...Positive discrimination programme emerged in India, starting in the early decades of the 20th century, and was subsequently given a constitutional basis in 1950. There are at least three aspects of the Indian experience of ‘positive discrimination’ that are distinctive and significant. Firstly, positive discrimination (PD) in India predates affirmative action in the United States by several decades: claims for ‘reservations’ or quotas in education and employment were first made in the late 19th century, and the earliest quotas date back to the 1920s in Mysore and also in the Madras and Bombay Presidencies. Secondly, there is an important difference between the American policy of preferential treatment and the Indian policy which relies primarily on reservations through quotas. Thirdly, Indian policies of PD are primarily located in the educational, political and administrative domains, and have not yet been legislated for the corporate sector (as in Malaysia) or for civil society organisations. PD in India is directed at members of the Scheduled Castes (SCs), the Scheduled Tribes (STs), and more recently members of the ‘other backward classes’ (OBCs), with the possibility of including Muslims also being mooted. The underlying assumption in respect of religious minorities was that the democratic principle of equality is...
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...In recent years there have been many legal changes made in India that have affected how firms run their business. The introduction of discrimination, and disability discrimination, an increase in the minimum wage and greater requirements for companies to recycle are a few examples of relatively recent laws that have been introduced and had a huge effect on an organisations actions. In recent years there have been many legal changes made in India that have affected how firms run their business. The introduction of discrimination, and disability discrimination, an increase in the minimum wage and greater requirements for companies to recycle are a few examples of relatively recent laws that have been introduced and had a huge effect on an organisations actions. Industrialisation and Urbanisation have resulted in a profound deterioration of India’s air quality with the highest number of air pollution deaths coming from India. Water pollution is also another major concern in India with most of their waters being contaminated with sewage and chemical wastes. Limited water treatment facilities means that people bath in and drink this water which carries extremely high health risks. Industrialisation and Urbanisation have resulted in a profound deterioration of India’s air quality with the highest number of air pollution deaths coming from India. Water pollution is also another major concern in India with most of their waters being contaminated with sewage and chemical wastes....
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...OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY More than six decades have passed since India has adopted the democratic form of government. The reason for the adoption was the familiarity of the Indian people with the democracy. The working of Indian democracy is stick to the words of Abraham Lincon about democracy i.e. the government is by the people, of the people and for the people. Elections are the essence of every democratic country. On the basis of number of voters, India is known as the largest democracy of the world. In India elections are held from time to time so that the voters may choose and change their representatives. Voters vote in a free and frank manner so as to register their will in the battle of ballot box. All the citizens irrespective of their caste, colour, creed, language and sex are given right to vote. Our country ensures universal adult franchise to all the citizens. Elections in India are not merely symbolic but they are competitive, periodic, inclusive and definite elections. Indian democracy ensures maximum freedom to press. As public opinion plays very significant role in a democratic society, freedom of press is necessary for the formation of public opinion. Media serves as a connecting link between the people and their representatives in India. No discrimination is allowed on the grounds of religion, caste, colour, creed, place of birth etc. The discrimination that is allowed is the protective discrimination, which is done for the upliftment of weaker sections of the...
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...Women in India: Reproduction and Gender Discrimination Rebecca Turko University of Arkansas – Fort Smith Women in India: Reproduction and Gender Discrimination One of the things I am very passionate about is women’s health and education. In the documentary World in Balance: People Paradox, one of the main points they talked about is how women are not educated. Women specifically in North India don’t go to school because as young girls they had the responsibility of taking care of their siblings, cleaning the household, and cooking meals. They grow up living their lives continuing to do those things on top of bearing multiple children. This is significant because if women don’t slow down on having children India will become so overpopulated it will be almost unlivable. In the North India women are highly illiterate and spend their lives bearing approximately 5 children each or more. This causes an increase in population and increases the level of illiteracy because their children will also most likely be illiterate too. If women don’t slow down on having children the population of India could almost double. This proves a problem because according to the film and when it took place there were 177 million people at that time living in a place close to the size of the state of Colorado. Every three years the population increases by 10 million people. It has become apparent that there are 35 million fewer women than men in all of India because women were forced to abort...
