... Individual standards caused a large number of rework and comparison issues in order to prepare financial reports to be in accordance with that of their own country. Many countries have adopted and converged their own standards to the international Financial Reporting Standards. The United Kingdom, members of the European Union and Australia are just some of the countries that have done so. Australia’s AASB is the equivalent of the IAS, although different methods can be used and therefore may not enhance the comparability of transactions and translation. The adoption of the IFRS in the European Union aimed to increase the comparability of companies consolidated accounts. It has aimed to achieve the de facto harmony. Countries therefore rectifying the standards to the IFRS have made it easier to compare and thus reducing the time spent on comparability. IAS 21 is one of the standards of the IFRS, that’s objective is to successfully include foreign currency transactions and foreign operations in the financial statements of an entity. Financial statements are converted into a presentation currency. Two different exchange rates are used to convert, the current and temporal method. Due to globalization, many firms have expanded their activities worldwide through overseas branches, in the form of subsidiaries. This has lead to entities buying and selling goods and services from overseas parties and customers. An entity will either have transactions in foreign...
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...é The Effects of Mandatory IFRS Adoption in the EU: A Review of Empirical Research October 2014 Information for Better Markets An initiative from the ICAEW Financial Reporting Faculty The Effects of Mandatory IFRS Adoption in the EU: A Review of Empirical Research forms part of the Information for Better Markets thought leadership programme of ICAEW’s Financial Reporting Faculty. ICAEW operates under a Royal Charter, working in the public interest. As a world leading professional accountancy body, ICAEW provides leadership and practical support to over 142,000 members in more than 160 countries, working with governments, regulators and industry to ensure the highest standards are maintained. The ICAEW Financial Reporting Faculty provides its members with practical assistance and support with IFRS, UK GAAP and other aspects of business reporting. It also comments on business reporting issues on behalf of ICAEW to standard setters and regulators. Its Information for Better Markets thought leadership programme subjects key questions in business reporting to careful and impartial analysis so as to help achieve practical solutions to complex problems. The programme focuses on three key themes: disclosure, measurement and regulation. We welcome comments and enquiries on this report and on the other aspects of the Information for Better Markets programme. To contact us, please email bettermarkets@icaew.com. © ICAEW 2014 All rights reserved. If you want...
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...de Paris) On March 7, 1848 by the French Provisional Government founded the Comptoir national d'escompte de Paris (CEP) in response to the financial shock caused by the revolution of February 1848. The upheaval destroyed the old credit system, which was already struggling to provide sufficient capital to meet the demands of the railway boom and the resulting growth of industry. The CEP grew steadily in France and overseas, although in 1889 there was a crisis in which it was temporarily placed in receivership. Separately on April 18, 1932 the French Government replaced Banque nationale de crédit (BNC) which failed as a result of the 1930s recession with the new bank Banque nationale pour le commerce et l'industrie (BNCI). The former banks headquarter and staff were used to create BNCI with fresh capital of 100 millions francs. The bank initially grew rapidly through absorbing a number a regional banks that got into financial trouble. After the Second World War it continued to grow steadily. It grew its retail business in France and its commercial business overseas in the French colonial empire. After the end of the Second World War, the French State decided to "put banks and credit to work for national reconstruction". René Pleven, then Minister of Finance, launched a massive reorganization of the banking industry. A law passed on 2 December 1945 and which went into effect on the 1 January 1946 Nationalized the four leading French retail banks: Banque nationale pour le commerce...
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...with related regulations has given rise to the need for a common set of global accounting standards – International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Leading the charge, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), formerly known as the International Accounting Standards Committee, has begun a movement toward harmonization and convergence of GAAP. More than 100 countries currently use IFRS, so if your business goals include global expansion, it is critical to educate yourself about the impact of IFRS on your financial reporting processes and business now (U.S. GAAP vs. IFRS). This paper will focus specifically on the differences and similarities between IFRS and U.S. GAAP with respect to accounting for the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates. The guidance related to accounting for foreign currencies in U.S. GAAP is included in Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 830, Foreign Currency Matters. In IFRS, the guidance related to accounting for foreign currency issues is contained in International Accounting Standard (IAS) 21, The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates. Additional IFRS guidance is contained in IAS 29, Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies. Before delving too deep into the significant differences between U.S. GAAP and IFRS, it is important to understand the terminology used within the two standards. IAS...
