...Figure 4.8 from the textbook to fill in the following chart. Specify the type and size and description of the particle. In some cases, particle size will be less than some value or greater than another value. For instance, gravel is greater than 2.0 mm. |Name |Size |Description | |Gravel |>2.0 mm |Limestone, dolomite , sand mixture of pebbles and small rocks | |Sand |>2mm |Quartz, gypsum,mollusk shell, coral fragments basalt pumice. colloids | |Silt |>0.01mm |Sedimentary rock, water, wind, ice include colloids. | |Clay |>0.002mm |Plasticity, firm,silicate, granite, alumina limestone, colloids | |Colloids |>0.00001mm |Molecules, colored glass, tiny grain of sand, silt, and clay. | Part 2 Soils have been classified according to a system developed by soil scientists and the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. Using this classification system of soil orders, pick two locations on Earth, one in your current area and another area, and describe the order and the conditions that define it. (See Figure 4.12 in the textbook.) 1. Seattle Washington: 2. Bakersfield California...
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...think a lot about greenhouse gases. The situation changed when people started using more and more energy in the form of fossil fuels, like oil, gas and coal. We burn fossil fuels to power factories, run cars, produce electricity and heat houses. As fossil fuels burn they let carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. During the last few decades people have also cut down many forests. Trees use carbon dioxide when they make their own food. Fewer trees mean that less carbon dioxide is taken out of the atmosphere. Possible effects of global warming Scientists have different opinions on how warm the Earth's surface will really get. The increase may be between 1.5° C and 6° C by the year 2100. Warmer weather will make ice caps and glaciers melt. Sea levels could rise dramatically. Plants, animals and people living in coastal areas all could be in danger. The weather may change in many areas of the world. Floods, droughts and damaging storms could be the result. People in colder regions might welcome warmer weather but those who live in regions that are already hot may suffer from new diseases. At the same time some animals may not survive because they cannot adapt to the new environment. They could move to other places in order to live there. Reducing global warming Finding a solution to solve the world's biggest environmental problem is not an easy task. Although we need energy to make our economy grow there are things that could be done to fight off this problem. Carpools or travelling by...
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...widely consumed food item in America — ice. The process of combining water and cold temperature that hasn’t changed much since the Chinese cut and stored ice in 1,000 B.C is seeing a dramatic consumer shift. Why? Because an entrepreneur — a retired businessman — came up with an innovative new approach, combining the ice cube with an ATM vending style concept with the capability of making up to 13,000 pounds of ice per day. The packaged ice business, despite its lack of glamour, is a $2.5 billion industry. But, it’s antiquated. That 8 pound bag of ice purchased at the convenience store traveled from regional ice plants that mass produces bags of ice and distributes them to specific territories. Obviously, this method is subject to high fuel and distribution costs that drive up the costs of everyday products. Not to mention the potential damage to the end product due to distribution and handling. How often have you purchased a bag of ice that didn’t need a good pounding on the cement to separate the cubes? For decades, the most convenient source for bagged and bulk ice has been grocery and convenience stores — hardly convenient enough for today’s consumer. That was until Bob Alligood, an engineer who spent 30 years building one of Florida’s most successful engineering firms, decided to try his hand as an entrepreneur by developing a company called Ice House America. After a few years of product development and more than a year in operation, Ice House America has grown from having...
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...Landforms Hydrologic Cycle The field of Hydrology is primarily concerned with how water falls from the atmosphere, to the Earth; rolls downhill via gravity eventually out to the ocean and then back up into the atmosphere starting all over again. Biological processes of animals and plants have evolved over millions of years to adapt to, and depend on, when the right amount of water is available (Lutgens & Tarbuck, 2014, p. 83). The hydrologic cycle goes through many processes; This continuous cycle of water releases up into the air, forms into a cloud, rains down to the Earth and then evaporates again, repeating this continuous process. Some amount of groundwater also releases back into the atmosphere through a process called transpiration which is evaporation of water from plants. The remaining water on the earth's surface is runoff, which finds its place in the lakes, streams and rivers, which eventually enters the oceans, starting the repetition of the hydrologic cycle. (Tallman, 2011). In Colorado, all of these concepts of the water cycle apply to the Colorado River Basin. Most of the storms that bring moisture into Colorado come from the Pacific Ocean and travel east through the atmosphere. Because of the altitude in the Rocky Mountains this moist air results in huge amounts of snow on the western slope. The Colorado River Basin is often called a snowmelt dominated system because this snow often sits in a deep snowpack until the spring when the temperature raises...
