Backward vertical foreign direct investment with an example
Backward FDI is investing in an industry which supplies your firm at home. Buying or building a supplier. For example, if Ford builds an engine production facility in Mexico which ships engines to it manufacturing site in Texas. This would be backward vertical FDI.
Vertical foreign direct investment with an example
Investment from one country into another (normally by companies rather than governments) that involves establishing operations or acquiring tangible assets, including stakes in other businesses.
Vertical: when different stages of activities are added abroad. Forward vertical FDI is where the FDI takes the firm nearer to the market (for example, Toyota acquiring a car distributorship in America) and Backward Vertical FDI is where international integration moves back towards raw materials (for example, Toyota acquiring a tyre manufacturer or a rubber plantation).

Common law system and how it differs from a civil law system
Common law is based on tradition, precedent, and custom. When law courts interpret common law, they do so with regard to these characteristics. This gives a common law system a degree of flexibility that other systems lack because it allows the judge to interpret the law.
Civil law system and how it differs from a common law system
Civil law is based on a very detailed set of laws organized into codes. When law courts interpret civil law, they do so with regard to these codes. Over 80 countries, including Germany, France, Japan, and Russia, operate with a civil law system. A civil law system tends to be less adversarial that a common law system, since the judges rely upon detailed legal codes rather than tradition, precedent and custom which they interpret. Judges under a civil law system have less flexibility than those under a common law system.
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