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...services firm headquartered in London, United Kingdom and was the third largest professional services firm in the world by aggregated revenue in 2012. The firm has employed 167,000 people and has more than 700 offices across more than 140 countries, providing assurance (including financial audit), tax, consulting and advisory services. In FY 2012, EY earned a record of $24.4 billion USD in revenue, ranking the third among the Big Four, after PricewaterhouseCoopers and Deloitte, ahead of KPMG. Ernst & Young offers its services to companies in a vast range of industries, including asset management, life sciences, mining, media and entertainment, retail, technology, and hotel and leisure. The company's financial reporting segment offers an IFRS/GAAP comparison so companies can compare and contrast the international and US accounting standards. The group's members firms are organized in four geographic areas: Europe, the Middle East, India, and Africa; the Americas (including Ernst & Young LLP); Japan; and the Asia/Pacific region. Ernst & Young is increasingly focused on the emerging markets, which have seen more rapid economic recovery than the developed nations. The company sees the trend of growth in the emerging markets as one that will continue for decades to come, and is investing in those markets as such. INTROCDUCTION Name and Branding The firm's name arises from the global merger between Ernst & Whinney and Arthur Young in 1989. The motto of the firm is...
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...Financial Reporting Standards" (2011). CMC Senior Theses. Paper 165. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/165 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by Scholarship@Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact scholarship@cuc.claremont.edu. CLAREMONT McKENNA COLLEGE THE EFFECT OF CULTURE ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARDS SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR MARC MASSOUD AND DEAN GREGORY HESS BY MITCHELL SKOTARCZYK FOR SENIOR THESIS SPRING 2011 2 Table of Contents I. Introduction…………………….……………………………………………………………….4 II. Literature Summary………………………………………...………………...….……………..5 III. IFRS……………………...……………………………………………………..……………11 IV. Carve-outs…………………………………………………………………………………....18 V. Culture and Accounting………………………………………………………………………25 VI. Conclusion………………………………………………………………...…………………30 Appendix………………………………………………………………………………………...32 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………..37 3 I. Introduction As globalization increases at a blistering pace, more and more business entities continue to get involved in cross-border capital investments. A considerable cost can be applied to these types of transaction for the translation of financial statements prepared under dissimilar accounting guidelines into a comparable form. There exist a multiple number of accounting systems that create these dissimilarities...
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...Andrew Peller Limited ~ 2012 Annual Report 1 FINANCIAL AND OPERATING HIGHLIGHTS FOR THE YEARS ENDED MARCH 31 (in thousands of Canadian dollars, except per share amounts) 2012 SALES AND EARNINGS Net sales EBITA Net earnings FINANCIAL POSITION Working capital Total assets Shareholders’ equity PER SHARE Net earnings per Class A Share - basic and diluted DIVIDENDS Class A Shares, Non-Voting Class B Shares, Voting SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY MARKET VALUE Class A - HIGH Class A - LOW Class B - HIGH Class B - LOW ANALYTICAL INFORMATION Return on average shareholders’ equity Return on average capital employed Ratio of current assets to current liabilities 2011 $ 276,883 32,651 13,001 34,869 285,552 120,552 0.93 0.360 0.314 $ 265,420 31,544 11,223 27,643 267,996 114,297 0.78 0.330 0.288 10.30 8.70 10.70 8.65 10.9% 11.4% 1.3:1 9.25 8.25 11.00 9.55 9.8% 11.6% 1.3:1 10 11 12 10 11 12 10 11 12 113,680 114,297 263,151 265,420 276,883 Net Sales Net Earnings from continuing operations before gains (loses) on nancial instruments and other expenses Shareholders’ Equity 1 FINANCIAL AND OPERATING HIGHLIGHTS 120,552 8,408 11,683 13,662 OveRview Andrew Peller Limited (“APL” or “the Company”) is a leading producer and marketer of quality wines in Canada. With wineries in British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia, the Company markets wines produced from grapes grown in Ontario’s Niagara Peninsula, British Columbia’s...
