In the Vet Clinic

Question 1

a) Name and describe three (3) ways an animal may show you that they are stressed.

A great many people who live with canines perceive a percentage of the "greater" pieces of information that a canine's on edge,

1. Uncomfortable, or out and out frightened -groveling,

2. whimpering, and a tucked tail, to name only three.more unobtrusive signs. They for the most part don't reflect all out frenzy, however they let you know that all's not exactly right

3. On the off chance that we can interpret our pooches'

4. Leashing the skin behind while walking

non-verbal communication, we can ransom delicate puppies before they get overpowered. Furthermore even boneheaded, giddy sorts may discover a few circumstances excessively for them. Come to consider it, viewing them nearly may uncover that they're not such blockheads truth be told.

When we perceive our canines' anxiety flags and make a move to bail them out, we're taking consideration both of the puppy and of ourselves. I regularly recollect a maturing puppy named Jack whose people recognized that he generally withdrew from their little child's methodology. They don't thought anything of it, so Jack's rehashed nonaggressive flags that he despised kiddy-style taking care of didn't traverse.

b) Name and describe three (3) ways an animal may show you that they are comfortable.

Some solace practices show up over a few taxa (e.g. autogrooming), while others may be restricted to specific gatherings (e.g. nail honing essentially in felines). An inadequate rundown of solace practices incorporates:

➢ Allogrooming prepping a part of the same species

➢ Autogrooming; preparing toward oneself

➢ Nose pounding (parrots)[6]

➢ Nose wiping

➢ Body shaking

➢ Dustbathing

➢ Quill unsettling

➢ Leg extending

➢ Nail honing Dressing (with or without dermal or uropygial organs)

➢ Rolling

➢ Scratching

➢ Extending

➢ Sunbathing

➢ Tail washing

➢ Floundering

➢ Water showering

➢ Wing-fluttering/extending

➢ Yawning

Solace practices in creatures are exercises that help keep up the pelage, plumes, integuement or musculoskeletal framework and expand the physical solace of the animal.[1] They are a subset of upkeep practices which additionally incorporate exercises, for example, bolstering, drinking and end.

Comfort practices are performed from an early age and change small amid development.[2] Several solace practices are connected with the start of a rest period (e.g. prepping), while others are connected with the end of a rest period (e.g. extending), potentially to set up the body for departure or chasing. Others, (e.g. dust washing) will be performed just when the suitable inside and outer boosts are available (see additionally sham dustbathing). Creatures for the most part perform solace practices just when they are not occupied with key exercises (e.g. bolstering, drinking, chasing, escape); these practices are in this manner frequently ordered as extravagance exercises. Nonetheless, creatures can be exceptionally energetic to perform some solace practices (e.g. dust washing in hens), and conditions that obstruct these practices (e.g. battery pens) are considered to have a negative impact on creature welfare.[3] Furthermore, some solace practices demonstrate a bounce back expansion in force or recurrence after they have been anticipated for a time of time (e.g. wing fluttering in the wake of discharging confined hens).

Solace practices are now and then connected with physiological changes. For instance, allogrooming has been connected with impacts on heart rate, invulnerability and beta-endorphins; trial studies have demonstrated that steeds being prepared by people encounter a brought down heart rate.

(Approximately 250 words total)

Question 2

What are the ways that you can identify the animals in your care?

An ID tag is a little metallic or plastic label that can be customized with your name, address, and telephone number. The tag is joined to your pet's neckwear and distinguishes you as the pet's holder for the situation that he or she gets to be lost. Pet ID labels are accessible at most pet supply stores, and can likewise be bought through various online vendor.

Pet license is confirmation that your pet has been inoculated against rabies and is enlisted with the ward where you live. Pet licenses are like ID Tags; for the most part little metallic or plastic labels that ought to be joined to your pet's collar at all times. Permitting prerequisites, strategies, and expenses contrast between wards.

