...In the civil war, the three doctors who made the most impact in medicine of that time were Jonathan letterman, Hartwell Carver Tompkins, and Clara Barton. Medicine was limited at best, wartime escalating that even further. There was more death from poor conditions than from gunshot wounds. Surgeons were accused of being quick to the bone saw for amputations, when in reality resections or excision became favored, even if not best for patients’ quality of life. The contributions of the doctors listed had immediate impacts in the war, and those contributions can still be felt today. Poor conditions of the medicine department lead to new revelations affected soldier’s lives or the better. Civil war surgeons were known for their quick hand to the bone saw, almost ¾’s of all operations were amputations. Boys were being sent to war, and coming home missing half of their body. Towards the end of the war, surgeons began to feel the heat from the public about amputations. Resections became favored over amputations, even if an amputation would have been better. The matter of...
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...Clara Barton was a very brave nurse in the Civil War and a paragon of leadership. Among many other great things, I believe she was one of the main pioneers in paving the road for women in medicine. Clara Barton was born Clarissa Harlowe Barton on December 25, 1821. She died on April 12, 1912. She was born in the very small village of North Oxford, Massachusetts. She had a very interesting childhood growing up in a large household. Clara Barton also performed many heroic accomplishments. In Clara’s long life of ninety years, along with being a nurse in the Civil War, she was a hospital nurse, a teacher, and a patent clerk. In my opinion, Clara Barton was a great contributor to our society. Clara Barton had a very unusual early life. She...
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...What aspects and characteristics of American health care of the 18th and 19th centuries have had a major impact on shaping today’s U.S. health care system?” The main historical developments that have shaped the health care delivery system in the United States. Knowledge of the history of health care is essential for understanding the main characteristics of the system as it exists today. For example, the system’s historical foundations explain why health care delivery in the United States has been resistant to national health insurance, which has been adopted by Canada and most European nations. Traditionally held American cultural beliefs and values, technological advances, social changes, economic constraints, and political opportunism are the main historical factors that have shaped health care delivery Because of these factors, health care in the United States is mainly a private industry, but it also receives a fairly substantial amount of financing from the government. However, government financing is used mainly ▪ Cultural beliefs and values • Self-reliance ▪ • Welfare assistance only for the most needy ▪ Social factors • Demographic shifts • Immigration • Health status• Urbanization ▪ Advances in science and technology • New treatments • Training of health professionals • Facilities and equipment Major changes driven by social, cultural, technological, economic, and political forces will be instrumental in shaping the future of medical services in the...
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...Women were vital in staffing the war by encouraging men to enlist, even stating that they would not marry anyone who did not. The Civil War had a tremendous impact on everyone in America during the four years of a battle that claimed many lives and divided many families. Although, the civil war was known as a man’s fight the image women had during the civil was as nurses, spies, or ladies maintaining the house why the men are away. They even took arms and charged into battle, like the men. The women lied in camps, suffered in prison, and died for their causes. The daily lives and roles and responsibilities of women were greatly affected by the Civil War, both during and after the war. Women had a great effect in the civil war, as nurses, aides and spies being called the “angles in the battlefield”. Women had important roles in the U.S. Civil War, which lasted from 1861 through 1865. Some women joined organizations and worked during the Civil War. They joined the Union Volunteer Refreshment Saloon, the Ladies Hospital Aid Society and the United States Christian Commission. These organizations prepared supplies and delivered them to battlefields and camps. They also collected money to send to the troops. Groups planned fairs, raffles and dances to raise money. They even set up hospitals in homes, churches and any other building near the front lines. When men left home to go to war, women became responsible for managing homes, businesses and farms. Women also worked in more personal...
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...theory" as the cause of disease, professionalization of doctors, technological advancements in treating disease, the rise of great institutions of medical training and healing, and the advent of medical insurance. Governmental institutions, controls, health care programs, drug regulations, and medical insurance also evolved during this period. Most recently, the healthcare system has seen the growth of corporations whose business is making a profit from healthcare. Prior to 1800, medicine in the United States was a "family affair." Women were expected to take care of illnesses within the family and only on those occasions of very serious, life threatening illnesses were doctors summoned. Called "domestic medicine," early American medical practice was a combination of home remedies and a few scientifically practiced procedures carried out by doctors who, without the kind of credentials they must now have, traveled extensively as they practiced medicine. Until the mid-eighteenth century Western medicine was based on the ancient Greek principle of "four humors"—blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. Balance among the humors was the key to health; disease was thought to be caused by too much or too little of the fluids. The healing power of hot, cold, dry, and wet preparations, and a variety of plants and herbs, were also highly regarded. When needed, people called on "bone-setters" and surgeons, most of whom had no...
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...during the Civil War, and this time period played an enormous role in developing new technology. Both the invention of the telegraph and the railroads were very important. With the ability to send someone a message within seconds, people in the White House were able to transmit battle strategies directly to the front line. Railroads allowed them to send huge amounts of supplies to the military. Both of these state-of-the-art creations made supplying the troops more productive and less complicated. These influential innovations changed the course of the war. However, the more important technology advances belonged somewhere else- on the battlefield. New technology was springing forth everywhere, including the front lines. Inventors like Dr. Richard Jordan Gatling...
