explain Erikson's psychosocial model and Levinson's theory as they relate to adulthood. What is successful aging? Erikson is a theorist who focused his work on the psychosocial development of individuals throughout their life. He found interest in social change, cultural diversity and psychological crises through life (Berger, 2008, p. 36). According to his model, Erikson believed that individuals go through eight specific stages of development that help one achieve their ego identity (Hooyman, N. R. & Kiyak, H. A., 2011). In each of these stages, an individual has a major task that is to be accomplished as well as a conflict that requires being resolved. Each of these conflicts is a foundation for the successive stages of this model; therefore, the outcome of the crisis presented infers how the individual will advance to the next stage. Erickson’s concept explained how during development individuals proceed through these various stages as they grow and become more capable of dealing with issues and relate with society overall. The stages of Erikson’s psychosocial model are as follows: Stage I is basic trust vs. mistrust. The goal of this stage is to establish a basic trust of the world via trust of parent(s). Stage II is autonomy vs. shame and doubt. Here the individual is to establish a sense of autonomy and self from the parent and to establish self-control vs. doubt of one’s abilities. Stage III is initiative vs. guilt. Individuals are...
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...Social disengagement This theoryargues that, elderly people begin to disengage from their previous social roles as they realize that they will die in the near future. The disengagement theory of aging states that "aging is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal or disengagement, resulting in decreased interaction between the aging person and others in the social system he belongs to."(Boundless, 2015) Disengagement theory was one of the first theories of aging developed by social scientists. The theory was developed by Elaine Cumming and Warren Earl Henry in their 1961 book "Growing Old.” Subsequently, the theory has been largely disproven. The disengagement theory of aging claims that elderly people begin to systematically disengage from their previous social roles as they realize the inevitability of death in the near future. The theory further suggests that society responds to the elder's disengagement with a sort of mutual recognition that the elder will soon pass and society must prepare to function in their absence. As such, the theory argues that it is natural and acceptable for older adults to withdraw from society.When the disengagement theory was popular, some people believed that it explained how people are prepared for their death. They slowly start letting go of society, older adults were supposedly getting ready to let go of life as well. Researchers have said that disengagement from society was also beneficial to society, as people moved through different roles in life...
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...The Activity theory This theory which was created by Havighurst in 1963 talks about if an older person continues to sustain an active part in society they will prolong their physical and mental health, such as social networking/ interaction which will make them more fulfilled with their lives. These activities will help an older person replace the roles that has now disappeared because of retirement. The activity theory is said to “reflects the functionalist perspective” this means that the income (money) that a middle age person developed should maintain them for later in life. The theory says to maintain a successful level of productivity is the success to a successful ageing experience, “the more you do the better you will age”. It suggests if you are active and engaged you will be happier and involved with what’s going on around you. The criticisms of the activity theory suggest that not all individuals want to be independent and care for themselves or want to be active, as they get older not all of them can access social networking like some with MG (Myasthenia Gravis), and those who don’t have the resources to leave their home or those who aren’t finically able to afford the activities. Some criticism about the theory is that you can’t wake up every day and do the same activities again; however I would say that they should dismiss this argument as I believe the theory is talking about doing different activities on different days, so you are able to experience more. The...
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...This piece of work will be about ageing explaining two theories (Disengagement & activity theory) I will explain what these theories are. Disengagement- This is a theory that older people will need to withdraw from social contact with others. Older people will disengage because of reduced physical health and loss of social opportunities having them withdrawn from involvement. Authors put forward this disengagement theory that older people would naturally tend to withdraw from social involvement with others as they get older; older people would have restricted opportunities to interact with others due to reduced health and social opportunities. Activity theory- It has been argued that older people needed to disengage, but that they also needed to remain ‘active’ in order to prevent disengagement going too far. Bromley said ‘It is not sufficient merely to provide facilities for elderly people. They need to be educated to make use of them and encouraged to abandon apathetic attitudes and fixed habits.’ Too much disengagement would lead to ‘stagnation’ and a loss of mental and physical skills. Elderly people need to stay somewhat engaged in social activity to avoid becoming completely isolated from society. M2- Discuss two major theories of ageing in relation to the development of the individual. I will be discussing two major theories of ageing (disengagement & activity theory) and discuss at which point my chosen celebrity might disengage or stay actively involved with...
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