...exposure is bystander effect. This can cause chromosomal damage and may result in carcinogenesis risk in distal cells and tissues. Studies have also shown that the bystander effect is more conspicuous in fractionated doses [19]. Several major cancers that could have a link with the radiation induced bystander effects including cancers of the lung, bronchus,...
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...Psy 110 - Asynchronous The Bystander Effect If you saw someone being attacked on the street, would you help? Many of us would quickly say yes we would help because to state the opposite would say that we are evil human beings. Much research has been done on why people choose to help and why others choose not to. The bystander effect states that the more bystanders present, the less likely it is for someone to help. Sometimes a bystander will assume that because no one else seems concerned, they shouldn't be (Senghas, 2007). Much of the research that has been done supports this definition of the bystander effect. There have also been recent situations where this effect has proven to be true. Early research of the bystander effect was done by researchers by the name of Latane’ and Darley. They studied a group of college students. The college students watched strangers on video tapes observing how they respond to someone who is choking. To my surprise they found that when the strangers thought they were the only one around 85% of them helped. When the strangers thought that there was one other person 65% of them helped. Only 31% of the strangers helped when they thought that four other people were around (Senghas, 2007). As astonishing as this research is we witness this type of disregard for other citizens everyday. A famous true story that showcases how people will ignore someone in need is the story of Kitty Genovese...
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...Theoretically when cells are irradiated with ionizing radiation, the biological effects of this is expected in the cell population that received the radiation and not the in the cells that haven’t received any radiation. However, this was disproved by the occurrence of radiation induced bystander effect. Bystander effect was first demonstrated back in 1954 when cells exposed to low doses of LET radiation were found to have an indirect effect in producing a plasma—borne factor, which led to chromosome breakage and cytogenic abnormalities in human bone marrow or lymphocytes and caused tumors in rats [1]. An experiment conducted by Nagasawa in 1992 proved the existence of Bystander effect. The study showed that irradiation of 1% cells with alpha...
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...Radiation Induced Bystander Effect Bystander effect was first demonstrated back in 1954 when cells exposed to low doses of LET radiation were found to have an indirect effect in producing a plasma—borne factor, which led to chromosome breakage and cytogenic abnormalities in human bone marrow or lymphocytes and caused tumors in rats [2]. An experiment conducted by Nagasawa in 1992 proved the existence of Bystander effect. The study showed that irradiation of 1% cells with alpha particles resulted in a chromatid exchange in more than 30% of the cells. Since the effect was observed in the cells that were not targeted but were in close proximity to the targeted cells; therefore they were called bystander cells and the effect was collect the bystander...
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...to identify whether prosocial behaviour is affected by the presence of bystanders. As Latane and Nida (1981) had pointed out, the bystander effect is among the most deeply ingrained research in social psychology...
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...paper further discusses the established sequence of necessary conditions to support the validity of prosocial behavior in reference to bystander effect. In conclusion, relating the conditions of the survey for reliability and to evaluate whether or not the methods discussed measures and are confirmed through the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and support an inter-source agreement. Experimental Method Design The bystander effect is a psychological episode in social psychology that connects with incidents when individuals refuse to assist in an emergency situation when others are nearby. In the past, the probability of help as been believed to be involving oppositely affected variables comparable to the number of bystanders, for instance, the more bystanders, the least likely anyone will help. John M. Darley was the first social psychologist to make obvious the bystander effect. In this experience, an emergency situation is thespian, and the participants are alone or in a group. The experiment will assess the duration of time for the participants to act or to avoid interfering in the situation. The most popular illustration in introductory psychology textbooks of the bystander effect is the vicious slaying of a female named Catherine "Kitty" Genovese. There exist two factors why groups in bystanders’ effect refuse to take action in a crisis; the...
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...According to Barkin, Dorothy in "The Bystander Effect" people can acct effectively in emergency situations by understanding the bystander. A lot of situation people needed help, but these situations didn't look serious like a husband and wife yelling at each other, Too many don’t involve because they think that it’s an emergency, and others scare to involve. Involving in emergency situations is a psychological behavior that push people to help others and be more responsible, and to understand these facts, it will help to learn the behavior of helping others in emergency situations. Research find out that a few people involved when a crime happened in a parking lot, and a lot of people ignored the problems. In another situation when a young...