(Approximately 30 words)

Question 3

In an animal care facility some animals may have an unexpected change of behaviour. What are four (4) things to consider regarding the safety of staff and animals before removing an animal from its enclosure?

Safe and effective animal handling requires a thorough understanding of the normal behavior and responses of each species animal behavior and handling techniques with careful observation and experience Dangers for persons utilizing and taking care of research facility creatures may emerge from a mixture of sources, including infections, microscopic organisms, growths, parasites, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, risky substances, poisons, cancer-causing agents, allergens, recombinant DNA strategies, soporific gasses and physical wounds.

Before any studies being completed, a danger evaluation ought to be performed and controls put set up to contain risky operators and to anticipate "most detrimental possibility" situations and crises. The dangers connected with taking care of creatures can be approximately put in three noteworthy classes.

1. First and foremost, physical wounds happen from nibbles and scratches, particularly from rodents, rabbits, pooches and felines. The way to anticipation of these sorts of wounds is fitting preparing of examination staff by the creature consideration staff or other qualified people. Research center creatures are now and again erratic in their tendency and reaction, and any chomp, scratch or comparable damage ought to be accounted for when practicable to the administrator of the region. Medicinal exhortation and resulting supervision may be required if a tainted creature perpetrated the harm.

2. Also, the likelihood of zoonotic maladies should dependably be considered. Zoonotic infections are those that can be transmitted from creatures to people. Albeit zoonotic maladies are not normal, the aversion, recognition, and annihilation of zoonotic sicknesses from the creature office are an essential concern of the whole creature consideration staff. Keep in mind that tissues and additionally the creatures can transmit zoonotic infections.

3.Thirdly, there are not kidding unfavorably susceptible dangers connected with breathing or reaching creature dander or pee allergens (among others). The most secure strategy is to diminish presentation by wearing defensive apparel, (for example, facemasks, gloves, and a protective outer layer) when taking care of creatures. An alternate peril, which requires watchful consideration, is the utilization of sedative operators.

4. At the point when taking care of animals out of closure gloves ought to be worn, satisfactory washing offices ought to be given and prophylactic inoculation against tetanus is firmly suggested.

Amid analyzations and posthumous examinations, gloves, covers (ideally disposable) and wellbeing glasses or goggles ought to be worn. It might be additionally important to consider respiratory security. Infiltration of life forms through the skin, particularly from coincidental immunization toward oneself and contact with ecto-parasites is a moderately basic wellspring of contamination. Spillage trays and compartments for utilized instruments ought to be given.

The exercise of self control gadgets is once in a while vital for the welfare of the creatures and the wellbeing of persons taking care of the creatures. These gadgets ought to just be utilized to the base degree and for the base period needed to fulfill the assignment.

(Approximately 200 words total)

Question 4

What are three (3) reasons that additional assistance may be required for the capture an animal?

1. Aggression includes a scope of practices that typically starts with warnings and can finish in an assault. Mutts may prematurely end their endeavors anytime amid a forceful experience. A canine or sometimes even a feline that shows hostility to individuals typically displays some piece of the accompanying arrangement of progressively extraordinary practices and may hit the veternitrian so additional staff is required to manages the aggressed amimal.

2. An assistance is required while restraining an animal also equipments specified are required for thr purpose to manage the animal for restraining.

3. At an extremely fundamental level, utilizing more sympathetic techniques makes a handler's work more secure as puppies will be less dreadful and more improbable to nibble. The utilization of more altruistic strategies likewise moves forward working conditions for staff at veterinary clinic

(Approximately 100 words total)

Question 5

List and describe ten (10) different observations that should be recorded on the animals health record during the initial examination of an animal.

The secondary survey of emergency patients is the process of obtaining significant and thorough historical information, performing a complete physical examination, and collecting general diagnostic information. These data are used to direct the formulation of a specific diagnostic, therapeutic, and monitoring plan.

