...Section B of the Interpretation of Rule 101-1 states that independence is impaired when “a partner or professional employee of the firm, his or her immediate family, or any group of such persons acting together own[s] more than 5 percent of a client's outstanding equity securities or other ownership interests” (ET 101.02). The Code of Conduct further defines an immediate family member as “a spouse, spousal equivalent, or dependent (whether or not related)” (ET 92.13). As far as issues of independence are concerned, married couples (or the equivalent) are of one mind, and something that is favorable to one spouse will be favorable to the other. Not only must the auditor meet all of the required guidelines to maintain independence, but his or her spouse must as well. This prevents auditors from purchasing stock in a client company under his or her child’s name, or encouraging his or her spouse to do so. Due to the fact that the family works as one unit, the entire family is required to be independent of any audit clients. The final section of the Interpretation of Rule 101-1, Section C, prohibits auditors on the engagement team from previously or currently being employed by the audit client. The requirement is that the attest engagement team member must not have served as director, officer, promoter, underwriter, or held any management position with the client company during the period of time the financial statements cover. Anyone with such an experience would know exactly how...
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...INDIAN ECONOMY: 1. Economic Development of India NCERT XI standard 2. Indian Economy – Mishra and Puri or Dutt and Sundaram 3. Indian Economy – PK Dhar 4. Economics – Samuel Son 5. India Year Book & Economic Survey (Government Pub.) 6. For the current aspects of Indian economy students have to depend on news papers and periodicals. II. INDIAN POLITY: 1. Our Constitution – Subhash Kashyap 2. Our Parliament - Subhash Kashyap 3. An Introduction to Indian Constitution – DD Basu 4. Perspectives on Indian Constitution – Subash Kashyap III INDIAN HISTORY: 1. NCERT History books for Classes XI & XII 2. Freedom Struggle – Bipan Chandra (NBT Publication) 3. India’s Struggle for Independence – Bipan Chandra and Others 4. The Gazetteer of India, Volume 2: History and Culture 5. Indian History for General Studies – K Krishna Reddy (Wizard Pub.) IV. GENERAL SCIENCE: 1. NCERT Books on Biology, Physics and Chemistry, Standard IX & X 2. Anatomy & Physiology for Nurses Courses – Evelyn Pearce 3. Know Your Body – Reader's Digest 4. For current S & T issues, latest Magazines and News Papers can be referred. V. INDIAN GEOGRAPHY: 1. NCERT Geography books for Classes XI & XII 2. Indian Geography 3. Principles of Geography 4. World Geography 5. Atlas of World and India. VI. MENTAL ABILITY: 1. Objective Arithmetic – R.S.Agarwal 2. Numerical Ability – Tyra VII. CURRENT...
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...1) Nigeria as a British colony After the British government assumed direct control of the Royal Niger Company’s territories, the northern areas were renamed the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria, and the land in the Niger delta and along the lower reaches of the river was added to the Niger Coast Protectorate, which was renamed the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. 2) Jalingo Jalingo is a city in north-eastern Nigeria. It is the capital city of Taraba State and has an estimated population of 118,000. 3) London Olympic games Nigeria participated in the 2012 London Olympic Games without winning any medal – gold, silver or bronze. Nigeria’s performance at the Games represents the new depths of the country’s overall rating in virtually all spheres of human endeavor. Whether it is in sports, education, health, housing, technology, politics, diplomacy, we are currently occupying very lowly positions. 4) Patience in Germany: Sources reported that Patience had been receiving treatment in a German hospital for about four days. The news medium reports that Patience was airlifted to the hospital by an air ambulance last week under emergency medical conditions. 5) Symbolism of Coat of Arms Elements. The red eagle depicts Nigeria’s strength. The black shield signifies the fortuitous qualities of the land in agricultural, mineral and solid resources. The Y-shaped silver coloured wavy band in the middle of the black shield represents the two major rivers in the country, River...