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...A comparative study of political, economic and social-cultures issues of the Russia and India Prepared for: Dr. Joe Zhou Peng Submitted: 11 May 2015 Prepared by: Zahara CitraArifin 006 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 1 Task 1 1.1 Economy of Russia and India 2 Terrorist aspects of globalization 2 1.2 Political System of Russia and India 3 Discrimination against Woman 4 Corruption 4 1.3 Socio-Cultural of Russia and India 5 Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension of Russia and India 5 Written and Unwritten Laws 6 Task 2 2.1 Culture Shock 7 2.2 Cross Cultural Training ...
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...GKE Task 2 GKE Task 2 Mahatma Gandhi was a very important spiritual and political influence of his time. Mahatma Gandhi believed in nonviolent peace regarding religion and politics. He was also considered an antiwar activist. Mahatma Gandhi studied law and became a leader and advocate for rights of Indians. Gandhi went to Africa in 1893 and spent 20 years there acting as an antagonist against unfair and unjust legislation against Indians. Gandhi launched Satyagraha, which is the opposition through widespread nonviolent civil disobedience. Satyagraha is still used worldwide today. In 1914 Gandhi traveled back to India. Mahatma Gandhi had a goal for laborers and farmers to oppose unfair discrimination and taxes against them. He believed in self-rule in India, which would end discrimination, poverty, while also liberating women. To gain independence, he developed a policy that believed in noncooperation and nonviolent actions. He was a leader of the Indian National Congress and endorsed the Home Rule Movement. Due to his actions, he was eventually was put in jail. In 1930 he led a symbolic march where they collected salt to make a point against the government. In 1931 he attended the London Round Table conference. There they discussed Indian constitutional reform. He tried to reach an agreement with the Cabinet Mission in 1946 where he advocated for a new constitutional formation or structure. In Bengal in 1947, he tried to end the Hindu Muslim conflict. This ended up with...
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...Prejudice and Discrimination Article Going on my 6-month expedition to India, I have explored, listen, saw and felt many emotions I cannot begin to explain. I started keeping a journal of everything I know was worth writing about. I met people who told me stories I couldn’t bear to listen because of how terrible it sound. The main point about writing my journal was based on discrimination and prejudice towards the people in India especially woman. It is very disappointing to know that there is still gender discrimination going on in India. We all live in a world where we feel according to Macionis (2011) that on a single level person either play up or play down their ethnicity, depending on whether they want to fit in or stand apart from the atmospheres society. That statement let alone tells me that people can have insecurities within themself or the fact that they are not open to who they are maybe depending on how they were raised or how not social they can be. Going to India and knowing that you are not there ethnicity, of course you will be looked stared at and knowing that discrimination happens to women still to this day makes me feel like I am being discriminated. India is a very large country; there were many different racial groups, discrimination towards woman, men, children and ethnicities that exist within India. Even though India is a very big country, it rapidly grows fast with people living there in every race. Known as the rigid caste system Dalits are known...
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...Introduction:- In India, it is no doubt that a woman is seen as pristine, pious and worshipped on one hand but on the other hand she faces discrimination against her gender identity and victimized by the societal norms created in male dominant society. She never got the legitimate place and never enjoyed a respected position in the society even after all the civilization and societal revolutions. Male superiority is still a legitimate concern for any society and adverse conditions for women are still widely prevalent. The emancipation of women and the accomplishment of full balance between genders should dependably be the essential goal of society. Such denial cannot be justified on any grounds – political, moral or legal and not even biological. If we look through the ancient Hindu Society, a woman did not enjoy any reasonable social status and looked upon as a dependent with hardly any property rights. Under the old Mitakshara Law, the son attains an interest and right in the family property on birth. According to this school, a son, grandson, and a great grandson constitute a class of coparceners, based on births in family. No female is a member of the coparcenary in Mitakshara Law. The constitution of India guarantees equality of opportunity and equal status to both men and women citizen. Since article 14 of the Constitution enshrines “equality before law” and article 15 prohibits any form of discrimination. Perhaps this Constitutional mandate compelled the govt. of India to amend...