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...granite. Oxidation was found to dissolve the pyrite very quickly and continue to dissolve it over the next 2-3 days. Organic Processes were found to have a major physical effect on the paste as it broke it apart. Materials Bean Seeds, 10 Magnifying glass Calcium sulfate, CaSO4, 2 spoonfuls Marker Granite chips, 20 g Paper towels Halite chips, 15 g Pipets, Beral, graduated Hydrochloric acid solution, HCl, 1 M, 15 mL Plastic cups, small, 3 Ice cube Sample container Local rock samples, 2 Sheet of white paper, 8 ½” x 11”, unlined Marble chips, 25 g Spoon Pyrite pieces, 2 Styrofoam tray Sand, 6 spoonfuls Stopwatch...
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... having its origin in the Pleistocene (1,600,000 to 10,000 years ago). Individual plant and animal species of the tundra, however, probably first appeared in the Late Miocene (11.2 to 5.3 million years ago) or Early Pliocene (5.3 to 3.4 million years ago). Coniferous forests were present on Ellesmere Island and in northern Greenland, the northernmost land areas, in the mid-Pliocene (2.5 million years ago). Most paleoecologists believe that tundra flora evolved from plants of the coniferous forests and alpine areas as continents drifted into higher and cooler latitudes during the Miocene (23.7 to 5.3 million years ago). The Antarctic region Antarctica has been isolated from other continental landmasses by broad expanses of ocean since early in the Tertiary Period, about 60 to 40 million years ago. Prior to its separation it existed, along with Australia, South America, peninsular India, and Africa, as part of the landmass known as Gondwanaland. This long separation has impeded the establishment and development of land-based flora and fauna in the Antarctic. Other significant factors that have hampered terrestrial biotic evolution are the harsh climate, the ice cover that completely engulfed the continent during the Pleistocene glaciations, and the present limited number of ice-free land areas, which are restricted primarily to the coastal fringes and nunataks (mountain peaks surrounded by the ice cap). As a consequence, the terrestrial flora and fauna of Antarctica are few. The...
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...cooked to an internal temperature of at least 140oF except as follows: a. Roast beef shall be cooked to an internal temperature of at least 130oF b. Beef steak shall be cooked to at least 130oF, unless otherwise ordered by the immediate consumer c. Food from an approved packaging plant shall be cooked to at least 135oF d. Pork and food containing pork shall be cooked to at least 150 oF e. Ground beef and foods containing ground beef shall be cooked to at least 155 oF f. Poultry, stuffed poultry, stuffed meats and stuffings containing meat shall be cooked to at least 165 oF 3. Potentially hazardous foods that have been cooked and then refrigerated must be reheated to 165 oF within 2 hours. 4. Cooked potentially hazardous foods must be actively cooled once they reach 135 oF. Cool from 135 oF to 70 oF within 2 hours and then from 70 oF to 45 oF within 4 additional hours, for a total of six hours to cool. Cooling methods include: placing foods in shallow pans, separating the food into smaller and thinner portions, using rapid cooling equipment, ice baths, ice wands, containers that facilitate heat transfer, adding ice as an ingredient, or other effective measures. 5. While actively cooling foods inside refrigerators food can be loosely covered or uncovered if the cooling food is protected from overhead contamination. 6. Date labeling is recommended for all foods. Date and time labeling are recommended for...
