...allows water molecules to move through a semipermeable membrane freely by way of passive transport. During osmosis a semipermeable membrane will allow small water molecules to pass through freely without any help but larger molecules like proteins will not move through the semipermeable membrane without active transport. Active transport requires a chemical energy like ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to help the larger molecules move through the cell’s membrane.(Krane) When describing high and low concentrated solutions, it is useful to understand the terms hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic. A hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes compared to a lower concentrated solution as water will move out of the solution (Dehydration). A hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes compared to a solution with a higher concentration of solutes and water will move into the solution (Swelling). In a isotonic solution the solutes are at an equal concentration and there is no movement of the water. In this lab, two experiments were performed. The first one uses a small plastic bag closed up and filled with cornstarch and distilled water sitting inside a beaker filled with water and a potassium iodide solution. The bag is the semipermeable membrane and the cornstarch is our molecule that will diffuse through the membrane and into the potassium iodide solution. The hypothesis of this experiment is the cornstarch will move across the membrane of the plastic bag and...
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...Basic Biology Class Assignment #5 1. A. Define hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic. Hypotonic is any solution that has less solute compared to another solution Hypertonic is any solution that has a higher solute compared to another solution Isotonic is any solution that has the same solute as another solution B. Using a Loin Fish (salt water) and a Koi (fresh water) as your model organisms, what happens under hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic conditions to these fish. To the Lion Fish in salt water, it’s a hypotonic conditions and nothing happens to the fish. When put in fresh water being hypertonic conditions the fishes cells fill up with water until they burst and kill the fish. Nothing happens to the Koi Fish when it’s in fresh water being hypertonic conditions. But when put in the hypotonic conditions of salt water the will draws the moisture from the fish’s body and the salt content in its body will get higher until it dies. 2. Explain a process of metabolism in the form a fairy tale or comic-book type story using information provided in your lecture slides. You can choose prokaryotic fermentation, eukaryotic fermentation, or respiration (Krebs & Electron Transport). Do not go overboard with literary tools and adjectives. You cannot use glycolysis. Sam’s Example: Once upon a in the cell cytoplasm, there was a six carbon sugar called glucose and with the input of two ATP molecules the quest of glycolysis was initiated. The two ATP molecules...
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...In this transport there’s a solution called the “Hypotonic solution” contains a high concentration of a solute in the relation to the solution within the cell for example the “cytoplasm”, a cell is placed in the hypertonic solution the water will diffuse out of the cell this will cause the cell to shrivel up. Another solution contains a solution which has a lower salt concentration than the normal cell, the cell is going to be placed in the hypotonic solution this means the water will diffuse into the cell which will cause the cell to get swollen up and this might prevent the cell to explode. An isotonic solution which has the same salt concentration as the normal cells that is in the body and the blood, for example when the cell is placed in an isotonic solution the water will diffuse into and out of the cell at the same rate, the fluids that gets surrounded in the body cell will be isotonic. In all solutions listed (Isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic) the water will move across the cell and through the special protein-lined channels, this means the total concentration of all dissolved solution which isn’t...
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...extra fertilizer created a hypertonic environment around the roots of the corn ____/ 2 pts. What sort of environment (hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic) did the extra fertilizer create around the roots of the corn? 2. The extra fertilizer caused the soil to become hypertonic which cause water to diffuse out of the corn into the soil. This caused the crops to die from lack of water. ____/ 2pts. Keeping in mind your answer to the previous question, what do you believe caused the corn plants to wilt and eventually die? 3. If Michael would have told his dad what he had done, two things could have possibly been done.. One option would have been the removal of as much of the extra fertilizer as possible to reduce the chance of the fertilizer becoming hypertonic. The other option would to be to overwater the crops so the environment would be isotonic and no diffuse would take place because of the equal concentrations of the solutions inside and outside of the plant cells. I think just telling his father would have saved a lot of heartache and trouble. ____/ 2 pts If Michael’s mistake had been caught earlier, is there anything that could have been done to prevent the corn from dying? Questions-Too Little Too Late 1. The distilled water cause the patient’s bloodstream to become a hypotonic environment . ____/2pts. What problem did the distilled water in the patient’s bloodstream create? 2. As a result of the patient’s blood stream becoming hypotonic, the red blood cells to...
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...Atichai Suwannapeng Pre Lab #6 Diffusion, Osmosis, and Tonicity Group #3 Section A3 Group Members: Laghu Shakya, Alex Maican, Kelvin Chen, Ziye Lin 10/18/2015 Abstract: In this lab we will be gaining an understanding of how transport in membranes work. This is important because in our semi permeable cell membrane the mode of movement relies on transport. Some methods of transportation for molecules are simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, exocytosis and osmosis. The reason molecules tend to move around when dissolved in a solution is because all molecules display random thermal motion and have kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is what allows the molecules to diffuse down a gradient of high concentration to regions of low concentration until the distribution of molecules become equal and achieved dynamic equilibrium. The entire solution only becomes homogeneous when one of the several factors are reached: the size of the dye molecules, temperature of the solution, density of the solvent and concentration of the dye. Heat is what causes random motion of molecules and passively moves molecules in biological systems. However, we can’t see this movement with our naked eye. In order for us to see this movement, we must use a microscope to see the small particles move after collision, this is called the Brownian movement. When talking about the cell membrane we must understand that it is selectively permeable, which means it can choose what can pass through...