The history should be recorded in a concise format. The presenting complaint is obtained from the owner, who can provide information such as when the animal was last completely normal. A chronology of the daily progression of abnormalities since the onset of signs can be useful. Background information includes past medical problems, toxicities, medications, drug and food sensitivities, blood transfusions, the date of last vaccinations, and other preventive care. Other organ systems not seemingly involved should also be historically evaluated. Details of the specific disease process are obtained and may help direct diagnostics and care.

A complete physical examination should be performed, working from head to tail. Particular attention is given to heart and lung auscultation for abnormalities, and to abdominal, rectal, and joint palpation for pain or enlargements. A complete neurologic and orthopedic examination is often warranted. Acute abdominal pain requires localization of the pain and auscultation of the abdomen for bowel sounds to localize the problem to the reticuloendothelial, reproductive, urinary, or GI systems; the peritoneal space; or the muscle, skin, nerves, or fat around the abdominal wall. Fever of unknown origin directs examination to the peritoneal cavity and to the reproductive, urinary, pulmonary, and cardiovascular systems. An initial minimum database should consist of a PCV, total solids, glucose, and BUN. Other important diagnostics include urinalysis (before fluid administration), venous or arterial blood gas, an electrolyte panel, a CBC, and a serum chemistry panel. When coagulation disorders are suspected or surgery is anticipated, blood smears to estimate platelet number, buccal bleeding time to evaluate platelet function, and a clotting profile such as an activated clotting time or prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time are warranted.

A deficit in any of the first three components of the primary survey (ie, airway, breathing, circulation) will quickly result in anaerobic metabolism due to poor oxygen delivery to the tissues. This can rapidly result in a type A lactic acidosis. Lactate can be accurately, easily, and rapidly measured with several point-of-care analyzers. Normal lactate values in dogs and cats are <2 mmol/L. Lactate levels normalize rapidly with treatment of the underlying condition of poor oxygen delivery to the tissues and is associated with improved survival. Lactate can be used along with other parameters as an endpoint of resuscitation in hypovolemic patients. Initial increases in blood lactate have been reported to be associated with an increase in complications and mortality in certain diseases in small animals.

(Approximately 150 words total)

Question 6

Name three (3) reasons why an animal's vital signs could be abnormal, who would you report these to and where should they be recorded?

Animal management and animal health cannot be separated-everything done to or for an animal will have an impact on the animal's health, either positive or negative.

1. Health--state of an individual living in complete harmony with its environment

2. Disease--condition in which an individual shows overt physiological, anatomical or chemical changes from normal

3. The difference between a healthy and diseased animal is that the healthy animal has not yet exhausted its normal adaptive powers. The animal is able to cope with challanges such that it does not adversely effect the animals' productivity. Challenges may include: infectious disease nutrition genetic makeup of animal environment

A good health management program will minimize the stresses and challenges on animals that may tip the balance in favor of disease, it will strive to keep diseases and health problems in check and still be economically feasible.

(Approximately 100 words total)

Question 7

Name and describe five (5) indicating signs an animal may be in pain.

1. Housesoiling accidents – if an animal is normally housebroken and fastidious in its elimination habits, having accidents in the house can be an indication of a problem such as a urinary tract infection, kidney disease, a bowel disorder, arthritis, or other painful diseases. Animals with sore joints may not be able to maneuver the stairs, while animals with an inflammatory condition of an internal organ may experience ‘urge incontinence’, where the urge to eliminate comes on so suddenly that they are unable to control it.

2. Inactivity or decreased desire to exercise – a lack of desire to go for a walk is often an obvious sign of discomfort in dogs, but cats often will sleep more or spend more time sitting or lying around.

The most common cause of inactivity in animals is degenerative joint disease; pets with joint problems will be reluctant to climb stairs, play or exercise. Since degenerative joint disease is often an age related problem, we often assume that the inactivity is related to age rather than pain

3. Avoidance of petting or handling – if your pet avoids being picked up or petted, especially if your pet used to be a cuddler, it might mean that she feels pain when she is touched or handled in a certain part of her body, or that she is uncomfortable in general. The problem could be arthritis, tooth pain, ear pain, intestinal pain, nerve pain, etc.

