...Chapter 1 - Introduction to Taxation Taxation – is an act of imposing tax. Tax - enforced contribution levied by a sovereign state on persons, property and rights/privileges within its jurisdiction, exercised through its legislative branch, for the purpose of raising revenues to defray the expenses of the government and for public purposes. Nature of taxation – an inherent legislative power of any independent state. Scope of taxation - unlimited and comprehensive but subject to inherent and constitutional limitations or limitations depending on the sense of responsibility of the state to its people. Inherent limitations: 1. for public purpose. 2. Power to tax cannot be delegated 3. Double taxation should be avoided or prevented. 4. Government agencies and instrumentalities are exempted from tax. 5. Imposed only within the territorial jurisdiction of the state. Double taxation is taxing twice, by the same public authority, within the same jurisdiction or taxing district, for the same purpose in the same year or taxing period. Constitutional limitations: 1. Non-impairment of existing contracts. 2. No person shall be imprisoned for non- payment of debt or poll tax. 3. Taxation must be uniform and equitable. 4. All kinds of land, buildings and improvements actually, directly or exclusively used for religious or charitable purposes are exempt from taxation. Basic Principles of a Sound Tax System * Fiscal adequacy – revenue enough to...
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...ACCOUNTANCY UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA BKAT 2013 – PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION TUTORIAL 3 – UNEARNED INCOME QUESTION 1 Under what circumstances income derived from rental of properties is taxable under Section 4(a) – Business Income instead of under Section 4 (d) – Investment income? QUESTION 2 (A) Mr. Rozmi has opted to retire from MR Resources Sdn Bhd in 2011. In 2012, he reported the following with regards to his income: Pension - optional retirement | 3,000 | Annuity paid by Bening Insurance Bhd, a Malaysian life insurer | 9,000 | Malaysian dividend, net | 14,400 | Royalties from musical composition | 23,000 | Interest on fixed deposits with Maybank for 15 months' tenure | 16,000 | Mr Rozmi owns a service apartment, which is let out for rent. The statement of income and expenditure for the year ended 31 December 2001 is as follows: Rent received | | | 26,300 | Less: Expenses | | | | Mortgage loan interest | 14,400 | | | Quit rent | 300 | | | Assessment and rates | 150 | | | Cost of tiling the cement floor of the balcony | 1,200 | | (16,050) | Net rental income | | | 10,250 | The accumulated rental loss brought forward from the previous year was RM2,800. REQUIRED: Computed the aggregate income for Mr Rozi for the year assessment 2012 (B) Mr Ramli and his wife jointly owned a condominium that had been let for rent since 2006. The statement of rental income and expenditure is as follows: Rent received: | | | | December...
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...Taxation in low income countries A vital issue Ashok Shumshere JBR 2009-11-02 1:01 PM The topic of taxation has experienced a comprehensive change of structure since last many years. With the beginning of supply side taxation, role of taxation has become more significant. Taxation is not only an effective instrument for resource mobilization — a “boot strap operation for financing economic development-but also a ‘tool kit’ for revenue collection to sustain growth and maintain equity and stability in the economy. If blood circulation is essential to keep the human body alive so is taxation to keep the economy alive. Developing countries suffer from dearth of revenue because of low taxable capacity as the majority of people live below the poverty line with hardly any capacity to pay taxes to the government. On top, legal base of taxation is condensed with unrestricted tax shelters and tax administration is short of modern mechanism to spot new tax payers and bring them into the orbit of tax- net. According to the theory of structural change of taxes during the developmental process, the contribution of direct taxes will grow with the rise in per capita income, in turn the contribution of indirect taxes will comparatively slow down. Direct taxes have tactical importance and its preference over indirect taxes is claimed on the ground of neutrality, welfare and excess burden. With time, it has been established that direct taxation gives the best accountability...
