...Case Study 1: Ethics and Local Governance Introduction to Information Technology July , 2013 In 2007 a Transformational Government mandate focused on customer budget reductions of 3 percent year to year increasing the emphasis on regionally shared services for the London Borough of Brent. The area is approximately 270,000 citizens with the London Borough of Brent information scattered across numerous departments without the ability to share any of the information across the enterprise. The decision to create a master client index that will clean up duplicate and fragmented data files, improve operational efficiencies, there are over 1.5 million records of the 2700,000 citizens that will be matched and linked from several different databases, providing a real time view of each customer’s data, this process will be very beneficial and achieve optimal operational efficiency. The two potential ethics issues associated with the consolidation of citizen records in the London Borough of Bren. First the privacy of the information of the citizens within those records may contain intimate details about their lives that should be kept private would probably be my biggest ethics issues concern. Some people enjoy their privacy and don’t want their information readily available for people to see without their consent. Some of information of the citizens records listed within the database could be very sensitive and personal information about someone’s disabilities, medical records, mental...
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...MEMORY ACCURACY: THEORETICAL MODELS AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION Human memory has been on many occasions compared to the operations of a computer on the basis of their multifunctional systems. Memory is critical and plays a central role in our everyday information processes. Several models of information processes have in-time being proposed. The Atkinson-Shiffrin model (1968) is the most popular is and widely used by many memory researchers. The model indicates the transfer of information from the environment into the sensory memory which is very brief that some information is forgotten before it reaches the second storage. Short-term memory is the second temporary store which is also fragile. The short-term memory is very similar to working memory responsible for higher cognitive functioning which is also temporary. Information is then finally encoded onto the long-term memory where it is assumed to be a permanent storage for longer periods. Baddeley (2000) proposed the episodic buffer as the new forth component of the working memory model. This model was initially proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) with three components, the central executive assisted by the phonological loop and the visuo-sketchpad assumed to be temporary storage faculties. The episodic buffer is assumed to play a very central role of binding features into objects and it is assumed to be a temporary limited store which links all systems together for the purposes of multi-dimensional coding (Baddeley...
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...In 1985, the first study was done to evaluate the effects of the police interview, cognitive interview and hypnosis on a witness’ testimony (Geiselman, Fisher, MacKinnon, & Holland, 1985). The scholars discovered that the cognitive interview was the best technique at recovering accurate information (Geiselman, Fisher, MacKinnon, & Holland, 1985). However, like the other interviewing techniques it does not decrease inaccurate information from the witness. (Geiselman, Fisher, MacKinnon, & Holland, 1985). Another system variable involving the police would be the post identification feedback on the witness; it amplifies their confidence – which is not highly correlated to accuracy, and can lead to serious consequences (Bradfield, Wells & Olson, 2002). This helped give the criminal justice system the ability to assess their protocols to get rid of some system variables that effects eyewitness testimony...
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...Introduction This paper aims to investigate the relationship between an analyst and a management and to see if there is a correlation between each of their actions. For example, managers tend to disclose and attribute outside negative factors as a way to explain a low profit period. If analysts believe in the explanation and deems it as plausible and truthful, they predict higher future earnings and stock valuations than if the managers had not provided an explanation. Similarly, if analysts found the disclosure to be implausible and discredited, they would forecast lower earnings and valuations for the company. Although analysts have been offering predictions on company futures for several decades, there’s been a recent increase in the legitimacy. Financial statements and earnings announcements are public and easily located on the sec.gov/ website, but it seems that users would rather trust an analyst with experience than the financial statements themselves. With the increase in popularity - most likely due to the ease of accessibility - shareholders and potential investors have also grown more dependent and reliant on the analysts and their analysis. Conflict of Interests With the majority of financial analysts working in banks, pension funds, and other businesses, they are able to have a thorough understanding of what the 10-K can disclose. Many times, their analysis of a company are so accredited and deemed “trustworthy” that it is published in major news outlets...