4. Sudden weight change – pain can directly influence your pet’s eating habits and thus its weight. An animal that is in pain may not be able to comfortably bend down to eat and will therefore lose weight through lack of calories.

Conversely, an animal that is reluctant to move because of pain may gain weight due to lack of exercise if it continues to eat the same amount of food.

5. Abnormal behavior at the food dish – a pet that acts hungry by going over to the food dish, but then drops food out of its mouth or suddenly stops eating and walks away may have something wrong in the mouth. In these cases, the most common problem is dental disease, which is estimated to afflict over 2/3 of dogs and cats over the age of 3.

Other problems that could cause this sort of symptom include oral tumors and foreign material such as sticks or hair trapped between or around the teeth. Symptoms of oral cavity disease also include weight loss, bad breath, or rubbing the face along the carpet or furniture.

In most households, our pets are part of the family. Simply by being aware of what is normal for your pet, and observing when there are abnormal changes in habits or behavior, you can help ensure that your pet leads a happy life that is free of pain.

(Approximately 100 words total)

Question 8

List three (3) signs of illness or injury in an animal.

Signs showing animals illness and injury are:

• runny nose

• runny , discharging or inflamed eyes

• repeated sneezing

• coughing

• vomiting

• severe diarrhoea, especially if bloodstained

• lameness

• inability to stand or walk

• bleeding or swelling of body parts (other than the vulva of a female on heat)

• weight loss

• extreme lassitude

• no appetite

• apparent pain

• fits or staggering

• bloating of abdomen

• inability to urinate or defecate

(Approximately 80 words total)

Question 9

What are three (3) signs that an animal's illness or injury may be progressing and deteriorating?

Eyes: Should be brilliant and clear. Report any release to your veterinarian.

1. Ears: Should be clean and free of release, smell and redness. Untreated ear issues are agonizing and can result in listening to misfortune which could be a recovering sign.

2. Mouth: Should smell new. Gums ought to be pink. Teeth ought to be free of tartar or plaque. Mouth and lips ought to be free of bruises or developments shows the activeness of the pet.

3. Layer: Should be sparkly and clean which shows animal is much more healthier.

4. Weight: Active felines are infrequently overweight. Approach your veterinarian for guidance on giving the privilege feline sustenance to keep up your feline's solid weight which is the best sign for animals improvement from an injury.

5. Litter Box Habits: Report changes in litter box propensities, for example, recurrence or consistency of your feline's pee or stool to your veterinarian instantly.

(Approximately 80 words total)

Question 10

List five (5) items that may be used to assist in restraining an animal during an examination or procedure.

1. Open ended or basket style muzzles for dogs.

2. Double grooming arm safety stand.

3. Tranquilizers.

4. The Twitch

5. Injection

6. A large loop.

(Approximately 20 words total)

Question 11

Research and describe two (2) different situations where the use of restraint may actually hinder the examination process.

1. It is very difficult to hand a aggressive dog as where more amount of restraint is applied and while the procedure is going a commercial muzzle or a loop may be used for the purpose while the procedure of restraining it is very hard to control an aggressive dog but efforts might be applied although the pet has gone moreover aggressive and irritated with dis-loving objects used , here the situation is the dog is restrained by certain equipments but it is an aggressive dogs due to its behavioral activity and aggressiveness, applies efforts and is free and the clinic room is enclosed, a staff caught a smash from a dog and even a bite while handling, which leads a impacts of improper staff and finally got escaped which made the situation bad to worse.

2. Second situation in whcih the pet is restrained by certain equipments for the treatments, unfortunately despite off all attempts to minimize complications restrain adversely affected as animal changes the movement with a jerk while the treatment and it lead to improper syringe control which had a harm to animal adversely.

