This definition of accountability is borrowed from World Bank, World Development Report 2004 Making Services Work for Poor People. Washington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2003. Web, p. 47.

2 3

Ernst and Young. Right to Education Report. March 2012. Web. Ibid.

4 5

See, e.g. Saxena, Shobhan. “Missing teachers are India’s weakest link.” The Times of India. Sep. 5, 2010. Web. See, e.g. Chowdry, Anirvan, “Carrots for Teachers,” Accountability Initiative. Dec. 1, 2011. Web. 6 Government of India, RTE, Chapter 4, Article 21, Clause 1.

7 8

Ibid, Chapter 4, Article 21, Clause 1. Ministry of Human Resource Development, G.S.E. 301(E), Part II, Ch. 3, Article 5. 9 Government of India, RTE, Chapter 4, Article 22, Clause 2(a) and 2(c). 10 Ibid, Chapter 4, Article 22, Clause 2(b).

For both upper and lower primary schools. OECD. Public and Private Schools: How Management and Funding Relate to their Socio-economic Profile. PISA. OECD Publishing. 2012. Web.
12

11

Figure 2 - Source: 2007 and 2011 and 2012 ASER Reports Authors' calculations of average attendance in Primary Schools and Upper Primary Schools (weighted by number of schools in each category).

Figure 3 - Source: 2011 and 2012 ASER Report

Figure 4 – Relationships between grants, material inputs, attendance, and learning outcomes. Arrows indicate some evidence of a statistically significant relationship according to authors’ analysis of ASER-PAISA, PAISA-DRC, and DISE datasets.

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Demographic variables controlled for include: percentage of urban population in the district, percentage of the population belonging to a scheduled caste or tribe, district-wide sex ratio, district-wide literacy rate, girls as a percentage of enrolled students in the district, OBC as a percentage of enrolled students in the district, Muslim students as a percentage of enrolled students in the district,