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...1 Egypt’s Accounting Standards (EAS) against IFRS: The Reason behind Compliance and The Main Differences. Ahmed Mostafa Eliwa German University in Cairo Supervised By: Prof: Dr. Ehab K. A. Mohamed 2 Chapter 1: IFRS Historical Background 1.1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to gather information about the history of the international financial and reporting standards (IFRS), the committee that issued them, and what the reasons behind issuing such standards are to be agreed and implemented across the world. In the following sections we will know more about the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) “The IFRS Issuer” foundation and launching. Then we will talk about the IFRS and the IASC development during the period of 1973 - 2000. How the IASC started to issue their international accounting standards and to what extent they were agreed and implemented across the world. And also what are the difficulties that faced them to issue accepted international accounting standards during this period. Finally, in the last section, the factors that forced the IASC to be restructured to IASB “International Accounting Standards Board”. Moreover, and after correspondence and deliberations, the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) endorsement on the IFRS. 1.2 IASC Foundation and Launching: Following World War II, each country had its own Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP, the U.S. designation), or proper accounting practice. Even among the GAAPs...
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...private equity or IPO. (Catherine’s comment in the Board Meeting) A formal succession plan was deemed important. The corporate office must approve all external financing (i.e. borrowing outside the operating lines of credit). Additionally, under current policy, capital investments over $1.5 million must be purchased with long-term debt rather than by using the operating line of credit and must be approved by the corporate office. The bank is willing to provide up to $50 million at an annual rate of 7.5%, to be repaid monthly over a period of 15–25 years, as long as the following conditions are met: 1. A minimum return on assets of 10% (calculated using after-tax income and total assets); 2. A maximum ratio of debt to tangible net worth of 2:1; and 3. A minimum current ratio of 1.5:1. Any long-term loans for expansion must be renegotiated every five years. Due to a long standing relationship with the bank and a history of strong operating performance, audited statements have never been required to satisfy the needs of the bank. But the board had wanted to upgrade processes to be ready for a formal audit. Historically, the amount of dividends paid has been at the discretion of the Board. However, starting in 2008, the Board set a target dividend ratio of 40% of reported net income (in accordance with...
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...Week 1 Financial reporting and its analysis has an important role in the information intermediaries (auditors, press, financial analysts) and financial intermediaries (banks, insurance companies, mutual funds) functioning. Information intermediaries and financial intermediaries use the information from the financial reports to investigate the investment opportunities and find the “good” ones (Palepu, Healy & Peek, 2013). The “lemons” problem explains the problem in identifying the “good” and “bad” ideas being offered in the market (Holod & Peek, n.d.). The “bad” ideas are valued by investors at an average level, as they know that in the market there are both types of ideas. This approach, unfortunately, leads to less attractive conditions of financing to the owners of “good” ideas; the proportion of “bad” ideas increases. The identification of “good” investments can be performed by following the four steps (Palepu, Healy & Peek, 2013): * Business strategy analysis * Accounting analysis * Financial analysis * Prospective analysis All the above analysis get the information from the financial statements, publically data available, from business application context that consists of credit analysis, debt analysis, general business analysis and other details on corporate business (Palepu, Healy & Peek, 2013). The business strategy analysis is a tool to form the performance expectations using industry data and competitive strategy data. Accounting analysis assess...
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...EC3205-ECONOMICS OF INFORMATION BNP PARIBAS BNP is a French bank and financial services company with headquarters in Paris and a second global headquarters in London.it was formed through the merger of banque Nationale and Paribas in 2000 and is one of the largest banks in the world. Based on 2012 information BNP Paribas was ranked as the fourth largest bank in the world, as measured by total assets, by Bloomberg and Forbes. In 2013 BNP Paribas was awarded the bank of the year award by the international Financing review. “The IFR awards are a key industry benchmark and bank of the year is the top honour awarded.” Thomas Reuters, leading financial industry publication. Market structure Firms will maximise profits at the output level where marginal revenue =marginal cost. The fact of the matter is firms operate in a large variety of environments. These different environments are based on different market conditions that influence the behaviour of different firms in different ways. In order to analyse these behaviours, economists have identified characteristics that make some firms similar to each other and other firms different from one another. This has led to the study of firms based on four main market structures. * Perfect competition * Monopolistic competition * Oligopoly * Monopoly The features of each market structure relate to differences in the demand curves faced by firms in each category. The identifying characteristics for each type...