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...Solute Concentration of Potatoes Carmen Chen Blk: 7 December 14, 2013 Purpose: to determine the concentration of solute in potatoes cytoplasm. Materials and Equipment: refer to the lab sheet. Observations: | |Concentration of sucrose|Initial mass |Final mass |Percentage change in | |Test tube # |solution ( |(g) |(g) |mass | | |mol/L) | | |(%) | |1 |1.0 |3.0 |-0.9 |-30% | |2 |0.9 |3.9 |-1.2 |-30.8 % | |3 |0.8 |3.2 |-0.7 |-21.9% | |4 |0.7 |3.5 |-0.8 |-22.9% | |5 |0.6 |3.3 |-0.6 |-18.2% | |6 |0.5 |3.0 |-0.3 |-1% | |7 |0.4 |3.1 |-0.2 ...
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...Demonstration of Osmosis using visking tubing Aim The aim of the experiment is to demonstrate the effects of osmosis using visking tubing, warm water and sucrose solution. Method Test tube A on the inside is hypertonic because there is a more concentrated solute, on the outside it is hypotonic because there is a less concentrated solute. Test tube B is isotonic both on the inside and outside. Test tube C on the inside is hypertonic and on the outside is hypertonic. Experiment During the experiment 3 test tubes were placed in a wire rack, the test tubes were then labelled A, B and C. Tube A was half filled with 0.1M sucrose solution whilst tube B was half filled with 0.5M sucrose solution, tube C was half filled with 1.0M sucrose solution. Three lengths of visking tubing were soaked in warm water for two minutes. One piece of visking tubing was three quarters filled with 0.5M sucrose solution and knotted at either side, it was then rinsed to get rid of any sucrose solution on the outer tubing. The visking tubing was then dried and weighed. The same was done with test tube B and C. After 10 minutes the cell models (visking tubing) were removed from the test tubes and dried and weighed. The results were recorded and the cell models were returned to the test tubes. After 20 and 30 minutes the same thing was done and results were recorded afterwards. Tube | Start | 10 Minutes | 20 Minutes | 30 Minutes | A | 19.16g | 18.29g | 19.81g | 20.13g | B | 14.81g |...
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...areas are rich with blood vessels close to the skin, cooling them may reduce body temperature. 3. What specifically caused Mark’s weakness, nausea, disorientation, headache, and low blood pressure? Prolonged exposure to high temperatures and dehydration. This leads to failure of the body's temperature control system. (Hypothalamus) 4. Since you have lost contact with the Hospital, you are not authorized to start an IV and you need to re-hydrate the patient. On board the helicopter is a 4-liter container of bottled water, 4 quarts of Gator-Ade, and 2 2-liter bottles of coke. Describe each of these drinks in terms of isotonic, hypertonic and/or hypotonic and then explain which one you would give to Mark to drink and why? Pure water is hypotonic, coke is hypertonic, Gatorade is isotonic I’d give Mark Gatorade an isotonic drink contains the same concentration of salts as human blood and body cells therefore...
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...across a selectively permeable membrane. Selectively permeable means that the membrane is regulating the passage of some substances while preventing others from entering the cell. The rate of diffusion or osmosis depends upon different factors. Diffusion rates depend on temperature, concentration gradients, and the size of the molecule that is trying to pass. Osmosis will depend up whether the membrane is permeable to water. In this experiment, the rate of diffusion or osmosis is based on the concentration gradient. The differences in the concentration gradient will either make for an isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic solution. Isotonic means that the concentration is equal inside and outside of the cell. Hypotonic means that there is a higher concentration outside of the cell than inside, so molecules would move from outside of the cell to inside the cell; and hypertonic means that there is a higher concentration inside the cell than outside, so molecules would move from inside the cell to outside the cell. The null hypothesis for this experiment is that nothing will happen to any of the bags. A logical prediction is that the bag with the steepest concentration gradient will gain weight the fastest. Materials and Methods Four selectively permeable dialysis tubing and four beakers labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4 were used in this experiment. 300 mL of solution C...
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...Mediaphys Lesson 1. Discuss the structure of the plasma membrane and explain the process of active and passive transport through the membrane. A. The plasma membrane consists of lipids and proteins. The structure of the plasma membrane is the phospholipid bilayer which is the basic formation of biological membranes. It forms a constant barrier between two aqueous compartments. In the case of the plasma membrane, the compartments are the inside and outside of the cell. The proteins that are implanted within the phospholipid bilayer carry out the detailed functions of the plasma membrane that includes selective transportation of molecules and cell-cell gratitude. The passive process of the plasma membrane doesn’t use energy to move substances down their absorption grade. Active transport process of the plasma membranes processes use energy to move substances across the membrane. Osmosis Lab 2. Explain your observations in detail in terms of concentration gradient, diffusion, osmosis, osmotic pressure, passive transport, and active transport. A. The osmosis lab was a really awesome lab. It gave you the excitement for three days to see how much the egg has changed. Concentration gradient is a ongoing change in the concentration of solutes in a solution as a function of distance through a solution. The concentration gradient of the egg was almost seeing through. You could see the eggs membrane and the yellow oak that was in the center of the egg. Diffusion is the tendency of...