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...Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution The Birth of a Nation Joseph J. Zarzycki United States History – 405 Aimee James June 1, 2014 At the end of the revolutionary war the free states of the Union desired some sort of control that would create a unified country. The first such control came from what was called the Articles of Confederation, essentially our first constitution. This document addressed many issues. How should power be divided between local and national governments? How should laws be made, and by whom? Who should be authorized to govern those laws? How could the government be designed to protect the individual rights of the citizens? The Articles of Confederation, as it turned out, were lacking in several key areas and would be considered a failure. After the shortcomings of the articles began to become apparent, the state delegates tried to revise them; but instead, constructed the Constitution. When creating the Articles of Confederation, thirteen states formed a Confederation referred to as the “League of Friendship” in order to find a solution for common problems and concerns. The Articles of Confederation created a loose Confederation of independent states that gave limited powers to the central government. Each state, regardless of population, would have one vote in the house of Congress. Members of the one-house Congress agreed that the new government should be a unicameral legislature, without an executive branch or...
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...Enron: Independence Investors, creditors and other users look at financial report in order to understand and analysis of companies’ financial performance. And auditors are the people who will perform and exanimate all the company financial records in order to make sure its accurate and reliable. Therefore, the auditors must maintain independence in audit process because they will have to express their opinions of fairness about the company’s financial position. According to GAAP, independence section states that all the auditor must maintain independence in mental attitude in all matters relating to audit. It’s also defined as independence in fact and appearance. In addition, independence standards for public companies are currently a strong combination of announcement by AICPA and the SEC and the legal requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as being enforced and interpreted by the PCAOB. Failing to perform independence audit services will brings many negative consequences to the firms because it affects the fairness of auditor’s opinion as well as considering as unethical act. This document will use Enron and Arthur Andersen independence case to discuss more about the important of being independence during audit process and its serious consequences if failure in providing in independence audit work, as well as auditors’ responsibilities. Enron Corporation was an American energy, commodities and services company, which filed bankruptcy at the end of 2001...
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...the right to do as we please, but as the opportunity to do what is right. Good morning everyone. I, Manal Khursheed am honored to have been given the privilege of being able to express my views about the most important day in our glorious country’s history, that is the 15th of August, our Independence Day. Independence literally means the freedom and opportunity to make our own decisions for our own betterment and well-being. Independence was not easy to gain. It is the reward of the culmination of the hard work and passion of thousands of our forefathers who dared to dream of an independent India and had the courage and determination to fight for it. The names of Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhash Chandra Bose, Maulana Azad and Bhagat Singh have been forever immortalized in the pages of our country’s history. They were common men but pride and respect for their nation led to them breaking the shackles which bound us. Their inspirational speeches and impassioned quotes still live on in our hearts and continue to inspire generation after generation of Indians. “Long years ago, we made a tryst with destiny”: Jawaharlal Nehru’s Independence Day speech delivered on the eve of Indian independence still roars loud within every Indian’s heart. The idealist and lover of non-violence, Gandhiji, whose policy of Satyagraha had an overwhelming number of skeptics and critics, continued to believe in goodwill and truth as two weapons with more power than the might of all the armies of the world...
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...Paper 1 The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776 and announced the separation of the thirteen American colonies from British control. Thomas Jefferson wrote the first draft, and after several edits, it became the final document. Jefferson employed several key concepts and phrases in the introduction and preamble. The introduction paragraph sets up what the rest of the document is about. Jefferson states that when it is time for a people to separate from a country, it is necessary for them to “declare the causes which impel them to the separation.” This indicates that the rest of the Declaration will outline and highlight the reasons why the American colonists decided to sever ties with Great Britain. The first half of the preamble–the second paragraph of the Declaration of Independence–says that humans have certain rights, and the purpose of a government is to protect these rights. The first key phrase declares, “. . . all men are created equal.” This, however, is contradictory considering the existence of slavery in the colonies and the fact that the author, Thomas Jefferson, owned hundreds of slaves himself. Some argue that those who signed the Declaration thought of “the people” as male property owners, which would not include women or slaves as being equal. However, in the original draft, Jefferson did condemn King George for allowing the slave trade to flourish, but Congress voted against this because they did not want the...