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...CHAPTER 20--INCOME TAXATION OF TRUSTS AND ESTATESCHAPTER 20--INCOME TAXATION OF TRUSTS AND ESTATES Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Tax planning motivations usually are secondary to other objectives in deciding whether to create a trust. True False 2. A trust might be used by one running for a political office. True False 3. Like a corporation, the fiduciary reports and pays its own Federal income tax liability. True False 4. An estate’s income beneficiary generally must wait until the entity is terminated by the executor to receive any distribution of income. True False 5. With respect to a trust, the terms creator, donor, and grantor are synonyms. True False 6. Corpus, principal, and assets of the trust are synonyms. True False 7. If provided for in the controlling agreement, a trust might terminate when the income beneficiary reaches age 35. True False 8. The decedent’s estate must terminate within four years of the date of death. True False 9. Trusts can select any fiscal Federal income tax year. True False 10. A complex trust pays tax on the income that it retains and adds to corpus. True False 11. A complex trust automatically is exempt from the Federal AMT. True False 12. The first step in computing an estate’s taxable income is the determination of its gross income for the year. True False 13. Generally, capital...
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...previously held views that SMEs were only ―miniature versions‖ of larger companies (Al-Shaikh 1998; Gaskill et al. 1993). And although Small and Medium Enterprises have been at the center of the policy debate for quite some time in both developed and developing countries, little analytical work has been undertaken in this area.The dearth information that exists among researchers on Small and Medium Enterprises however provides a sense of how important this sector is for sustainable development in emerging economies (Medina, 2001). For instance, recent studies conducted by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concur that SMEs are: laborintensive, providing more opportunities for low-skilled workers, correlated with lower income distribution inequality, necessary for agriculture-dependent nations transitioning to an industrial1 and service-oriented economy, excellent sites for innovation and sustainable initiatives due to their inherent flexibility and risk-taking ability (Patricoff & Sunderland, 2005). In both...
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...Taxation is said to be one of the key governance tools of any state including the upholding of Zambians sovereignty. INTRODUCTION The most fundamental function of taxation is raising revenue to pay for governmental expenses and programs. "Taxes are necessary to raise revenue for public goods and infrastructure, as well as to provide other sorts of public services conducive to general welfare and economic growth." Tax revenues pay for the necessary goods – like national defense or a legal system – that an unregulated market cannot provide by itself. More often overlooked is the role of taxation as a catalyst for the development of responsive and accountable government, and for the expansion of state capacity. Taxes, however, do more than simply raise revenue: "Any tax that produces revenue will in some way alter the social and economic order." Taxes that only raise revenue without effecting other changes do not exist in the real world. The concept of fiscal policy captures that link between revenue collection and government spending. More specifically, taxes can be used to increase or decrease inflation and purchasing power, stimulate investment, and prevent harmful concentrations of wealth. Taxation is an underrated tool in the effort to build more capable and responsive states. The role of taxation as a central force in the development of democracy resonates strongly in Anglo-American history. The duty of paying for government legitimizes demands for services...
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...TAX COMPETENCIES, COMPLIANCE COSTS AND INCOME TAX COMPLIANCE AMONG SMEs IN UGANDA BY ANNET NAKIWALA 2007/HD10/11264U A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT S FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE OF MAKERERE UNIVERSITY September, 2010 TAXCOMPETENCIES, COMPLIANCE COSTS & INCOME TAX COMPLIANCE DECLARATION I, Annet Nakiwala, declare that this dissertation is my own work and that it has never been presented for a degree award at any other university. Signature: ………………………………………… Date: ……………………………………………… ii TAXCOMPETENCIES, COMPLIANCE COSTS & INCOME TAX COMPLIANCE APPROVAL This is to certify that this dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of a Masters of Science degree in Accounting and Finance of Makerere University with my approval as University Supervisor. Joseph Ntayi (PhD) Supervisor Signature: ………………… Date: ……………………… Arthur Sserwanga Supervisor Signature: ………………… Date: …………………….. iii TAXCOMPETENCIES, COMPLIANCE COSTS & INCOME TAX COMPLIANCE DEDICATION I dedicate this entire effort to my late Mother Gorreth Nabagereka. We miss you dearly. iv TAXCOMPETENCIES, COMPLIANCE COSTS & INCOME TAX COMPLIANCE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Completion of this research has been a result of both direct and indirect support of many people to whom I owe acknowledgement. I owe profound gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Joseph Ntayi and...
