...Expanded Program on Immunization I. Rationale The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was established in 1976 to ensure that infants/children and mothers have access to routinely recommended infant/childhood vaccines. Six vaccine-preventable diseases were initially included in the EPI: tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and measles. In 1986, 21.3% “fully immunized” children less than fourteen months of age based on the EPI Comprehensive Program review. II. Scenario Global Situation The burden In 2002, WHO estimated that 1.4 million of deaths among children under 5 years due to diseases that could have been prevented by routine vaccination. This represents 14% of global total mortality in children under 5 years of age. Source: Weekly Epidemiological Record, WHO: No.46,2011,86.509-520) Burden of Diseases The immunization coverage of all individual vaccines has improved as shown in Figure 1: (Demographic Health Survey 2003 and 2008). Fully Immunized Child (FIC) coverage improved by 10% and the Child Protected at Birth (CPAB) against Tetanus improved by 13% compared to any prior period. Thus, the Philippines has now historically the highest coverage for these two major indicators. Figure 1: Comparison of the 2003 and 2008 EPI indicators, Source: NDHS III. Interventions/ Strategies Program Objectives/Goals: Over-all Goal: To reduce the morbidity and mortality among children against the most common vaccine-preventable...
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...Vaccines have been considered instrumental in making the world a healthier environment for children and adults alike; however, vaccines do impose some health risks. It is important for all parents to consider both the benefits and risks of vaccines when deciding whether or not to have a child vaccinated. Vaccines are made up of products that stimulate a person’s immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease, protecting the person from that disease. They are usually administered through needle injections by mouth or sprayed into the nose. They are made up of small amounts of weakened or dead versions of bacteria, viruses, or other antigens that stimulate the immune system to create antibodies that prevent future infections from the disease. There are fourteen vaccine-preventable diseases that are considered potentially serious and have been routinely vaccinated against; these are: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Meningococcal, Rotavirus, Diptheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (Whooping Cough), Polio, Hepatitis A and B, Pneumococcal disease, Varicella (Chicken Pox), and Haemophilus Influenza Type B (HIB disease). Not long ago, these diseases disabled and killed millions of American children but because of the United States high compliance with childhood immunization schedules, these diseases have now become very uncommon (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Immunization is a subject that evokes very strong opinions in the public and usually creates a lot...
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...Periodic Intensification of ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION PRE-PRINT RELEASE Lessons Learned and Implications for Action Cover photos courtesy: TopLeft: UNICEF TopRight: UNICEF/El Salvador/Gonzalo Bell BottomLeft: WHO BottomRight: AED/Berengere DeNegri Periodic Intensification of ROUTINE IMMUNIZATION Lessons Learned and Implications for Action e Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals thanks the donors whose unspecified financial support has made the production of this document possible. is document was produced by the IMMUNIZATIONbasics Project, funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (Cooperative Agreement #GHS-A-00-04-00004-00) and the Expanded Programme on Immunization team of the Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Ordering code: WHO/IVB/____ Printed: _____2009 is publication is available on the Internet at: www.who.int/vaccines-documents/ www.immunizationbasics.jsi.com Copies of this document as well as additional materials on immunization, vaccines and biologicals may be requested from: World Health Organization Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland • Fax: + 41 22 791 4227 • Email: vaccines@who.int • © World Health Organization 2009 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791...
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...child against a scope of genuine and possibly deadly diseases. Immunizations are brisk, safe and greatly powerful. Once your child has got vaccinated against an infection, their body can battle it all the more effectively. In the event, that a child is not vaccinated, they will have an expanded danger of getting the illness. B. Immunization is as essential for adults as it is for children, but then numerous adults are not ideally vaccinated. Immunizations emulate the virus so as to anticipate disease by that same virus or bacteria. II. Body A. Vaccine preventable diseases haven't gone away a) Measles is an exceptionally irresistible viral illness that can result in fever, hacking and unique red-cocoa spots on the skin. The shingles antibody is a decent illustration. Shingles are brought on by a reactivation of the chickenpox virus. It can result in a serious and excruciating skin rash. The immunization is suggested for adults 60 and more seasoned (Shah, 1664). b) Measles is brought on by a virus that is exceptionally contagious, can live for up to two hours on surfaces and get transmitted through a tainted individual's hacks or sniffles. Measles is contagious to the point that "90% of the individuals near to that individual who are not insusceptible will likewise gotten to get tainted. c) Smallpox is additionally a disease that needs one to get immunized against it. Immunizations shield us from genuine diseases furthermore keep the spread of...
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...diseases to this day (Hernández). Illnesses that once resulted in the massacre of thousands of children worldwide have improved with the innovation of vaccines. Vaccinations not only provide an immunity towards fatal diseases, but can potentially eradicate them. With the miraculous wonders of immunizations, it should be an obligation to parents to vaccinate their children. Nonetheless, immunizations should be a requirement for every child in order to provide the best protection. Today parents refuse to immunize their children. Many believe that the use of aluminum is the cause of mental disabilities in children. However, the amounts of aluminum used in vaccines are not harmful. According to studies, “children are exposed to more aluminum in breast milk and infant formula than they are exposed to in vaccines”...