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...Misattribution and Suggestibility False or inaccurate memories exist in all of us, whether it’s a small detail like what a person said or something larger like a date, time, or a completely false memory. These memories can be created several ways including misattribution and suggestibility. Changes in a memory can occur long after they occur or are purported to have occurred because memories are not fixed and can be altered or reinterpreted each time we recall them. Misattribution is a common thing in memories, a result of our brain trying to fill in the missing information, or using general characteristics that do not always paint an accurate picture. Common examples of this are remembering a person or piece of information, but incorrectly remembering where you met them or learned that fact. Source memory is the part of memory where we can recall the surroundings of that memory origin. Misattribution can occur in traumatic memories with inaccurate results and cause serious consequences for innocent people. Or on the other hand allow someone who is guilty to escape justice because a whiteness is “sure” of a false memories accuracy. On a more day-to-day basis it can lead to thinking you’ve already communicated information to someone, or thinking you left the garage door open. Susceptibility refers to the minds ability in some cases to create false memories based on outside input, usually false information or suggestive questions that lead the respondent toward a false...
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...Hospitals Face Challenges Using Electronic Health Records to Generate Clinical Quality Measures Introduction The American Hospital Association (AHA) commissioned iParsimony, LLC, to conduct a study to investigate hospital experiences with implementation of Meaningful Use Stage 1 electronic clinical quality measures (eCQMs). The study describes the experience with and impact of eCQM implementation in four hospitals – large and small, urban and non-metropolitan – each of which had significant experience with electronic health records (EHRs) prior to Meaningful Use and uses a different EHR from a different vendor company. The findings described in the case study are derived from interviews conducted with key leaders and operational staff directly involved in the oversight and management of eCQMs. Based on the experiences of the hospitals in this case study, the current approach to automated quality reporting does not yet deliver on the promise of feasibility, validity and reliability of measures or the reduction in reporting burden placed on hospitals. Specific policy changes are needed, starting with Stage 2 Meaningful Use, to redirect the electronic clinical quality reporting requirements to focus on a small set of well-tested measures supported by a mature policy infrastructure that can guide valid and feasible measure development, testing and implementation. Background In the past 10 years, there has been an unprecedented expansion in the number and type of quality measures...
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...system when witnesses recall information concerning individuals who have committed crimes. The factors that could affect the accuracy of EWT may include leading questions, age and anxiety. So can the human memory really be trusted with so many effecting factors? Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted a study with the aim of assessing the accuracy of memory after witnessing a car accident, and including leading questions to assess whether they could affect immediate recall. The researchers showed forty five students seven different traffic accidents, and giving each participant a questionnaire asking specific questions about the accidents. They also asked the critical question of ‘how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?’ however the other groups where given other verbs of smashed, collided, bumped and contacted instead of hit. Their findings included they word ‘smashed’ generated the highest mean score of 40.8 mph and ‘contacted’ generated the lowest of 31.8 mph. Loftus and Palmer reached the conclusion that the form of questioning has a significant effect on witnesses accounts of events. Therefore EWT is unreliable and inaccurate according to these researchers, although others can dispute this. Yuille and Cutshall (1986) interviewed thirteen people who had witnessed an armed robbery in Canada. These interviews took place four months later, and the interviews included two misleading questions, these questions did not affect the witnesses’ accuracy to accounts they had given...
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...in Project Management Journal, vol. 37, no. 3, August 2006, pp. 5-15 See in-print version here: http://flyvbjerg.plan.aau.dk/Publications2006/Nobel-PMJ2006.pdf 2/32 Abstract A major source of risk in project management is inaccurate forecasts of project costs, demand, and other impacts. The paper presents a promising new approach to mitigating such risk, based on theories of decision making under uncertainty which won the 2002 Nobel prize in economics. First, the paper documents inaccuracy and risk in project management. Second, it explains inaccuracy in terms of optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation. Third, the theoretical basis is presented for a promising new method called "reference class forecasting," which achieves accuracy by basing forecasts on actual performance in a reference class of comparable projects and thereby bypassing both optimism bias and strategic misrepresentation. Fourth, the paper presents the first instance of practical reference class forecasting, which concerns cost forecasts for large transportation infrastructure projects. Finally, potentials for and barriers to reference class forecasting are assessed. The American Planning Association Endorses Reference Class Forecasting In April 2005, based on a study of inaccuracy in demand forecasts for public works projects by Flyvbjerg, Holm, and Buhl (2005), the American Planning Association (APA) officially endorsed a promising new forecasting method called "reference class forecasting" and...