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...Status of children in India India has the largest number of children in the world. More than one-third of the country's population is below 18 years. Millions of children in India grow up uncared for, condemned to miserable conditions. They live in abject poverty without any sort of medical treatment, education or food. The status of children in India is very alarming. India has made some significant commitments towards ensuring the basic rights of children. There has been progress in overall indicators: infant mortality rates are down, child survival is up, literacy rates have improved and school dropout rates have fallen. But the issue of child rights in India is still caught between legal and policy commitments to children on the one hand, and the fallout of the process of globalisation on the other. Over the last decade, countries across the world have been changing their existing economic models in favour of one driven by the free market, incorporating processes of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation. The direct impact of free trade on children may not leap to the eye, but we do know that globalised India is witnessing worsening levels of basic health, nutrition and shelter. Children are suffering as a result of social sector cutbacks/policies and programmes and development initiatives that deprive communities and families of access to and control over land, forest and water resources they have traditionally depended on. The negative fallout is visible: children...
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...2. Women Empowerment in Modern India Dr. Shruti Singh For centuries women were not treated equal to men in many ways. They were not allowed to own property, they did not have a Share in the property of their parents, they had no voting rights, and they had no freedom to choose their work or job and so on. Gender inequality has been part and parcel of an accepted male-dominated Indian society throughout history. Women were expected to be bound to the house, while men went out and worked. This division of labor was one of the major reasons why certain evils like 'Sati Pratha', ‘PardahSystem', 'Child Marriage', 'Dowry System', etc. took birth in our society. The traditional Indian mentality assumes that the place of women is mainly concentrated to the household activities like kitchen work and upbringing of the children. There is systematic discrimination against women economically, socially, politically and culturally more so, in India. These discriminations & disabilities are practiced at all levels day in & day out. Women Empowerment is the ability of women to exercise full control over their actions. This means control over material assets, intellectual resources and even over their ideologies. It involves, at the psychological level, women's ability to assert them which has, so far, been constricted by the 'gender roles' assigned to them especially in a culture like India which resists changes. This essay throws light upon the different challenges that are faced by Indian...
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...19.1 Introduction India is one of the developing nations of the modern world. It has become an independent country, a republic, more than a half century ago. During this period the country has been engaged in efforts to attain development and growth in various areas such as building infrastructure, production of food grains, science and technology and spread of education. The life expectancy has increased and many diseases have been controlled. However, there are many areas in which Indian society is experiencing a variety of problems. Some of these problems have their roots in our colonial past while others are related to demographic changes, socio-political conditions and cultural processes. This lesson tries to acquaint you with some of the problems and the psychological factors involved in them. You will learn about some of the possible ways in which psychological interventions can help in dealing with the problems. 19.2 Objectives After reading this lesson you will be able to: explain social problems such as poverty, gender discrimination and social tension; state the causes of these problems; suggest some interventions for dealing with these problems. 19.3 Poverty A large section of the Indian society is suffering from poverty. Poverty is a phenomenon Social Problem :: 201 which is objective as well a subjective. Objectively poverty implies a dehumanizing condition in which people are unable to look after the basic needs. Subjectively poverty stands for perceived...