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...learned about the causes of disease. In 1900 B.C. there were recorded codes regarding sanitation and public health. The Bible even speaks of quarantine to prevent disease and nurses are mentioned as caring for infants and the sick. But, much of today’s nursing practice seems to have evolved from the need to provide care to soldiers during wartimes. Two historical figures that left an impact on the development of modern nursing are Harriet Tubman and Walt Whitman. Araminta Ross, also known as Harriet Tubman, was born into slavery. At age 25 she married John Tubman, a free African American. They did not share the same desire to move north and after 5 years of marriage, Harriet left her husband and escaped to Philadelphia (“Harriet Ross Tubman Timeline”, 1996). After her escape, she became an operator of the Underground Railroad, an abolitionist, nurse and spy for the Civil War, suffragist, and humanitarian. In 1862, in support of Union activities, Harriet joined Northern abolitionists. She provided nursing care during the Civil War to newly freed slaves and black soldiers. After the war she moved to Auburn, New York. Tubman treated dysentery with a brew of boiled roots and herbs, a remedy she brought from her native Maryland (Domrose, 2011). Such accounts were recorded in letters written by others, because she could not read or write. Henry Durrant, the assistant surgeon in charge of the Union’s Contraband Hospital in Beaufort, S.C., wrote: “My position as medical...
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...Diseases and illness were not gone forever after the Civil War there were still people fighting them during WW1. But prevent for these were evident, measures taken were mobile laboratories, antitoxin, tetanus, and vaccinations against typhoid. Outbreaks still occurred though such as the Spanish flu pandemic in 1918. With outbreaks like this though, it reminded doctors that they can not stop discovering medicine and new medical methods. Then in Cleveland George Crile started introducing doctors to a method of anesthesia. He brought 3,000 gallons of nitrous oxide and performed demonstrations using this mix. With this it created just enough to put a patient to sleep, but not enough to overdose or shock them. The new method was very helpful...
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...Elizabeth Blackwell has made a big impact on women’s rights. She was the first woman doctor in America, and helped other women to pursue their dreams of entering the medical field. She was very determined achieve her dreams, but it definitely wasn’t easy to achieve them. On February 3, 1821, Elizabeth Blackwell was born to Samuel and Hannah Lane Blackwell. She was the third of nine children. Her family was large and prosperous, and they had many political views. One of those views was that both men and women should have the right to an equal education. Elizabeth received an education in Latin, Greek, and mathematics from private tutors. In 1832, Elizabeth, her parents, and eight siblings immigrated to New York City from their home in Bristol, England because her father’s sugarcane factory had been destroyed in a fire. While there, they were very active abolitionists. The Blackwells lived in New York until 1835, when they moved to New Jersey, New Jersey because her father’s business was failing. They then moved to Cincinnati, Ohio in 1838. Elizabeth’s father died only a few months after the family moved to Cincinnati. After his death, it was imperative that the Blackwell children find work to bring the family out of poverty. Elizabeth and two of her sisters, Anna and Marian, opened a private school. She would go...
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...The Edexcel International GCSE in History Schemes of work We are happy to provide these new enhanced schemes of work for you to amend and adapt to suit your teaching purposes. We hope you find them useful. Practical support to help you deliver this specification Schemes of work These schemes of work have been produced to help you implement this Edexcel specification. They are offered as examples of possible models that you should feel free to adapt to meet your needs and are not intended to be in any way prescriptive. It is in editable word format to make adaptation as easy as possible. These schemes of work give guidance for: * Content to be covered * Approximate time to spend on different key themes * Ideas for incorporating and developing the assessment skills related to each unit. Suggested teaching time This is based on a two year teaching course of five and a half terms with one and a half hours of history teaching each week. This would be a seventy week course with total teaching time of approximately 100 hours. The schemes suggest the following timescale for the different sections: * Paper 1: 20 hours for each of the two topics: Total 40 hours. * Paper 2 Section A: 20 hours for the topic: Total 20 hours. * Paper 2 Section B: 25 hours for the topic since it covers a longer period in time. Total 25 hours. * Revision: 15 hours. Possible options for those with less teaching time * 20 hours for Section Paper 2 Section B ...
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...Health care and medicine in the 18th and 19th centuries also known as the Preindustrial era which lasted from the middle of the 18th century until the latter part of the 19th century and the postindustrial era, which began in the late 19th century. Both of these eras brought several aspects and characteristics that have had a major impact on shaping today’s U.S Health Care System. Some of those have been medical training, medical practice, medical institutions, medical professions, and the development of hospitals. In the late 1800s, the practice of medicine in the United States was more domestic than professional due to just learning the medical procedures. Medical training in the 18th century wasn’t received through a university instead it was received through individual shadowing and practicing with a physician. According to Leiyu Shi, “American physicians began opening medical schools, it is estimated that 42 medical schools were in operation in the United States in 1850.” If we take a look at today’s practice of medicine we can see that a lot of improvements have occurred since those centuries, medical training was provided before in able to practice medicine, and today it is still required to get the proper medical training to practice medicine with anyone. Before the 1880s, the United States only had a few isolated hospitals that were only located in large cities such as New York, Boston, New Orleans, St. Louis, and Philadelphia. In the beginning the United States was...