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...What are the functions of membrane proteins? 3. How are phospholipid molecules arranged in the plasma membrane? How does this arrangement affect the structure and properties of cell membranes (including the plasma membrane)? 4. What is diffusion? Diffusion is a tendency of particles to spread out evenly in an available space. 5. What is passive transport? The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy 6. Define osmosis. The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane. 7. Distinguish between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions. Hypertonic the solute concentration is higher outside the cell, water molecules move out of the cell, and the cell will shrink. Hypotonic the solute concentration is lower outside the cell, water molecules move into the cell, and the cell will expand and may burst. Isotonic the concentration of solute is the same on both sides of a membrane, and the cell volume will not change. 8. Distinguish between exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Exocytosis is used to export bulky molecules, such as proteins or polysaccharides. Endocytosis is used to take in large molecules. Phagocytosis is the engulfment of a particle by the cell wrapping cell membrane around it, forming a vacuole. Receptor-mediated endocytosis uses membrane receptors for specific solutes. The region of the membrane with receptors pinches...
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...water in a solution. Biologists use this term to help describe why water moves from one area to another. Water potential can be affected by two major aspects pressure and the amount of solute. Water potential can be calculate by the pressure potential added to the solute potential. In order to calculate the solute potential one must multiply the ionization constant, the molar concentration, the pressure constant, and the temperature. When looking at a solution one can categorize it into several different relationships based on their solute concentrations. The three major categories are hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic. Solutions with the two different regions that have different concentrations have different names for those regions. The area with the lower solute concentration is known as hypotonic, while the region with the higher concentration is known as the hypertonic solution. When the two areas from...
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...Water is essential to maintain blood volume, regulate body temperature and allow muscle contractions to take place. During exercise, the main way the body maintains optimal body temperature is by sweating. Heat is removed from the body when beads of sweat on the skin evaporate, resulting in a loss of body fluid. Sweat production, and therefore fluid loss, increases with a rise in ambient temperature and humidity, as well as with an increase in exercise intensity. Drinking fluid during exercise is necessary to replace fluids lost in sweat. This will reduce the risk of heat stress, maintain normal muscle function, and prevent performance decreases due to dehydration. In most cases during exercise, the rates of sweat loss are higher than the rate you can drink, so most athletes get into fluid deficit. Therefore, fluid guidelines promote drinking more fluid to reduce the deficit and potential performance detriments associated with dehydration. However, it is also important to acknowledge that it is possible to over-drink during exercise. Drinking more fluid than is comfortable, in any conditions, has the potential to interfere with your performance. In cool weather or when the exercise pace is gentle, the rate of sweat loss may be quite low. It is unnecessary and potentially dangerous to drink at rates that are far greater than sweat losses. Knowing your sweat rate can give you an indication of how much you should be drinking during exercise. Dehydration and Performance...
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...In an isotonic environment, solute concentration and water are equal inside and outside the cell. Water goes in and out of the cell at an equal rate. With a hypotonic environment, the water concentration is greater outside the cell, with solute concentration higher inside. Water moves into the cell. In a hypertonic environment, water concentration is greater inside the cell, with the solute concentration higher outside the cell. Water moves out of the cell. Microbe’s reaction to the changes in osmotic pressure determines their viability in the environment. Isotonic or slightly hypotonic environments usually are best for optimal growth of bacteria. Some microbes can survive in different osmotic conditions and can survive in hypertonic conditions like salt water. They have adapted to the changes in osmotic conditions. Staphylococcus. Epidermidis in 1% NaCl solution had a large amount of growth and the solution was slightly cloudy, 4% NaCl solution had moderate growth, 10% NaCl solution had a small amount of growth. Saccharomy cerevisiae in 1% NaCl solution had a moderate amount of growth with the solution cloudy throughout, in 4% NaCl solution with minimal growth with the growth adhered to the side of the tube, scant amount of growth in the 10% NaCl solution. The test showed that S. epidermidis and S. cerevisiae can grow in concentrations of NaCl because both have adapted to the effects of NaCl in response to the osmotic pressure. The higher concentrations NaCl had the least...
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...If the concentration of impermeable solutes is the same inside and outside of the cell, the solution is isotonic, meaning the movement of water will be equal and the cell maintains its original shape. If there is a higher concentration of impermeable solutes outside the cell than in the cell’s interior, the solution is hypertonic. Because the net movement of water would be out of the cell, the cell would shrink, through a process of crenation in a hypertonic solution (Marieb, 2012). If the concentration of impermeable solutes is lower outside of the cell than in the cell’s interior, then the solution is hypotonic. The net movement of water would be into the cell, and the cell would swell and possibly burst, a phenomenon referred to as hemolysis (Marieb,...
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