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...accustomed to. However, the Australian taxation system has been persistently scrutinized by its taxpayers for its many pitfalls in providing an equitable means of raising government revenue. In my opinion, the major shortcomings of the Australian taxation system include its lack of neutrality, with reference to high-income earners and small business owners, its constant lobbying towards the baby boomer generation, its current ageing population crisis and the permitted negative gearing of investment properties. Many sweeping reforms have been suggested in an attempt to rectify these issues, however it seems that no such recommendations have been implemented. Neutrality of Australia’s Tax System I believe that there are too many vested interests and rent seekers in today’s society for the Australian tax system to be neutral. However, in my opinion, the Australian tax system favors high-income earners and small businesses, in reference to negative gearing, discretionary family trusts and unfair deductible expenses. Negative gearing refers to when an investor purchases a rental property, but the net rental income is not enough to cover the interest on the money borrowed. Negative gearing favors the high-income earners due to the fact that the higher the tax rate calculated on taxable income, the higher the benefit of negative gearing. In relation to family trusts, I believe that it is unfair that current tax policy allows high-income earners (with high tax rates) to avoid...
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...REGENT UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF THE VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT) SCHEME ON THE REVENUE GENERATION CAPACITY IN GHANA A LONG ESSAY PRESENTED TO THE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (SASS), REGENT UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN ACCOUNTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS NII TORTO QUAO (022 0207) DECEMBER 2009 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this long essay is the original research undertaken by me, including all references from other books, handouts, internet, magazines, textbooks, etc under the supervision of the under signed lecturer. Mr. Albert Akanferi …………………………….. ……………………………….. (Supervisor) Signature Date Nii Torto Quao …………………………….. ………………………………. (Student) Signature Date i ABSTRACT A strong and efficient tax system provides the basis for enhanced economic growth and development. Ghana’s fiscal structure prior to 1983 had generally been characterised by low tax revenue. As a result Ghana undertook a number of reforms prescribed by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank under the Economic Recovery Programme (ERP) and the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP). Tax reforms constituted one of the essential ingredients of SAP. The tax reform process has assumed diverse dimensions over the pass two and half decades. One of those tax reforms was the Value Added Tax scheme (VATs). The purpose of this study is to assess...
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...IMPACT OF TAXATION ON PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN MUKONO TOWN COUNCIL BY WOLIJJA ROSERN REG. NO: 10/U/7704/EKE/PE A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS IN ECONOMICS OF KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY JULY 2013 DECLARATION I………………………………… hereby declare to the academic board of Kyambogo University that this is my own work from my effort and that it has never been presented to any university or any institution of higher learning for the award of a diploma or a degree. Signed: ……………….. Name: Date:…………………… APPROVAL This is to certify that this research proposal by………………………………………………. ……………………………..Reg.No……………… carried out under my supervision. I recommend that it is now ready for submission to the academic board, Kyambogo University with my due approval. Signed: …………………Date: …………………….. MS University Supervisor Signed:………………… Date:…………………. Ms.……………………….. Supervisor DEDICATION I wish to dedicate this piece of work to my father Mr.………………..and my mother Mrs.……… who saw enlightenment in education and sent me to school. I also dedicate this report to my Supervisor Mr.………………………… who has struggled much so that I bring out good presentable...
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...(1976) 55-75. 0 North-Holland Publishing Company THE DESIGN OF TAX STRUCTURE: DIRECT VERSUS INDIRECT TAXATION* A.B. ATKINSON University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, England J.E. STIGLITZ Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, U.S.A. Revised version received February 1976 1. Introduction The recent literature on optimal taxation may be seen as attempting to clarify the structure of the arguments advanced to support changes in the tax system, tracing the implications of taxes and quantifying (analytically) the trade-offs between the various objectives of tax policy. This literature has examined the optimal structure for particular types of taxation taken in isolation, such as the optimal rates of excise tax and the optimal income tax schedule. Our purpose, on the other hand, is to provide a broader framework and to consider the interaction between different kinds of taxation. To illustrate this, we reexamine the age-old question of direct versus indirect taxation and the relationship of these taxes to the goals of efficiency, vertical equity and horizontal equity. After describing in section 2 the general framework of the analysis, and arguing that any treatment of the choice of tax structures must be centrally concerned with distributional considerations, we begin in section 3 with the extension of the classic Ramsey formula for optimal excise taxation to include vertical equity objectives. This was considered by Diamond and Mirrlees (1971), but the results ...