(Approximately 100 words total)

Question 12

What legislation or regulations in the Australian Capital Territory relate to the disposal of hazardous waste? (Approximately 30 words total)

Dogs faeces can be a major health care problem, Under a cat and dog owners act 1995 the person responsible for the pet must immediately pickup the faeces and dispose in a lawful manner

ACT NOWaste manages waste and recycling collection services for households in the ACT.

SITA is the contractor who empties the bins on behalf of the ACT Government. Waste bins are collected weekly and recycling is collected fortnightly.

The ACT has the best levels of recycling per capita in the nation.

For enquiries regarding bin services, missed collections, lost, damaged or additional bins contact Canberra Connect on 13 22 81.

Question 13

What are four (4) methods of infection control that should be followed in an animal care facility?

Hand hygiene

Hand washing (40–60 sec): wet hands and apply soap; rub all surfaces; rinse hands and dry thoroughly with a single use towel; use towel to turn off faucet.  Hand rubbing (20–30 sec): apply enough product to cover all areas of the hands; rub hands until dry

Respiratory hygiene

Respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette Persons with respiratory symptoms should apply source control measures, cover their nose and mouth when coughing/sneezing with tissue or mask, dispose of used tissues and masks, and perform hand hygiene after contact with respiratory secretions.

Environmental cleaning

Use adequate procedures for the routine cleaning and disinfection of environmental and other frequently touched surface

Prevention of needle stick injuries

Use care when handling needles, scalpels, and other sharp instruments or devices , cleaning used instruments disposing of used needles

Handle equipment soiled with blood,

Body fluids,secretions, and excretions in a manner that prevents skin and mucous membrane exposures, contamination of clothing, and transfer of pathogens to other patients or the environment. Clean, disinfect, and reprocess reusable equipment appropriately before use with another patient.

(Approximately 50 words total)

Question 14

What are the four (4) common modes of disease transmission?

1. Through the air from immediate or aberrant contact with someone else (counting from a mother to her unborn youngster)

2. Skin or mucous film (the flimsy damp covering of numerous parts of the body, for example, the nose, mouth, throat and privates)

3. Saliva

4. Urine

5. Blood and body emissions

6. Through sexual contact

7. Through contaminated food and water

(Approximately 30 words total)

Question 15

What are the differences between an S4 and S8 drug and compare how each must be stored.

S4 prescriptions are valid for 12 months, S8 prescriptions are valid for 6 months.

S4 Medicines (including samples from pharmaceutical companies) must be stored in a way that prevents unauthorised access. The Regulations specify storage must: be at the practitioners practice; be in a locked area (locked cupboard in general area or unlocked cupboard in locked room where access is restricted); and ensure access is available only to the practitioners and persons under their personal supervision. The only exception to the above storage conditions is if the S4 medicines are in the actual possession of the practitioner for the purpose of attending patients at places other than at his or her usual place of practice eg. Doctors’ bags for emergency supplies.

S8 MEDICINES The Poisons Regulations allow the withdrawal of a practitioner’s rights to prescribe S8 medicines or the imposition of conditions on prescribing. Doctors who repeatedly fail to adhere to the requirements for authorization, who disregard the requirement to prescribe within the authorised dose, or in any other way violate the Poisons Act and Regulations can have their prescribing rights withdrawn. When the Chief Executive Officer of Health does this, the matter is also reported to the Medical Board for their consideration.

(Approximately 150 words total)

Question 16

What is the difference between an ectoparasite and an endoparasite, give examples of each

Ectoparasites

Parasites that live on the body surface of an organism are known as ectoparasites or external parasites. These parasites can be often found in both plants and animals. Ectoparasites either suck blood (animal parasites) or juices (plant parasites) or feed on living tissue. Some of the most common examples for human ectoparasites are louse, rat flea, ticks, and itch mite.