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...What is Bystander Effect The bystander effect is the somewhat controversial name given to a social psychological phenomenon in cases where individuals do not offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present. The probability of help has in the past been thought to be inversely proportional to the number of bystanders. In other words, the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that any one of them will help. In a series of classic studies, researchers Bibb Latane and John Darley found the bystander effect. In one experiment, subjects were placed in one of three treatment conditions: alone in a room, with two other participants or with two confederates who pretended to be normal participants. As the participants sat filling out questionnaires, smoke began to fill the room. When participants were alone, 75% reported the smoke to the experimenters. In contrast, just 38% of participants in a room with two other people reported the smoke. In the final group, the two confederates in the experiment noted the smoke and then ignored it, which resulted in only 10% of the participants reporting the smoke. Another great example of the bystander effect is a study done by Robert Thornberg (2007). In his study, he observed real- life emergency situations in a classroom. In one incident he describes, a group of 5th graders are coming back from their break and putting away their jackets. One student, Chris, is lying on the floor holding his arm and is crying...
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...Discuss the Social Psychology of the Bystander Effect Name Grade Course Tutor’s Name Date Introduction The bystander effect is a social psychological sensation that alludes to cases in which people don't offer any method for help to a victimized person when other individuals are available. The likelihood of assistance is contrarily identified with the amount of bystanders. At the end of the day, the more noteworthy the amount of bystanders, the more improbable it is that any of them will offer assistance. A few variables help to clarify why the bystander effect happens. These variables include: ambiguity, cohesiveness and diffusion of responsibility. The bystander effect was initially showed in the laboratory by John Darley and Bibb Latané in 1968 after they got to be intrigued by the subject after the homicide of Kitty Genovese in 1964. These researchers dispatched an arrangement of experiments that brought about one of the strongest and most replicable impacts in social brain science, Bibb Latané and Judith Rodin (1969). In a common examination, the member is either alone or among a gathering of different members or confederates. A crisis circumstance is arranged and researchers measure to what extent it takes the members to mediate, in the event that they intercede. These experiments have discovered that the vicinity of others restrains helping, often by an extensive edge. Case in point, Bibb Latané and Judith Rodin (1969)...
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...and malicious rumor-spreading and social exclusion. Once thought of as a normal part of growing up, school bullying is now widely recognized as a serious problem that must be met with systematic preventative efforts. This article examines the nature, prevalence, and effects of school bullying. Bullying is a rising concern that plagues many of our schools. It is important for schools to address the issue of bullying because a vast amount of research has found that it can have a negative effect on students in terms of academic achievement, social and emotional development, and overall life adjustment. There are lots of reasons why students are bullying other students. Sometimes they think, “If they can do that, I can also do that too!” Students may also think that if the members of their group are bullies they need to be too. Sometimes students are afraid that if they were not bully, someone else will bully them. They also become to let out their hurt and anger. Bullying doesn’t involve only those doing the bullying and those being bullied. Bullying also involves and affects the entire school. The 3 main groups that are affected by bullying are the students who are bullied, the students who bully and the bystanders who can see it happen. Students who are bullied can develop physical symptoms like headaches, stomach pains or sleeping problems. They may be afraid to go to school, go to the lavatory. They may also lose their interest in school, have trouble concentrating, or do poorly...
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...Rorie Printup CRJU 3402 Research Plan Alcohol and Rape on College Campuses Statement of Interest Many studies look at rape and alcohol on college campuses separately, while others look at the effect that alcohol has on rape. It is estimated that one fifth to one fourth of all women experience a completed or attempted rape during their four to five year college career (McMahon 2010). Too many women are victimized on a daily basis on college campuses, a place people go to better themselves, all while believing they are safe. Reality is, rape can happen to any woman, at any time, on any campus. There are classes given on almost every campus about to how women should protect themselves from violent acts such as rape, but how many women actually attend? What are women’s actual perceptions on rape on campus? Are women aware of the risk of rape on campus? What effects does alcohol have on the chance of committing a rape, and what effects does it have on the probability of getting raped? The objective of the paper is to find out how much women really know about the chances of getting raped, the proper way to protect their selves from getting raped, and what effect drinking can have on rape. Literature Search on Galileo While conducting research for this project, EBSCOhost and ProQuest were used. Both databases were had many articles and journals pertaining to alcohol and rape on college campuses. The first database used through Galileo was EBSCOhost. When using EBSCOhost...