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...Tax is not a voluntary payment or donation but an enforced contribution, exacted pursuant to legislative authority and is any contribution imposed by government whether under the name of VAT, Custom, Excise or other name. Taxation means imposition of a non-penal yet compulsory levy for transfer of resources from private to public sector, imposed by the public representative based onpre-determined criteria and without reference to any specific commitment, in order to accomplish some nation’s economic and social objective. These are dues that we pay for the privileges of membership in an organized civil society. Tax is imposed in the assessment year based on income year. Assessment year: The assessment is a period of 12 months just following the income year means computation of total income and tax payable there on. Income year: Income year is the year when the income is earned. The income tax is administrated Income Tax Ordinance, 1984 and the Income tax Rules, 1984 as well as notification made under the Ordinance. The charge of tax of a person depends on its residential status. Total world Income of a resident is charged to tax in Bangladesh. Whereas, a non-resident's Bangladesh income is only charged to tax in Bangladesh. There are seven heads of income. They are salary, interest on security, house property, agriculture, business and profession, capital gain and other sources....
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...Taxation of individuals and limited companies in the United Kingdom Contents Task 1: Duties and responsibilities of the tax practitioner in the UK tax environment 3 Executive summery 3 1.1 UK Tax Environment 3 1.2 The role and responsibilities of the UK Tax Practitioners 6 1.3 The tax obligations of tax payers or their agents and the implications of noncompliance 8 Task 2: Personal Tax Liabilities for Individuals and Partnerships 9 Introduction 9 2.1 a) Calculation of the relevant income and allowances for individual 9 2.1(b): Calculation of the relevant income, expenses and allowances of Mr. Thomas (self-employed): 10 2.2 Calculation of the taxable income and tax payable and tax payment due date for self employed 11 2.3 The relevant documentation and tax return 13 Conclusion 14 Task 3: Corporation Tax Liabilities for Companies 15 Introduction 15 3.1 Calculation of the chargeable profit for the company 15 3.2 Calculation of the tax liability of the company and when it would be due 16 3.3 Explanation of how income tax deductions are dealt with 17 Conclusion 17 Task 4: Capital Gains Tax for Individuals and businesses 17 Introduction 17 4.1 Identify the chargeable asset/s for capital gains tax 18 4.2 Calculation of the amount of capital gains/losses and the amount of taxable gains/losses 18 4.3 Calculation the amount of capital gains/losses and how much amount to pay as a capital gain tax liability 19 Conclusion 19 REFERENCES...
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............................................ 25 Implementation of GST in other countries......................................................................................... 37 Data Analysis and Interpretation........................................................................................................... 38 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................. 40 LEGAL ASPECTS OF BUSINESS | GST-the next big reform Page 2 INTRODUCTION Probably the biggest tax overhaul system, which independent India has seen could be the introduction of Goods and Services Tax, leave apart the Direct Tax Code (which could replace the Income Tax Act, 1961). Though the implementation date of GST is still unclear, but it could see the light of day soon. The Goods and Services Tax...
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...[pic] RESEARCH PROPOSAL EPGB6122 Title: “Public Readiness in GST Implementation 2015 - In case of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia” Prepared by: Noorul ‘Aini Hanifa binti Su’aidi EGC140004 Masters in Public Administration Semester 2014/2015 Public Readiness in GST Implementation 2015 - In Case of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 1. Background Taxation is one of the important elements in managing national income, especially in developed countries and has played an important role in civilized societies since their birth thousands years ago (Lymer and Oats, 2009). The introduction of Goods and Service Tax (GST) was first announced in Malaysia Budget 2005, and then projected to be implement in January 2007. In February 2006, government has announced that the implementation would be postponed to a later date. In 2010, it was when Government finalizing the study of the implementation of GST and identifying the social impact of GST on the public and inviting many discussions among expert and GST proponents publicly. The uncertainty on GST implementation cast many doubts as to whether Malaysia needed the GST regime, and if so, what could be the public benefits to the public from this exercise. The government had putting a great effort in promoting the implementation of GST, however an attention to educate the public of GST understanding should be in place as well. Hence, GST is not a new exercise of tax; with more than 140 countries worldwide having had implemented GST...
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