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...Keller Graduate School of Management DeVry University Case Study 2 xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx Table of Contents I. Introduction II. Situations and Solutions a.Williams Oil Services b. Scott Sales Services c. Craig’s List III. Assessment IV. References I. INTRODUCTION Internal Control is one of the most vital issues that every company has to have inorder to have a better chance of success. Inorder to protect company’s assets and prevent from theft, fraud or unauthorized use of company property, one of the best preventive process is to teach all employees of how Internal Control exist in the company, in the company’s environment, and how employees need to abide to it, and also in its process and overall in the entirety of the company. Statistics indicate that companies with 100 or less employees is prone to fraud or misappropriate use of company’s property; which almost 32% of fraud occurred. While bigger companies with more than 1,000 employees have bigger losses; and have threatened some companies into deep trouble. Enron, a huge company is one example where some of their management team members and employees committed fraud or embezzlement. With the various corporate or business scandals happened in Corporate America, Congress had introduced and passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX). Under SOX, all publicly traded companies were required to maintain an adequate system of internal control. Under Section 404 of the SOX, states that...
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...Discussion Questions: Position Error 1. Many people report that it is easier to recall the number sequences for the early trials of the experiment as compared to the trials that occur toward the end of the experiment. Why do you think this might be the case? In the early trials of the experiment, the minds of the participants are fresh and free of clutter and distraction. However, as the experiment wears on, the participants find themselves becoming distracted, as well as unable to recall information because of the previous sequences that are obscuring their minds. For example, if the participant has already seen and memorized 15 other positions, they may find it difficult to absorb additional positions that are being presented later on in the experiments. Boredom and distraction due to the repetition of the trials may also contribute to the difficulty in remembering positions towards the end of the experiment. Levels of Processing 1. Describe a situation in which a shallow level of processing might be preferred over a deeper...
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...Critically discuss the psychological evidence that helps to explain the use of evidence given in court by children under the age of 11, (usually described as ‘child witnesses’) In the past 20 years the number of psychological studies on child witnesses and the competency of them being interviewed as well as the evidence being given by them has grown from very few quality studies to several thousand. Issues such as suggestibility, the effects of individual differences and the effects of long delays on their recall have been brought up and discussed in these studies. (Memon, Vrij & Bull, 2006) Traditionally, most Criminal Justice Systems have been reluctant to accept the testimony of young children, believing that they make less reliable witnesses than adults do. Although in recent years the balance has shifted and the evidence of children is now much more likely to be accepted. (Ainsworth, 1998) All witnesses defined as a child at the date of the trial, and irrespective of the nature of the offence, are automatically classified as vulnerable and this eligible for a range of protective special measures to enable them to give a testimony in court. There special measures include in-court screens, live TV link, removal of wigs and gowns and provision of any necessary aids to communication. (Raitt, 2007) The issue of children’s competency to testify in court has changed from the presumption that no minor is competent to the belief that all children are competent...
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...Research Process and Terminology CJA 334 University of Phoenix HOPE TYEHIMBA Different research methods used today play a very important role in the criminal justice system. Using effective methods gives people the ability to open and close cases. People interested in the criminal justice field have the ability to use wide ranges of research methods at their disposal. Research Process and Terminology I. The research process consists of multiple steps and sub-steps for an effective outcome. For an accurate result, one must try to avoid biases and pursue accuracy in his or her research to produce an accurate result. The research process begins with a theory. According to Hagan (2010), theories “are usually general or broad statements regarding the relationship between variables. A theory does not necessarily have to have proof to back it up, following steps in the research process can give credence to a theory and may be able to prove the theory to be fact. A theory can transition into a hypothesis, which according to Hagan (2010), “are specific statements regarding the relationship between variables and are derived from more general theories”. The next steps in the research process are research design and data gathering (Hagan, 2010). A researcher can choose between an experimental and a non-experimental approach, whether to examine individuals or...