Endoparasites

Parasites that live within the body of an organism or a host are termed as endoparasites or internal parasites. They occur in many different phyla of animals and protists. These parasites can live in either intracellular or extracellular environments within a host. Intracellular parasites live inside the cell bodies (e.g: malaria parasite in human red blood cells). Extracellular parasites may live in some body tissues (e.g: Trichinella lives inside muscle tissue) or in body fluids (e.g: Schistosoma lives in blood plasma) or in the alimentary canal (e.g: Taenia and Ascaris). Normally, intracellular parasites such as protozoa, bacteria, or viruses need a third organism, which is generally called carrier or vector.

(Approximately 100 words total)

Question 17

What are three (3) methods of prevention for ectoparasites?

1) Preventative treatments are given on a regular interval in an effort to keep animals from getting a large burden of parasites.

2) Curative treatments are given only in response to the positive identification of parasites. As with most things, prevention is easier and better than treating a problem once it is present. Many of the newer anti-parasite medications aim at preventing a wide variety of parasites while many of the curative treatments only kill one or two types of parasites, thus only the newest, preventative, prescription products will be discussed These include Advantage, Frontline, Revolution, Heartgard, Interceptor, Program, Sentinel, and Pro-heart.

3) Disposal of the current infestation of grown-up insects utilizing a sanction ectoparasiticide. Single person item handouts ought to be counseled for points of interest. Contingent upon the seriousness of the infestation furthermore the medication utilized, treatment may need to be rehashed at interims until the issue is controlled. It is vital to treat a swarmed creature as well as all different pets living in the same family (mutts and particularly felines); this is now and again ignored by the managers

(Approximately 150 words total)

Question 18

What is an effective method of treatment for endoparasites?

Control programs must consider the ranch history, geography, land area and the predominating climate. Most projects depend vigorously on flukicidal medications. The decision of item and recurrence of utilization will rely on upon the level of fluke test, the time of year, and the administration and cultivation frameworks. Anthelmintics are drugs used to control nematodes, cestodes and trematodes; they are termed anthelmintics. Anthelmintics may eliminate parasites in a variety of ways: for example, by paralysing them and allowing the host to expel them; by halting their ability to metabolise nutrients, thereby killing them; and by limiting their ability to reproduce. Different anthelmintics may act in one or more of these ways

(Approximately 80 words total)

Question 19

Choose a total of two (2) of the five (5) animals identified below. Research and write a summary for your chosen animals that addresses the following questions. (Approximately 500 words for each animal)

• What equipment/supplies would you set up before collecting the animal?

➢ The use of restraint tools must be applied for collecting the animal, special muzzle is requires for a dog with untrimmed nail,

➢ Eventually moreover care is employed for cat as she is suffered from painful surgery and is suffering from trauma:

➢ Nose eases

➢ Blankets and towels

➢ Leather glowes

➢ Cat Burrito Restraint

➢ Cat Bag

➢ Cat Muzzles

• What ethical considerations would you need to consider?

• What animal welfare legislation or codes of practice might apply?

Animal welfare Act 1992

1. Prevention of cruelty to animal act 1979

2. Animal Welfare Act

3. Animal Care and Protection Act 2001

4. Animal Welfare Act 1993

• What PPE would you prepare/use?

• What would you note for a distant examination?

1) My pet Following abnormal values

2) Normal Weight

3) Resting Respiratory rate pulse beat per minute

4) Resting Respiratory rate breaths per minute

5) Rectal Temperature

6) Normal Color

7) Normal Whites of Eyes

• How would you collect the animal from the enclosure?

A belt is held for the dog, or it can be done with a very gentle caring process.

• How would you move the animal to the examination area?

The animal May be moved to the area with the veterinary examiner, and the assisting staff by equipments or if required by hands.

• How would you restrain them, including considerations for their procedure

Normal Dogs are used with muzzles of different types, cats are restrained with container and their closure and also restrainer may be used

• What are the normal vital signs for this animal?