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...Essay ‘Using social psychology theories, discuss the situational factors that affect the likelihood that people will engage in prosocial behaviour. What is the evidence for these effects, and how might changes in our society affect the likelihood of people acting prosocially? According to Gross (2010) the term prosocial behaviour is used to describe behaviours carried out by individuals intended to benefit others, such as helping, cooperating, comforting, reassuring, defending, sharing, donating to charity and showing concern. Whether one displays prosocial behaviour can, to a certain degree, be dependent on several situational factors as explained in social psychology. These factors typically include the individual’s analysis of the situation, the number of bystanders and the cost of helping (Piliavin, Dovidio, Gaertner, & Clark, 1981). When discussing this issue, it is essential to refer to social psychology theories as they provide insight and evidence on why people act prosocially. The key theories addressed throughout this essay include social cognition theory, attribution theory and the social exchange theory. By understanding prosocial behaviour, psychologists have led the search in finding ways to influence an increase in helping behaviours. The first apparent situational factor linked to prosocial behaviour is the individual’s internal assessment of the situation. The decision model of helping, devised by Latané and Darley (1970), outlines a five step process...
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...Emdad, R., Alipour, A., Hagberg, J., & Jensen, I. B. (2013). The impact of by standing to workplace bullying on symptoms of depression among women and men in industry in Sweden: an empirical and theoretical longitudinal study. International Archives of Occupation and Environmental Health, 86(6), 709–716. doi:10.1007/s00420-012-0813-1 While recent studies show that workplace bullying is considered to be one of the leading causes of depression (Takaki et al. 2010), there has been very little research to show that by standing to bullying behavior has cause symptoms of depression. In this study, researchers used data in 2001 (T1) and 2003 (T2) to examine the risks factors associated with symptoms of depression among bystanders to bullying behavior...
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...Anyone familiar with aggressive behavior should agree that aggressive behavior by children is considered an important a social behavioral problem all across the U.S and needs to be addressed inside and outside the school environment. Through research, the prevention of such behavior has shed light to this specific type of aggressive behavior and shifted researchers thinking and understanding of this bullying behavior. Between 2000 to present, there have been well over 600 peer-reviewed articles on bullying, as opposed to the past, between 1980-2009, 190 peer-reviewed articles. Bullying is characterized as aggressive behavior and violent behavior more prevalent in schools, where the perpetrator in some capacity attempts...
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...missed. Sometimes you laugh with them, because after all, someone falling flat on their face is kind of funny, right? Sure.” This is how it starts: small. Bullying. A form of abuse: involving repeated acts over time attempting to create or enforce one person's (or group's) power over another person (or group). Recently, I have learned the going-on of one of the most tragic events ever, The Shoah. Through this learning I have derived some profound insights into not only myself, but others. My World Geography class researched acts of the Holocaust and discussed them at length. These exercises changed me, forever. They provided an experience that was incredibly valuable in changing my view on a variety of things: the role of bystanders, empathy, the power of little things, and how to react. Therefore, studying the Holocaust has changed my view and reaction to bullying, which is now focused on both recognizing and stopping bullying. The first thing we discussed about the Holocaust was the string of continuous discriminatory acts against the Jews. It was a changing moment for me. Before then, I had supposed the Holocaust as a random act of sorts - an event without roots before it. I was wrong. I learned that bigotry against Jews had been happening for centuries. It started in 70 A.D. and continued building and building and building. This genealogy of Jewish hatred made me rethink how I viewed small acts of bullying within my own life. Now, instead of seeing...
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