...Health Economic Costs of Tobacco Smoking in Canada [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] Health Economic Costs of Tobacco Smoking in Canada Introduction This paper is about the use of tobacco in Canada. The paper will also identify the economic and health costs of using tobacco in Canada. There will also be a discussion of tobacco smoking prevention. The paper will follow a proper pattern. There are several concerns about tobacco smoking in Canada. The government is very concern about this issue and working really hard to get rid of this dangerous habit. The Canadian population is addict to this unhealthy habit of tobacco smoking (Albert Health Services, 2012). Discussion Tobacco smoking is really injurious to health. The smoke of tobacco contains several dangerous chemical. These chemicals are injurious to both smokers and nonsmokers. There are more than 7,000 chemicals in the tobacco smoke. Al large amount of them, around 250 chemicals, are very harmful. These harmful chemicals include carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia. The habit of tobacco smoking is very dangerous for health. It affects almost every organ and part of the body. The ultimate impact of smoking is the diminishing of overall health (Propel, 2012). Health Consequences of Smoking There are millions of Canadian who smoking has caused lots of problems. It is also the primary cause of cancer. This cancer even leads to death. It cause causes to several parts...
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...evaluation questions answered within the article were if healthcare professional’s knowledge increases with use of the training, if participating in the online training impacts healthcare professionals, confidence and practice related to secondhand smoking, and if the changes were maintained (Jones & McEwen, 2015). Each of these answers indicate an outcome based evaluation. The evaluation approach used consisted of a mix between outcome evaluation, impact evaluation, and goals-based approach. The evaluation was widely focused on the outcome of the training and its effects on the healthcare professionals and their knowledge. However, the evaluation also had a goal of increasing knowledge of healthcare professionals and posed questions regarding that increased knowledge. Similarly, the evaluation was also focused on looking at the impact that the training had on the healthcare professionals. Accordingly, the evaluation consisted of an outcome evaluation with a mixed approach. The evaluation questions within the research article were specific and clear to the reader. Within the article there were three specific questions posed, “(1) does knowledge increase as a result of...
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...and practices. The encourage better diet, to avoid smoking, exercise regularly. Some companies even have wellness coaches in place and regular schedules are provided. By doing this, the organization’s ultimate target is to lower health costs since employees would be healthier. They want to put out that employees are solely responsible for their health issues. By taking better of themselves, it will lower down their blood pressure, lower down cholesterol levels and thus making employees less prone to heart attacks and strokes. There are also some programs that are taking it a step further by imposing charges or penalties to employees if they do not participate or as an example try to lose weight or quit smoking. Some employees argue that they are infringing on basic human rights or even sighting the Americans with Disability Act law. RELATIONSHIP TO COURSE MATERIAL This article relates to our lessons for the week because it reports about Consumer driven heath care, the costs associated with providing one and the impact to the employee and employer. Rising healthcare costs are eating away the profits from companies and also the high deductibles from employees. There are a number of ways to control costs including lifestyle changes, and this is exactly what the company is trying to assert to its employees. HEALTH CARE ISSUE 3 While healthcare costs are increasing, and the healthcare system that is charged with keeping employees and...
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...programs not only to make their employees healthier, but to use these programs as a cost reduction tool for healthcare. Healthy employees’ equal lower healthcare cost but as hard as employers try there is no easy way of only hiring healthy employees; so the implementation of health and wellness program at work has to be done correctly. My organization in the last year has implemented a health and wellness program by hiring the local hospital to conduct screenings and teach classes for a healthier lifestyle. These screenings and classes are held on site so there will be more participation, and it will be convenient for the employee. A few of the wellness programs the company is focusing on is weight and smoking. Break walking at the workplace is one of the most favorite exercises for weight loss; this program consists of employees walking for fifteen minutes, twice a day, on their breaks and after work. The company has designated an area around the facility with markers so that the employee can document the distance they have walked each day. The company has a weight loss program called the “Biggest Loser” and each employee will be weighed each week by the human resource assistant and documented. At the end of the year, whoever loses the most weight will receive two hundred dollars. This program is a great incentive for employees to lose weight. Cigarette smoking puts you at a higher risk of illness and death from a heart attack, stroke, and various cancers. My organization...
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...Women and Heart Disease Coppin State University Abstract Heart disease is a leading cause of death for women and men worldwide. Women are more vulnerable to myocardial infarction because of the size of their coronary arteries. They have unique risk factors such as a high level of cholesterol, hypertension, and smoking that cause heart disease, which leads to the high mortality rate. To reduce the high mortality rate among women, nurses must play their roles as educators because they interact frequently with patient, moreso than any other health care workers. Nurses must educate their patients on how to prevent the risk factors of heart disease. In order to reduce the high mortality rate due to MI in women, the Obama administration implemented the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), popularly called t "Obama Care". This policy has mandated that insurance companies cover important preventive care at no cost, which will help eliminate the expensive bills that would have been incurred. As a future nurse, I would address the issue of heart disease by providing qualitative education and creating awareness of the causes and preventive measures of heart diseases. Keywords: Affordable Care Act, Heart Disease, Myocardial Infarction, "Obama Care", and Women's Health. Introduction Although both men and women have increased mortality rates due to heart disease in the United States, women have the higher rate and carry a heavier cardiovascular burden...