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...researching with a couple ideas in my mind. I decided to base all my research on Immunizations because I really think I can deliver a good paper on this subject. I have wanted to dig into the controversy about immunizations for a while now. The main reason is that my wife was not immunized and it was a strong desire of hers that her kids are not immunized. I was immunized and always thought I would immunize my children. I think this subject for me would be extremely beneficial to learn more about. There have been numerous claims of immunizations causing autism, and other serious medical conditions. Are theses claims all hype or are they truth? This is what I intend to learn for myself. In the early 1900's we as a people started with one vaccine against small pox. To vaccinate fully in today's society it means 48 vaccines in the first 6 years of your child's life. That is a lot of vaccines compared to twenty years ago, but is it worth the risk? I am the father of two small children and the idea of something happening to them on my watch scares me to death. For me to take them to the doctor and have an immunization give them brain damage or worse is just not a scenario that I would be able to cope with. The flipside however is that immunizations are there so that when a virus like polio or whooping cough goes viral the child that has had the immunizations are much safer. The research question is, Are Immunizations worth the risk? There is so much information on this subject and I am very...
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...Thesis question: "Do parents have a right to withhold vaccines from their children for philosophical reasons, or should parents be forced to have their children immunized for the good of society?" Thesis statement: “Since vaccines have been invented, there has been a lot of controversy regarding the belief whether parents should immunize their children for the benefit of the society or withhold vaccines for personal reasons”. Introduction: It is inevitable that media, especially tabloids and articles play a big role in shaping the beliefs, practices and norms of the society. Immunization, which is also known as vaccination is one of the most controversial debates that evokes different opinions among the general public. Since vaccines have been invented, there has been a lot of controversy regarding the belief whether parents should immunize their children for the benefit of the society or withhold vaccines for personal reasons. During the last couple of months, the Disneyland Measles outbreak has been one of the hottest and most controversial news in the nation. According to writer and news announcer Rath of National Public Relations (2015), it was reported that since December 2014, roughly 80 people in the Unites States have been confirmed to have measles. Seventy percent of the affected individuals were allegedly the ones who visited the Disneyland theme park. It was discovered that at least 28 of these victims had not received the measles vaccine. Because of this...
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...Student’s name Teacher’s name Course name Date The impact of immunization on the development of autism In recent years, a worldwide concern over immunization and its schedule has increased dramatically. The vaccine-autism hypothesis belongs to the most extensively debated theories related to the origins of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Critics of dangerous ingredients contained in vaccines designate that such preservatives may contribute to, or cause, a range of cognitive disorders in children. When administered at early age, immunization may seriously affect neurological and not completely developed immune systems. In contrast, both biological and epidemiological studies tend to contradict the vaccine-autism theory. Given this fact, it is of vital importance to thoroughly examine both sides of the coin and come to a reasonable conclusion. PECULIARITIES OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER Autism, or, more broadly, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), includes a number of complex cognitive and communicational disorders. According to Richard Lathe, the molecular biologist, autism is difficult to define (20). However, there exists a range of distinctive peculiarities, by which one can recognize ASD. Repetitive patterns of behavior, a withdrawal from social relatedness and interaction, and specific movement patterns characterize autism. The symptoms occur from early childhood, usually at age of 2-3 years, and affect daily functioning (Lathe 32). The diagnosis of ASD incorporates the evaluation...
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...Immunizations are small doses of viral antigens used to introduce the immune system to a potentially harmful microbe in order for the body to form defenses against the diseases, protecting the body if it is introduced to the pathogen in nature it will be able to fight off illness. These shots are widely accepted in the United States as a common practice amongst doctors preforming modern medical practices. The number of children receiving vaccinations today is the highest it has ever been with approximately 74% of all two year olds on schedule for their immunizations as suggested by the Center for Disease Control (Kohrt). Immunizations are scientifically proven to prevent and protect children against disease, while others acknowledge this...
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...“Childhood vaccination has proven to be one of the most effective public health strategies to control and prevent disease” (Ventola, 2016). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) publishes yearly recommendations and guidelines for childhood immunizations. While these guidelines are available, parents may choose to decline, delay vaccinating, or find an alternative to the immunizations due various reasons. These reasons can be medical, religious, or socioeconomic. Research supports that, “the incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of many communicable diseases have significantly decreased in Western countries largely because of national immunization strategies aimed...