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...public has with him. On this quote, ”Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. (…) Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children” (page 2 l. 12-15) King used an anaphora, which is beginning sentences with the same word or words. He used this to keep the public interested, appealing once more to their pathos.2. Kings speech was done in the time of the civil rights movement. The idea of ending segregation was the root of inspiration to his speech. The location in which this speech was done, together with the mentions King made to reinforce his ideas surely had an impact in making this, one of the most important speeches in American history. By mentioning the Emancipation Proclamation, the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, King gave his words weight and credibility. By using metaphors and alliterations, he gave the public vivid images of what he meant and kept them interested. He was also able to give more intensity to his wording, by the use of antithesis. He made his points clear, with the use of repetition. However,...
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...----------------------- 3 Chapter I General information ---------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Chapter II Arguments for and against the Scottish independence Arguments for the independence ----------------------------------------------- 6 Arguments against the independence ----------------------------------------- 7 Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Bibliography ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 Introduction The subject I have analyzed in this research paper is the possible independence of Scotland. I chose this topic because the Scottish independence is a problem of great importance not only for the UK and Scotland, but also for the whole Europe. While doing my research I found very strong and opposing opinions about this recent topic. Scottish independence is a relevant and important matter that has been debated for many years but is now at the pinnacle of debate. Both public and politicians and opposing opinions about independence and throughout this work I will evaluate the most current and most emotive arguments for and against independence. First, I will speak about the historical background of this issue and about the parties “fighting” for independence. Next, I will represent for and against arguments, which will help to understand this complicated issue. Chapter I General information Scotland was an independent country...
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...Kirsten Hill ACCT 5557 April 11, 2015 (original) May 5, 2015 (revised) Independence Certified Public Accountants (CPA) perform many important services for individuals and companies, public or private. One essential assurance engagement a CPA performs is an audit of financial statements. Audits of financial statements play a vital role in the business industry. An auditor can reasonably assure investors, lenders, management, and stakeholders that the financial statements are free from material misstatement and accurately reflect the accounting of the entity for that period of time. However, an auditor cannot provide an absolute assurance due to the inherent limitations of an audit. Generally, an audit includes the following steps: overall audit planning, assess control risk, perform tests of controls, perform substantive tests of account balances, and finally complete the audit (Kerr, Elder and Arens). In the overall audit planning stage, the CPA has to obtain an understanding of the potential client’s business and establish if the CPA Firm and its associates are independent. These two steps must be done before the CPA Firm can decide to accept the audit engagement. There are many important factors, steps, issues, knowledge, just to name a few that go into an audit but this paper will focus on the issue of independence. One of the principles listed in the AICPA Professional Code of Conduct states that an auditor in public practice must be independent in appearance...
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...The Brazilian Independence Movement The Brazilian path to independence occurred in a relatively peaceful manner compared to the independence movements of other Latin American countries during the same time period. New enlightenment principles had been sweeping across Latin America throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this and a growing sense of nationalism incited many countries to move towards independence. With the arrival of the Portuguese monarchy in Brazil, came these new ideas and more foreign influences. The fascination of the Brazilian elite with the French independence also incited ideas of autonomy in Brazil. After the Portuguese monarchy departed, As one of these countries, Brazil managed to gain independence from its mother country , Portugal, in 1822 with the help of its new emperor Dom Pedro I. With Napoleonic wars raging throughout Europe the emperor of Portugal, Dom Joao, attempted to stay neutral. However, the neutrality of Portugal proved hard to maintain when Napoleon established the "continental blockade" in 1806 (Martin 183). In 1807, Napoleon declared the Braganza dynasty's surrender of the throne and the division of Portugal between France and Spain (183). The news forced Dom Joao to make a decision, he and his entire court fled to Brazil with the help of British fleets in order to escape Napoleon's army. The royal family arrived in 1808 and established their rule in Rio de Janeiro at the heart of Brazil. Upon arrival, Dom Joao found a...