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...Factor and its Impact With the rising expenditure of healthcare, focus should be on health promotion. The expenses for health promotion and disease prevention are much lesser than the treatment of a disease. According to Hancock and Cooper (2011), to create a healthy nation it is important that the easy and obvious choices available to people are also the healthy choices. Unhealthy Lifestyle and poor health habits can be considered as a direct or indirect cause of the rise in healthcare expenses. Tobacco use is the behavioral risk factor that I selected since it is an important population health issue in today’s world. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2014), more than 480,000 deaths are caused in the United States (US) by cigarette smoking which is about one in five deaths and smoking is the cause of about 90% of lung cancer deaths and about eight out of ten deaths due to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is caused by smoking. The results of a survey to monitor youth risk behavior surveillance in the US in 2011 revealed that 18.1% high school students had smoked cigarette within 30 days...
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...Vulnerable Populations Kelly S. Matthews NUR/440 April 6, 2015 Deanna Radford Vulnerable Populations Vulnerable populations have an increased risk for poor health and have a potential to be susceptible for potential illnesses. There are many different aspects and circumstances that make a person or populations vulnerable. Knowing what makes you vulnerable and accessing needed care can decrease your risk to susceptible diseases and illnesses. Self awareness is the key to understanding the affects of vulnerability and accessing necessary care to maintain optimal health. In the Neighborhood 2.0, I chose the Young Family. The Young family is a young, African American family that lives a comfortable life. The Young family is a family of four, with health insurance and great family support. Steve is a college educated man that provides a great life for his family. Although Steve is healthy he is a smoker. Race, ethnicity, social status and personal limitations can affect vulnerability. Steve Young is an African American man who works a very stressful job. He has been a smoker since he was 17 years old. In the Neighborhood, we learn that Steve’s daughter, Kelsey, has been treated several times for allergies and chronic coughing. I chose to take a closer look at Kelsey, for my vulnerable population. She is vulnerable because she is an African American child who has been diagnosed with Asthma. She has no control over the circumstances that could have contributed...
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...cited the example of drugs like cocaine, which was, banned the world over. The ban seemed to be a great move because, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO), tobacco accounted for over three million deaths in 1990, the figure rising to 4.023 million deaths in 1998. It was estimated that tobacco related deaths would rise to 8.4 million in 2020 and to 10 million in about 2030. There was an increasing fear that tobacco companies were inducing children and young people to begin experimenting with tobacco products, and in this way initiate regular smoking, as this held the key for the industry to flourish. Another accusation was that the slick, colourful advertisements (using an animated camel) appealed to the children and...
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...reduction programs. What could be more straightforward? However, the measure raises a host of interesting issues that voters should weigh prior to casting their votes. Most important, of course, is the core of the measure, its purpose: to raise money for the Oregon Health Plan, ostensibly to offset costs the plan incurs from smoking-related illnesses. State revenue estimators understand that anytime you raise the tax on something, you will get less of it. This is certainly true in the case of Ballot Measure 44 and its effect on cigarette smoking. In fact, the State Legislative Revenue Office estimates that cigarette use will decline about 4.5 percent due to the increased taxation. In a series of four steps over the past 17 years, Oregon has raised the tax on cigarettes from 9 cents per pack to the current 38 cents. Each of these tax increases represented a smaller amount per pack than Measure 44's 30 cents. In every instance, tobacco use has fallen by more than the current projection of 4.5 percent. In fact, tobacco use fell an average of almost 9 percent--twice the state's estimate--after those four cigarette tax increases. The typical pattern is for cigarette smoking to fall dramatically in the year immediately following the tax hike, but then to recover somewhat in succeeding years. However, use never again reaches its previous levels. Overall, the cigarette tax rate has quadrupled since 1979-80 while revenues have "only" tripled and usage has declined by 28 percent. Meanwhile,...
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...development of smoking cessation medications and aids, tobacco use remains a major societal problem in America today. The systemic effects of the nicotine contained in tobacco and absorbed by the body leave a devastating footprint on smokers and non-smokers alike. The financial strain on the healthcare system is self-evident. The research gathered has proven to be inadequate because the sample sizes are small, and the researchers did not properly record statistics to prove effectiveness of the cessation programs. There are three very effective steps for adolescent cessation: screen for tobacco dependency with families, counsel and use behavioral interventions and prescription medications, and finally educate parents about the dangers of second hand smoke. Lack of accessibility to numerous tobacco dependence treatments remains an issue. Furthermore, impact on health from tobacco use has been documented profusely, yet the tobacco industry still continues to lure adolescents and adults with the advertising and promotional markets. One in two smokers will die prematurely of a disease caused by dependence on tobacco. After reading findings by the United States Department of Health and Human Services, it is stated that “youths also are susceptible to tobacco advertising, and those who are exposed to frequent advertisements for tobacco are more likely to smoke than those who are not” (Milton 44). This problem is too significant to ignore. The solutions are not easy to implement. Healthcare professionals...