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...Vaccination vs. Non Vaccination For the safety of your children: April 10, 2012 Shots? Those dreadful words that you once heard and had as a child that would send you into hysterics. Vaccines were something none of us enjoyed while growing up, but if you think about it, who actually enjoys getting a shot. We may have not known the meaning behind these vaccines, but our parents did and they were protecting us from harmful diseases. Diseases that could end up fatal. Something we never had to think about until we became or become parents ourselves. What? You’re going to be parents? Congratulations, that is wonderful! Now you have all these decisions to make, including healthcare. Finally the wonderful day arrives and you may now understand the things that your parents worried about as you were growing up that you never understood. So, now with your newborn you head off to the pediatricians office for his or hers first wellness visit to make sure your baby is healthy. As the doctor starts to speak with you about vaccines for your child, you have all these questions going through your mind. You question side effects, vaccine schedules, and most importantly the rumors of mercury in vaccines. There are four types of vaccines for immunizations. Live attenuated, which includes measles, mumps, rubella (MMR combined), Varicella (Chickenpox), Influenza (nasal spray), and Rotavirus. The inactivated killed vaccines include Polio (IPV), and Hepatitis A. The Toxoid, which is an...
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...Running head: IMMUNIZATION:RISKS VS BENEFITS Immunization: Risks vs Benefits Gail D. Adams G124/ENC1101 Section 07 Abstract As the world population continues to grow, the issue of whether or not to immunize our children is one that needs to be investigated, and resolved. This paper will inform the reader of both the risks, and the benefits associated with immunization, as well as, dispel the rumors and misinformation surrounding the vaccines used. Immunization: Risks vs Benefits In the world we live in today, the incidence of serious or deadly disease still remains, and just because the U.S. has not had a pandemic recently, the possibilities of a disease of epic proportions is basically only a plane ride away. It is very important to be educated and informed about immunization, the risks versus benefits, so that we can be wise and immunize. Immunization Benefits Immunization against deadly diseases has been a hot topic for many years, and the public needs to be informed on both the benefits and risks that are associated with the vaccines, so that all people can make a well informed decision on whether or not to vaccinate. There seems to be many misconceptions about the vaccines, but the cold, hard, truth is that immunization prevents illness, disability, and death from vaccine preventable diseases such as: polio, diphtheria, pneumonia, rubella, tetanus, pertussis, measles, and rotavirus diarrhea. About 22.4 million infants did not receive the diphtheria...
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...Subsequently, immunizations are an important aspect of preventative care. Immunization is defined by dictionary.com is the “process where a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease”, typically with a vaccine. According to Omer Qutaiba B. Al-lela, all children should make more than five health care visits for immunizations by 2 because it is necessary for childhood care because “vaccinations, physical checkups, and other essential immunization services” are given. According to The United States Preventative Services Task Force recommended that healthy children have 25 health care visits during their childhood and 34 visits for “unhealthy” children throughout their childhood. The American Academy of Pediatrics though recommends...
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...Upon first glance, immunizations look like a terrific solution to a horrific problem. But what if these immunizations were causing horrific problems of their own? What if the ingredients of the injections were just as bad as the disease they were meant to prevent? A staggering 77% of American kindergarteners are up to date with their vaccinations. (Park, 2008) This percentage makes Americans the most vaccinated group of people in the world. The number of shots required for school age children has doubled since 1980; today’s children will receive up to 28 injections for 11 to 15 diseases by the time they go to kindergarten. Many of these mandatory vaccinations are not safe because of the toxic chemicals, the multiple doses that they are administered in, and the neurological disorders, such as autism, that the immunizations may be causing. One main concern for many parents is the amount of injections that infants and young children are receiving at once. It is very common for the doctor’s office to administer three or even four different vaccinations in one visit. Many doctors and nurses share the concern that it is unhealthy for our children to receive so many shots at one time. One survey taken in Minnesota found that between 60 and 70 percent of the pediatricians, nurses, and parents they asked, felt uncomfortable giving a child more than two vaccinations in one office visit. (Madlon-Kay & Harper, 1994) The simultaneous injections can cause more severe side effects...
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...population during the past one hundred years. As a result, required immunizations are common in the U. S. and other developed countries. However, there is a segment of society who argue against vaccination due to worries that immunizing negatively impacts future health. More and more information is becoming available that presents allopathic vaccination in an ugly light. (Sharma, 2003) For the past century, vaccines for diptheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, and now more recently, hepatitis B and varicella have programmed our immune systems to be powerful protectors of our health. Compulsory state immunization laws have increased the U.S. immunization rate to 77%, the highest ever. (Largent, 2012) Despite high immunization rates, there is an underlying progression of a movement of parents questioning whether the vaccines are contributing to health conditions such as autism. Contributing to the uncertainty are occasional anecdotal accounts of parents with children who experience adverse reactions. Fear causes many parents to entirely forego vaccines for their children. Regardless of mandatory school vaccine laws for school children, physicians can exempt children from vaccines due to a medical reason. In addition, only two states (West Virginia and Mississippi) do not permit religious exemptions and twenty states allow personal philosophical exemptions. Two to three percent of our nations' school children have a non-medical exemption and that number is rising. (Park...
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