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...Social isolation in community-dwelling seniors Abstract In early August 2007, the Medical Advisory Secretariat began work on the Aging in the Community project, an evidence-based review of the literature surrounding healthy aging in the community. The Health System Strategy Division at the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care subsequently asked the secretariat to provide an evidentiary platform for the ministry's newly released Aging at Home Strategy.After a broad literature review and consultation with experts, the secretariat identified 4 key areas that strongly predict an elderly person's transition from independent community living to a long-term care home. Evidence-based analyses have been prepared for each of these 4 areas: falls and fall-related injuries, urinary incontinence, dementia, and social isolation. For the first area, falls and fall-related injuries, an economic model is described in a separate report.Please visit the Medical Advisory Secretariat Web site, http://www.health.gov.on.ca/english/providers/program/mas/mas_about.html, to review these titles within the Aging in the Community series.AGING IN THE COMMUNITY: Summary of Evidence-Based AnalysesPrevention of Falls and Fall-Related Injuries in Community-Dwelling Seniors: An Evidence-Based AnalysisBehavioural Interventions for Urinary Incontinence in Community-Dwelling Seniors: An Evidence-Based AnalysisCaregiver- and Patient-Directed Interventions for Dementia: An Evidence-Based AnalysisSocial Isolation...
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...In words of James” Youth is the joy, the little bird that has broken out of the eggs and is eagerly waiting to spread out its wings in the open sky of freedom and hope.” Power of Youth Youth is the spring of Life. It is the age of discovery and dreams. India is of largest youth population in the world today. The entire world is eyeing India as a source of technical manpower. They are looking at our youth as a source of talents at low costs for their future super profits. If Indian youth make up their mind and work in close unity with working class people, they can hold the political power in their hands. Indian youth has the power to make our country from developing nation to a developed nation. Is it a dream? No, their dreams take them to stars and galaxies to the far corners of the unknown and some of them like our own Kalpana Chawla pursue their dream, till they realize it and die for it in process. hopes of youth The youth hopes for a world free of poverty, unemployment, inequality and exploitation of man by man. A world free of discrimination on the grounds of race, colour, language and gender. A world full of creative challenges and opportunities to conquer them. But let us convert these hopes in reality. Role of Youth: The role of youth is of most importance in today’s time. It has underplayed itself in field of politics. It should become aspiring entrepreneur rather than mere workers. It can play a vital role in elimination of terrorism. Young participation...
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...“Affirmative actions are the policies considering the discrimination based on religion, race, inhabitants, language or color, focusing from education, employment, and health services to various social issues.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action India is a country with a population over 1.18 billion having more than 8 different religions and more than 29 well defined regional languages and different dialects associated with each language that are spoken in 27 different states and 7 union territories. Discrimination on the bases of caste. India has an ancient history for the caste system, which has undergone many transformations over the years. About 2600 years ago India had 5 major races which constituted the ancient Indian society; they were Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, kshudras and ati kshudras. The Brahmins were the Intellectual people who took the education, the Kshatriyas were the warriors and the rulers, the vaishyas were the business class. These three classes formed the upper strata of the society whereas the kshudras and the ati kshudras did the menial job and formed the lower class. When India got freedom in 1947 a large portion of the population was Dalit; a term used for socially and economically backward classes. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, who wrote the constitution of India, made amendments to justify the injustice done to them for centuries by giving them a lead in the society. “The central government reserves 27 percent of all government jobs and...
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...on affirmative action in India is long and not always geared to the desired aim: creation of equality of opportunity. Just like Indian secularism, reservation system in India has always a different political aim to make the system more unequal than what it is. Indian secularism, rather than making the state independent of religion, is intended to provide special privileges to certain religious groups. Similarly Indian affirmative system is politically designed to provide restricted rights not equal rights to some chosen people. The affirmative action in India has started perhaps by Vice-Roy Curzon in 1905 by banning the employment of Hindu Bengalis in the government services; the official argument was that they were too advanced and taking away job opportunity from others particularly the Muslims. Later it was extended in the military services by giving preferential treatments for Muslims and Sikhs branding them as martial races. Reservations in government jobs were introduced in 1918 in Mysore in favor of a number of castes and communities that had little share in the administration. In 1909 and in 1919 similar reservation system was introduced for the Muslims in British India. In 1935, for pure political reason the British government has provided job reservation for the backward castes. The real idea was to divide the population of India into several warring groups along religious, ethnic and caste lines by giving special rights so that future India would be divided and weak...
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