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...inches on the top layer of ground will thaw. This part of the thawed ground is called the active layer. This active layer is always wet because the water from the melted ice cannot drain. The frozen ground that never thaws is called the permafrost layer. The tundra may get less than five inches of precipitation a year, but it is still very wet in the summer. The water that comes from the melting ice has nowhere to go. During the summer, the tundra is one big open, rolling area of ground, covered with many small lakes and ponds. During the summer, days are close to 24 hours long. This is when there is light for the little plants that grow. The plants in the tundra are only about four inches high, many being perennials. The plants consist of grasses, sedges, mosses, little flowering plants, and tiny dwarf willow bushes. They grow in dense round cushions or mats that hug the ground. Hugging the ground helps protect them from the cold and drying winds. In the rocky area, lichens grow on the rocks. Lichens are early land plants and are between an alga and a fungus. They have no roots. Tundra plants grow rapidly because the growing season is only six to ten weeks long. Many reproduce by growing new roots and shoots, rather than by making seeds. The earth in the tundra is not really soil. Dead plant material slowly decomposes because it is so cold. The constant melting and...
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...PLANT EVOLUTION Plant Evolution Colette Andrews Strayer University SCI 115 Dr. David Davies November 24, 2012 Plant Evolution has been around for millions of years. In fact, plants were the first species on earth and the first to live on land (“Plant Evolution”, D. Davies, accessed 11/24/12). For 1500 million year’s photosynthetic organisms remained in the sea. This is because, in the absence of a protective ozone layer, the land was bathed in lethal levels of UV radiation. Once atmospheric oxygen levels were high enough the ozone layer formed, meaning that it was possible for living things to venture onto the land (The University of the West Indies. Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences 2003-2012). The seashore would have been enormously important in the colonization of land. In this zone algae would have been exposed to fresh water running off the land (and would have colonized the freshwater habitat before making the move to terrestrial existence). They would also be exposed to an alternating wet and desiccating environment. Adaptations to survive drying out would have had strong survival value, and it is important to note that seaweeds are poikilohydric and able to withstand periods of desiccation (The University of the West Indies. Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences 2003-2012). The earliest evidence for the appearance of land plants, in the form of fossilized spores, comes from the Ordovician period (510 - 439 million years ago),...
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...occurrence has happened many years and at one time it actually had covered up to 32% (NSIDC, 2013) of the earth which occurred when there was an ice age. Figure [ 1 ]: Layers of Glaciers (http://whatdoino-steve.blogspot.com/2012/03/niveolian-art.html) Figure [ 1 ]: Layers of Glaciers (http://whatdoino-steve.blogspot.com/2012/03/niveolian-art.html) Glaciers are all over the world the only place that doesn’t have glaciers is Australia. You may not believe it but even Africa has glaciers. Glaciers start out as snowflakes but need to have the right environment to grow into a glacier. Most are found in areas that have large amounts of snow fall in the winters and the warm seasons stay cool so the snow doesn’t melt completely. So the snow from the winter starts to melt but does not completely melt, then it forms into ice and new snowfalls on the layer of ice that winter; this circle keeps happening and the glaciers grow and eventually start to move because of its own weight. They can be as small as a football field or as enormous as snow will let it be. Depending on the type of glacier they may be on land, in water, sides of mountains or in valleys. Ice sheets and Ice caps are similar they both cover large areas of land. The difference between the two is that ice sheets cover 50,000 square kilometers and are found in Antarctica; well ice caps cover less than 50,000 square kilometers and are found in higher elevations in a...
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...leaves and cambium were consumed in various ways. The Iroquois in particular used the bark of the tree for bandages and other medicinal purposes (Nesom, 2003). Ecologically, the tree provides ample resources for birds and other animals, especially during winter. Decaying older trees function as autogenic engineers by providing habitats for cavity-nesting animals. Basswoods also enrich the soil by bringing calcium and magnesium up from deep within the soil and redepositing it upon the surface via leaf litter (Crow, 1990). The current range of this species, however, was not always what it is today. Much of the area in the Northeast United States that now hosts these trees was one underneath a thick sheet of ice. After the retreat of the Wisconsinan glaciations and Laurentide ice sheet from the area, approximately 14,000 years ago, the glaciated landscape of the Northeast United States was unable to support anything more than lichen, let alone a stand of Basswood trees (McManamon, 2009). This raises the question, when did such a historically and ecologically important tree arrive in the area it occupies today? This paper will study the biology and needs of the American Basswood and the process of succession in deglaciated landscapes in order to estimate when Basswoods entered the Northeast and settled into the range that they currently occupy. Tilia americana The American Basswood is a large deciduous tree native to North America. The range of the species extends from the Great Lakes-St...