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...Running Head: GLOBAL FINANCIAL REPORTING: Global Financial Reporting: Why Move Toward Global Financial Reporting Connie Cerruto Student ID 3247960261 Accounting Capstone: Senior Seminar in Accounting ACC 499 005016 Winter Semester 2008 Submitted to Professor Tee Thein March 16, 2008 Dedication and Acknowledgement I would like to take this time to thank my husband, George, for all his support over this last ten weeks. For graciously doing the laundry, vacuuming, dusting, grocery shopping, meal preparing, and dishes so I had time complete the needed research for my paper. I appreciate the sacrifices you made to support me in my efforts of obtaining a Bachelors Degree in Accounting. Table of Contents Page Abstract 5 Chapter 1: Introduction 6 1.1 Background 6 1.2 Problem 7 1.3 Purpose 7 1.4 Scope 8 Chapter 2: Review of Literature 9 Chapter 3: Methodologies 12 3.1 Perspective 12 3.2 Research Procedure 12 Chapter 4: Development of Accounting Principles 17 4.1 History of Accounting Differences 17 4.1.1 Ancient Recordkeeping 17 4.1.2 Double-Entry Accounting 19 ...
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...adoption will provide SSM, other regulators and businesses with detailed data which can be aggregated and made available to stakeholders in the form of industry analysis for industrial benchmarking. The move to XBRL-based reporting is also in line with plans to transform Malaysia into a digital country by 2020, as XBRL reports form part of the digital reporting chain. At the recent Digital Malaysia Press Conference held on 5 July 2012 by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) along with Multimedia Development Corporation (MDeC), Datuk Badlisham Ghazali, CEO of MDeC told the media that Digital Malaysia will help drive automation and technology adoption to ensure productivity and increased workflow efficiency. ust like IFRS convergence, XBRL adoption looks set to reshape the financial reporting landscape in Malaysia, thus indelibly affecting accountants and the profession at large. Key regulators are championing XBRL or eXtensible Business Reporting Language, hailed as an innovation that will facilitate and enhance the ease and timeliness of compiling and disclosing...
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...Contents Annual Report Annual Report ABN AMRO Group N.V. 2011 Notes to the reader Introduction This is the Annual Report for the year 2011 of ABN AMRO, which consists of ABN AMRO Group N.V. and its consolidated subsidiaries. The Annual Report consists of the Managing Board report, Supervisory Board report, and the Consolidated Annual Financial Statements. Presentation of information The financial information contained in this Annual Report has been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as adopted by the European Union (EU). This Annual Report is presented in euros (EUR), which is the presentation currency of ABN AMRO, rounded to the nearest million (unless otherwise stated). All year-end averages in the Annual Report are based on month-end figures. Management does not believe that these month-end averages present trends materially different from those that would be presented by daily averages. Certain figures in this document may not tally exactly due to rounding. In addition, certain percentages in this document have been calculated using rounded figures. As a result of the integration, the current segment reporting is still subject to minor changes. This report can be downloaded from abnamro.com For more information, please go to abnamro.com/ir or contact us at investorrelations@nl.abnamro.com ABN AMRO Group N.V. Gustav Mahlerlaan 10, 1082 PP Amsterdam P Box 283, 1000 EA Amsterdam .O. The Netherlands Telephone:...
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...International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): Pros and Cons for Investors by Ray Ball* Sidney Davidson Professor of Accounting Graduate School of Business University of Chicago 5807 S. Woodlawn Ave Chicago, IL 60637 Tel. (773) 834 5941 ray.ball@gsb.uchicago.edu Acknowledgments This paper is based on the PD Leake Lecture delivered on 8 September 2005 at the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, which can be accessed at http://www.icaew.co.uk/cbp/index.cfm. It draws extensively on the framework in Ball (1995) and benefited from comments by Steve Zeff. Financial support from the PD Leake Trust and the Graduate School of Business at the University of Chicago is gratefully acknowledged. 1 Abstract Accounting in shaped by economic and political forces. It follows that increased worldwide integration of both markets and politics (driven by reductions in communications and information processing costs) makes increased integration of financial reporting standards and practice almost inevitable. But most market and political forces will remain local for the foreseeable future, so it is unclear how much convergence in actual financial reporting practice will (or should) occur. Furthermore, there is little settled theory or evidence on which to build an assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of uniform accounting rules within a country, let alone internationally. The pros and cons of IFRS therefore are somewhat conjectural, the unbridled enthusiasm...
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