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...You have been asked to sign the Declaration of Independence. Explain in some detail your decision as if you were a colonial of that era. At first, this seems like an easy question, with the immediate thought being ‘of course I would sign the Declaration of Independence’ but when it is considered in the context of the times, there are quite a few things that must be considered before putting my John Hancock next to John Hancock. In the years leading up to 1776, the British Parliament did very little to endear itself to the colonists. Various measures, such as the Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Navigation Act, and Sugar Act, continually antagonized the colonists and reinforced Parliament’s assertion that they were entitled to derive revenue from their rightful property. The feeling of being oppressed by the British government led to a growing feeling of solidarity amongst the colonists, and eventually inspired the idea that they could not only achieve independence and govern themselves, but in the process create an entirely new kind of government based on the tenet that all men are created equal and entitled to the same rights. Despite the excitement and appeal of independence, it would have been a difficult decision for me, as it was for many at the time, so turn my back on the country of our origin, and commit was essentially would be an act of treason. There was no guarantee this experiment would work, and it surely was no certainty the colonies could stand up militarily...
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...about the Declaration of Independence. Now Im sure you all know what it is but after doing research on this topic I’m happy to share information with you all that you probably haven’t heard before. What I want you all to take away from this presentation is what the document stands for, and what sacrifices were made by the people who put a signature on that document to give us a better life today, for they risked not only their lives but their families lives as well…. Problems between America and Great Britain had been in the making for some time prior to 1776, when our declaration was declared. King George III had been accustomed to taking advantage of the colonies, and people were beginning to get extremely dissatisfied and upset. Incidents such as the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea party were some of the actions taken by Americans to show their unhappiness with the English Parliament, and were in a state of rebellion. So we are now in 1776. A group of politicians come together to plot what turns out to be a revolution. A man by the name of Thomas Jefferson was appointed to write why a break from King George was necessary. In just under three weeks the first draft was written, then revised by Mr. Hundred Dollar Bill, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman and Robert Livingston. This document is probably the most important document in American history, because it defines and commemorates the birth of the United States and the Independence of our nation. Now...
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...Independence and Toddlers Kari Wikstrom ECE 313 Instructor: Catherine Norwood January 10, 2013 Independence and Toddlers As we all know, a toddler usually is on a constant quest for independence. The behaviors discussed in my text—saying no, exploring, learning self-help skills—all have to do with power and control. Toddlers need to experience power over their surroundings. Using the first scene with “Olivia” under Provide Control from my text, I will try my best to explain how I, as an educator, can and will facilitate the empowerment that Olivia desires. Developmentally appropriate environment for Olivia would be to provide her environment with some freedom for exploration with some, but not a lot of prohibitions. It would be smart to think of the difference when a toddler enters a room made special for them (child proof, games, etc.), verses, hanging out with grandma a dining room, trying to restrain her hands off all the fragile and precious knick knack glass placed all around on a wooden display. Don’t get me wrong, as we all need to know, a toddler definitely needs to learn that there are some things they can’t touch, but if parents understand the toddlers’ need to explore and manipulate objects, they can minimize the lessons to a fewer times when it’s important and spend the rest of the time teaching them that there are many things in the world that they can touch. If a toddlers spend their time in an environment that is appropriate...
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...Running head: AUDITOR INDEPENDENCE Auditor Independence Linda Bell Strayer University Auditing ACC403 Ronal P. Lentz, CPA, PhD March 26, 2010 Auditor Independence After the Enron scandal in late 2001, the government decided that there was a need for more regulations for the accounting profession. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was enacted to ensure more controls on accountants and public companies. One of the issues addressed in the act was the independence of auditors. In 2003 the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) strengthened their regulations regarding auditor’s independence and requires additional disclosures to investors of public companies about the services provided by the independent accounting firms that are hired to audit the companies. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) Code of Professional Conduct has required accountants who perform attest services to be independent of their clients. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act lists the services that auditors can no longer provide to audit clients in Title II. The reasoning for this is that maintaining auditor independence is essential to the audit process. It is necessary for retaining the confidence in the stock market so that the public continues to invest the market. The provision that will have the greatest effect on the accounting profession will be the inability to sell additional services to their current clients and also future clients. (Kleckner & Jackson,...
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