Body weight

All animals < 20 lbs should be weighed using a pediatric/small animal scale € Any animal < 5 lbs or > 75 lbs must be examined by a staff veterinarian for surgery clearance

Temperature

Temperature: Via rectal thermometer Normal: 100.5-102.5oF € Examine rectal area for signs of diarrhea, parasites or other abnormality. Any temperature < 99 oF or > 105 oF warrants immediate evaluation by a supervisor. € A patient whose temperature is 103-104.5 oF, who is excited/overactive and has no other signs of infection/illness, may be conditionally accepted for surgery with instructions to retake the temp after allowing time to relax. If temp is down to < 103 oF, they can be cleared for surgery. Most animals will resist having their temperature taken. Complete the rest of the exam before obtaining a temperature to avoid agitating the animal and making examination more difficult. Do not struggle with an aggressive animal to obtain a temperature. If having difficulty taking an animal’s temperature consult a supervising veterinarian or staff member.

Heart/pulse rate

Heart/Pulse rate Normal: K9: 80-160 bpm; Fe: 110-200 bpm € Evaluate pulse at femoral artery [pic] Evaluate pulse rate, strength and quality (e.g., strong, weak, thready, bounding) [pic] Compare both sides and heart rate: pulse rate < heart rate = pulse deficit consult DVM

Respiratory rate character

[pic] [pic]

• How will you return the animal to its enclosure?

The animal may return running and exciting and then they can be allowed to the enclosure, also gentle handling may be applied.

Nervous 6kg dog and cats must be inspected at least once

daily to monitor their health and well-being. The

person checking the animals must note all adverse

observations where an animal is not:

➢ eating;

➢ drinking

(in case of painful cat needing relief injection

➢ defecating;

➢ urinating;

➢ behaving normally;

➢ showing any obvious signs of illness or distress;

➢ able to move about freely;

➢ displaying a normal coat.

• What post treatment activities need to be completed?

• Will there be any follow up monitoring of the animal?

Animal 1 – Nervous 6kg dog needing a nail trim.

Animal 2 – 1 meter long diamond python needing small tail wound examination.

Animal 3 – Painful cat, 1 day post major orthopaedic surgery needing pain relief injection.

Animal 4 – Nervous rabbit having oral surgery later in the day needing a pre op examination.

Animal 5 – Wild cockatoo with a wing injury for physical examination and pain relief injection

REFERENCES:

1. Animal Health Management Part A. (2015). Retrieved on January 9, 2015, from http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/nielsen/www245/lecnotes/Animal%20Health%20Management%20Part%20A.html.

2. First aid for cats and dogs. (2015). Retrieved on January 9, 2015, from http://www.pets.ca/dogs/articles/first-aid-vital-signs/.

3. Crow, S, Walshaw, S (1997) . Manula of Clinical Procedures in dog, cat and rabbit . Pheladelphia: Lippencott-Raven

4. Fowler , M. (2008) .Restraint and handling of wild animals and domestic animals (3rd rev. ed).Ames :Iowa State University Press

5. McCurin, D and Bassert, J. (2006). Clinical textbook of veterinary echnicians (6th ed.)St Louis Elsevier Saunders

6. Sheldon C., Sosthagen T,. and Topel , J. Animal retraint For veterinary professionals (2nd ed)

7. Shanks, D.J., McTier, T.L., Rowan, T.G., Watson, P., Thomas, C.A., Bowman, D.D., Pengo, G., Genchi, C., Smothers, C.D., Smith, D.G. and Jernigan, A.D.: The efficacy of selamectin in the treatment of naturally acquired aural infestations of Otodectes cynotis on dogs and cats. Vet. Parasitol. 91: 283-290, 2000

. 8. Beati, L. and Didier, R.: Mediterranean spotted fever and other spotted fever group rickettsiae. In: Zoonoses, S. Palmer, Lord Soulsby and D. Simpson edts. pp. 217-240, Oxford Medical Publications. 1998. 9. 26. Ferreira, B. R. and Silva, J. S.: Saliva of Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick impairs T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma-induced macrophage microbicidal activity. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 64: 279-293,1998