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Into the Jungle Chapter 9: In Cold Blood: The Tale of the Icefish

1) How did the fish antifreeze originate? The fish antifreeze originated from an ancestral trypsinogen gene. The team at the University of Illinois came to this conclusion when they found shocking similarities between the antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) and a trypsinogen gene. These similarities were between the AFGP exon and the sequence of the trypsinogen gene, between the 3’ end of the AFGP gene and trypsinogen, as well as between the two introns. All these similarities between the AFGP gene and trypsinogen gene were at least 90 percent identical. Not only that, but it was also found that the trypsinogen gene’s nine base pair segment encoded, by repeated duplication, tripeptide (Thr-Ala-Ala) repeats in the AFGP gene; which are the building blocks of AFGPs (Carroll, 178). Basically, the fish antifreeze originated from a gene that already existed.

2) What is a fossil gene? A fossil gene, or more commonly known as pseudogene, is a gene that is present but is inactive or “abandoned” (Carroll, 179). In the case of the icefish ancestors, the remaining alpha-globin gene is the fossil gene.

3) How do icefish obtain their oxygen? What might happen to icefish if the waters around the Antarctic became warmer? Icefish obtain their oxygen due to their cardiovascular system. Large gills and scaleless skin with large capillaries allow the icefish to “increase [their] absorption of oxygen from the environment” (Carroll, 180). They also have larger hearts and blood volumes to assist them in pumping the blood more efficiently throughout their body. If the waters around the Antarctic became warmer, the icefish would not survive. This is due to the fact that they do not have red blood cells, which allows them to thrive in cold environments and not freeze. The absence of red blood cells also reduces

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Euler-Lagrange Partial Di Erential Equations

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F34100110

...PENENTUAN KONSENTRASI BATING AGENT DAN WAKTU BATING DALAM PROSES BATING KULIT IKAN TUNA DETERMINATION OF BATING AGENT CONCENTRATION AND BATING TIME IN THE BATING PROCESS OF TUNA FISH SKIN Ono Suparno*), Hafizah Khaerina Departemen Teknologi Industri Pertanian, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor Kampus IPB Darmaga, Kode POS 122, Bogor 16002 E-mail: ono.suparno@gmail.com ABSTRACT Bating is one of the most important processes in beamhouse operation and has effects on leathers quality. Bating agent generally use pancreas enzyme containing protease and lipase. Concentration of bating agent and duration (time) of bating are factors which were predicted have effect on quality of bated pelts. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of bating agent concentration and bating time on the the quality of bated pelts and to choose the best combination of both factors. The concentrations were used for this study were 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%, and the bating times were 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 hours. Responses measured were thickness reduction, dissolved protein, fat content, and organoleptic properties of the pelts. Based on this research, concentration of bating agent significantly affected the thickness, dissolved protein, and fat content. Time of bating significantly affected dissolved protein, and fat content. But interaction between two factors did not significantly affect all observed respons. The best treatment in the research was bating agent concentration...

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