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...Riveter: Class, Gender and Propaganda during World War II, Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1984 2) “World War II and the American Home Front” National Parks Service. Ed. Marilyn Harper. National Parks Service. 15 March 2012. Changing America during World War II America had gone through a vast amount of changes during its short time as a nation. We had seen civil war, global war, industrial advancements, and economic depression. But by the mid 20th century, the United States was emerging as a multi-cultural powerhouse. The US saw an influx of immigrants from Italy, Ireland and Eastern Europe, all coming with hopes of opportunities and a better life. Those that toughed it out saw their chances come to life when World War II began. Although the war began in 1939, the US remained neutral on account of not wanting to participate in another war that could push our nation into debt and despair. FDR revised the Neutrality Acts that Congress passed in 1935 so that we could aid our allies for a profit. Our labor forces began working to supply our overseas comrades in Britain and France. Once the U.S was forced to join the war in 1941 because of the attack on Pearl Harbor, the demand for industrial labor greatly increased so that we could now arm and support our own troops. Production increased on all fronts, from shipbuilding and aircrafts to textiles and medicine. Because of our involvement in the war and deployment of our troops, the United States...
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...strategies were crucial to the evolution of warfare. In the middle ages the army, air force, marines, national guards, and navy did not exist. Medieval knights were the middle ages military. Knighthood was awarded to members of nobility. Normally a man must have been born the son of a knight in order to become one. At the age of seven or eight, a young knight would be sent away from home to begin formal knight training, in preparation to dominate the medieval battlefield. In this training, the most commonly used weapons for war were swords and the lance; by horseback riding knights wearing body-covering armor. In addition, the knights were taught to use a wide range of weaponry, from simple tools and farm implements to sophisticated acts of surrounding and attacking the enemy, for capture. Wounds inflicted on the battlefield were usually cuts to arms, legs and scalp; penetrating wounds to the limbs and trunk caused by arrows; fractures caused by impact from swords or concussions from missiles from slings. These types of wounds most often were treated by simple medical care, which consisted of cleaning the wound, controlling the bleeding and preventing contamination. Warriors with serious injuries such as severed arteries and crushed skulls died on the...
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...1865-1914-A Woman’s Place The impact of the civil war -The Civil War (1861-1865) had briefly offered married women the opportunity to work outside the home. In the vast rural areas of the US this was largely agricultural work as women replaced the men who had gone to war. Many women also worked as nurses in the war, but this was not seen as a profession by many, but rather an extension of their domestic work that was appropriate for a woman. Progress for women in medicine beyond the level of nursing was limited. -By the late 1860’s medical colleges had strict controls on the number of women they admitted and allowed to graduate, largely as a result of opposition from male physicians. Nevertheless there was an increase at this time in the number of women beginning to be admitted into higher education generally. Growth of industry -The civil war acted as a catalyst in speeding up the progress of the US towards becoming the world’s leading industrial nation. This increased the work opportunities for women when the war ended. By 1870, 13% of all unmarried women already worked in domestic occupations or increasingly in factories. This figure was to expand significantly in the remaining decades of the 19th century. -The situation for married women, however, did not change significantly. Married women were often banned from working outside the home, either by the policies of some employers or by state legislation. In any case, the overwhelming expectation was that once they...
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...realize the impact that different people brought to the field of nursing. Appreciating the history of nursing allows the reader to recognize the job and function of nursing not only in the United States, but throughout the world (Grand Canyon University, n.d.). Understanding the history of nursing allows for a greater understanding of the issues that the pioneers in nursing faced, some of which are still relevant in today’s culture. Several trends may be seen in the interactive timeline. Nursing was originally a male dominated occupation that was fulfilled by religious organizations and military professionals (Grand Canyon University, n.d.). St. Benedict, St. Vincent DePaul, and the Alexian Brothers cared for the destitute and the dying. Their focus was in caring for the abandoned and poor (Grand Canyon University, n.d.). These men set the stage for the future of nursing. While the profession of nursing was still in its infancy, it became a career fulfilled primarily by men in the lowest class. As nursing progressed, figures such as Harriet Patience Dame, Walt Whitman, Clara Barton, and Florence Nightingale emerged as the ravages of the American Civil War broke out. The field of nursing largely centered on the care of war victims and in improving sanitary conditions of military hospitals (Grand Canyon University, n.d.). The presence of women in the field of nursing grew with these frontier figures. With the influence of female nurses during the Civil War, nursing evolved...
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