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...any point in the memory process: 1) Acquisition: Information the person perceives Poor viewing conditions Focus on weapons 2) Storage: Information the person stores in memory Misleading information Source misattribution errors 3) Retrieval: Information the person retrieves at a later time Best guesses in line-up identification Leading questions - Inaccurate eyewitness testimony can have very serious consequences leading to wrongful convictions. - Why eyewitness testimony may be unreliable? * The role of anxiety: Baddeley 1997 reported that 74% of suspects convicted in 300 cases where eyewitness identification was the only evidence against them. Anxiety may lead to unreliable remembering depends on number of factors. * Research on ‘weapon focus’ Loftus 1979: P were exposed to one of the 2 situations; 1- They overheard a low-key discussion about an equipment failure. A person then emerged holding a pen with grease on his hands. 2- They overheard a heated and hostile exchange between people in the lab. After the sound of breaking glass and crashing chairs, a man emerged from the lab holding a paper knife covered in blood. P were then given 50 photos to try and identify the person. Findings: 1- Accurately identified the person 49% of the time. 2- Successfully 33% of the time. Conclusion: Reported a lab experiment which demonstrated the powerful role that anxiety can play in undermining the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. * Research on witnessing...
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...direct marketing searches among several others (ChoicePoint (A) Case Study, Exhibit 2). In order to provide these products and services, ChoicePoint’s businesses all depend on access to personal and private information, to which needs to be accurate and protected. However, ChoicePoint has seen problems with both the accuracy and the protection of the data they hold in their databases. ChoicePoint has had several instances in which the data they have provided to a client was inaccurate and it has caused unjust hardships on innocent individuals. For example, a woman in Chicago was fired as a result of the information her company acquired from ChoicePoint incorrectly stated that she was a drug dealer and shoplifter (ChoicePoint (A) Case Study, pg. 5, paragraph 3). Although ChoicePoint has acknowledged that maintaining accuracy is a challenge they have not been proactive in changing their policies in order to correct these inaccuracies in their data. ChoicePoint has maintained the status quo stating that their several public and private sources are able to update their records faster than they can buy or collect the information (ChoicePoint (A) Case Study, pg. 6, paragraph 1). Although, the stale data and inaccuracies are a major concern, ChoicePoint has an even bigger problem they need to resolve; as they have not effectively protected the information they hold. This is a bigger problem, than the accuracy issue because it overall affects more stakeholders and individuals...
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...Youssouf Kande 04/06/2016 Managerial Accounting Professor Ernest Ethics Case What is Ethics? Ethics is two things. To start with, Ethics alludes to very much established guidelines of good and bad that recommend what people should do, for the most part as far as rights, commitments, advantages to society, reasonableness, or particular excellences. Ethics, for instance, alludes to those guidelines that force the sensible commitments to avoid assault, taking, homicide, strike, criticism, and misrepresentation. Ethics additionally incorporate those that charge temperance of genuineness, sympathy, and dependability. What's more, moral gauges incorporate measures identifying with rights, for example, the privilege to life, the privilege to flexibility from harm, and the privilege to security. Such guidelines are sufficient models of morals in light of the fact that they are upheld by steady and very much established reasons. Furthermore, ethics refers to the study and improvement of one's moral guidelines. As specified above, emotions, laws, and social standards can digress from what is moral. So it is important to continually look at one's benchmarks to guarantee that they are sensible and very much established. Morals likewise implies, then, the nonstop exertion of examining our own particular good convictions and our ethical direct, and endeavoring to guarantee that we, and the foundations we shape, satisfy benchmarks that are sensible and...
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