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...As stated earlier, sepsis is a worldwide problem. Sepsis strategies/guidelines are imperative to utilize to make a positive outcome. Becker and Dorman share that “sepsis affects more than 1 million patients a year in the United States and even more patients around the globe and is one the leading causes of death,” (2017, para 1 p 807). With these astounding statistics, it is prudent of nursing educators to perform their part in educating the nursing students on life saving strategies against sepsis. Proactive healthcare is one of the ways this author has grown through her discovery as being a leader in healthcare. Prevention to illnesses is preferred than reacting to the severity of illness. Although not all sepsis cases can be prevented,...
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...HEALTH RISKS & COSTS The Effects Of Obesity, Smoking, And Drinking On Medical Problems And Costs Obesity outranks both smoking and drinking in its deleterious effects on health and health costs. by Roland Sturm ABSTRACT: This paper compares the effects of obesity, overweight, smoking, and problem drinking on health care use and health status based on national survey data. Obesity has roughly the same association with chronic health conditions as does twenty years’ aging; this greatly exceeds the associations of smoking or problem drinking. Utilization effects mirrors the health effects. Obesity is associated with a 36 percent increase in inpatient and outpatient spending and a 77 percent increase in medications, compared with a 21 percent increase in inpatient and outpatient spending and a 28 percent increase in medications for current smokers and smaller effects for problem drinkers. Nevertheless, the latter two groups have received more consistent attention in recent decades in clinical practice and public health policy. M a n y b e h a v i o r a l r i s k f a c t o r s , chief among them smoking, heavy drinking, and obesity, are known causes of chronic health conditions. Chronic health conditions, like cancer, diabetes, or heart disease, in turn are primary drivers of health care spending, disability, and death. This paper compares the associations of smoking, problem drinking, and obesity with health care use and chronic conditions....
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...increasingly improved. However, the same cannot be said of the health of American Indians and Alaskan Natives. Health improvements for American Indians and Alaska Natives have not improved, with health disparities still existing in areas such as: infant mortality, chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, asthma, obesity, cirrhosis and liver disease, arthritis, smoking, and cancer (Indian Health, n.d.). According to the 2000 Census, there are 4.1 million Native Americans/Alaskan Indians in the United States (U.S Census Bureau, 2000). Historically, Native Americans have lived in extreme poverty. The U.S. Census reported in both 1990 and 2000 that poverty still prevails in Native American populations throughout the nation, accounting for 25% of the nation (Selected Population, 2012). There are known health disparities between the Native American population and the rest of the U.S. Some of these disparities exist due to geographic isolation, cultural barriers and economic factors. Health care experts, policymakers and tribal leaders are trying to account for the many factors that impact the health of Indian people (The Health Care Challenge, 1999). Native American males are found to have the quickest dying rate of most citizens in the U.S., with life expectancy of 71 years of age, 6 years younger than the life expectancy of white males. Female Native Americans are trending about the same; 20% increase in mortality as the U.S. national average is declining...
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...Adams, Pharm.D., Bryan Yeager, Pharm.D., Karen Farris, Ph.D.. Effectiveness of a Pharmacist-Based Smoking-Cessation Program and Its Impact on Quality of Life. webscape. 2002. Available at http:// www.medscape.com/viewarticle/438855_2. Accessed July 1, 2014 Pharmacists managed self-referred patients in meetings over a few months while using replacement therapies. At three and six months the smoking cessation status of each individual was measured and just under half of the patients were smoke free at the three months and about half more again were smoke free at the six month mark. The article is published on a medical news website that keeps up to date on most all areas of medicine. The original source of the article is from Pharmacotherapy: a journal of human pharmacology and drug therapy. I would have to say this is a high quality article. The author is very thorough in recording the number of patients, the number of meetings and how long they were over what period of time. I think this experiment is most credible as well because they actually read the carbon monoxide exhaled by the patients at three and six months to verify their smoking cessation chemically. The article is relevant to the topic because the programs that lead these patients to being smoke free were lead by pharmacists. The whole intention of the experiment was to gauge how effective pharmacists are in smoking cessation and the results prove to be positive in the pharmacists’ favor. 2.De silva MJ, Breuer...
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...Setting The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated, “Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. To reach a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, an individual or group must be able to identify and to realize aspirations, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment” (“Milestones,” 2009, p. 1). This approach to health promotion places responsibility for health on the individual with nurses acting in partnership with the individual in collaboration with other health care professionals (Edelman, 2014, p.15). With healthcare reform at the forefront, the roles and responsibilities of nurses are transforming how health promotion is implemented with an understanding of the stages of the transtheoretical model (TTM) and the three levels of health promotion. Healthcare reform has made it necessary for nursing practice to be efficient, cost effective, and that nurses practice their profession to the extent of their scope of practice. The purpose of health promotion in nursing practice is to shift from an individual disease focused model to a model of promoting health and wellness of the population. The current disease focused model is provider driven. Illness is the source of financial reward as it promotes the use of complex treatments and expensive procedures. With the shift to a community or population driven model of health promotion, health and wellness are promoted, and there...
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