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...A Detailed Lesson Plan in English (Reading) I. Objectives At the end of the lesson, the pupils are expected to: a. State the sequence of the story b. Identify the different seasons describe c. Appreciate the story read II. Subject Matter Topic: The Tiny Seed Reference: Reading Network, pages 103- 108 Author: Delia Hamoy Soroy Materials: Charts, pictures III. Procedure A. Preparation Teacher’s Activities Pupils’ Activities 1. Energizer I have here a song entitled “ Minicar “. I’ll sing it first then afterwards we will sing it together. The song goes like this. Minicar(2x) Beep(3x) the minicar Stop and go(3x), the minicar Camera (2x) Click (3x) the camera Smile and pose (3x) to the camera B. Motivation Form 3 groups. Each group should have 2 members to arrange the puzzle in front. The first group who can arrange the puzzle will get additional points in your quiz later. What picture is formed? The picture formed is a seed. Have you seen a seed? Yes Teacher! Can you describe the seed that you have seen? The seed that I have seen is rough. What can you say about their size? ...
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...------------------------------------------------- Freshwater ecosystem From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Freshwater angelfish Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams, springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. Freshwater habitats can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, and vegetation. Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into lentic ecosystems (still water) andlotic ecosystems (flowing water). Limnology (and its branch freshwater biology) is a study about freshwater ecosystems. It is a part of hydrobiology. Original efforts to understand and monitor freshwater ecosystems were spurred on by threats to human health (ex. Cholera outbreaks due to sewage contamination). Early monitoring focussed on chemical indicators, then bacteria, and finally algae, fungi and protozoa. A new type of monitoring involves differing groups of organisms (macroinvertebrates, macrophytes and fish) and the stream conditions associated with them. Current biomonitering techniques focus mainly on community structure or biochemical oxygen demand. Responses are measured by behavioural changes, altered rates of growth, reproduction or mortality. Macroinvertebrates are most often used in these models because of well known taxonomy, ease of collection, sensitivity to a range of stressors, and their overall value to the ecosystem...
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...Endangered Species Our planet earth has produced many wonderful and bewildering things. Our planet was once lush of vegetation, plants and amazing animals. There are numerous plants and animals that are now extinct, either due to natural selection, climate change, or urbanization. Knowing this, we should not take advantage of what earth has to offer, this includes animals that are now endangered species. According to Richard T. Wright, “endangered species is a species that has been reduced to the point where it is in imminent danger of becoming extinct if protection is not provided (page 254). Although some animals may seem unimportant to most, many of these animals are what help keep the earth’s ecosystem in equilibrium. There is much controversy on endangered species and the devastation of their habitats. Before someone establishes their own opinion on the subject matter, it must be understood what an endangered species is and how it came to be, along with the controversy between it. Endangerment is a very broad issue that involves habitat, the surrounding environment and the interaction between other species. There are many factors that have lead to endangerment and possible extinction to earth’s animals. One of the biggest factors is habitat destruction. Habitats are constantly changing due to the earth’s constant change in climate and movement, although that is only a slight change. The biggest component to habitat destruction is the result from human activity...
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...According to some of NASA’s research and observation, the Arctic’s sea ice maximum extent has dropped by an average of two and eight tenths percent, and the summertime minimum extent losses are thirteen and a half percent per decade since 1979 (see Appendix B for visuals about ice variation)(Garner, 2015). Besides shrinking in extent, the sea ice cap is also thinning and becoming more vulnerable to the action of ocean waters, winds and warmer temperatures (Garner, 2015). Furthermore, the global sea ice loss has accelerated (Despite, 2015). The melting of polar ice not only causes sea levels to rise, but put many species in danger due to habit and resource loss, as well as contributes to higher ocean temperatures. As the polar ice continues to melt, animals such as polar bears, walrus, narwhals, beluga, fish, caribou, reindeer, Antarctic Krill, penguins, and seals are losing resources and homes. Without ice, these animals are often unable to rest, breed, hunt, or hide from predators, meaning they slowly die off. This slow extinction of polar animals due to melting ice leads to greater losses in global biodiversity, another sign of a mass extinction...
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