The Indian Experience Wk. 4
By the early 19th century, Britain dominated India and the surrounding waters. India became the crown of the British Empire.
The First Half of the Nineteenth Century, It took generations for the British East India Company to slowly conquer India, a project that had not been planned from the start. Slowly, states were brought under British 'protection', then direct rule. Many princely states survived, self-governed but subject to higher British authority. British India was a patchwork of provinces, small tributary states, and large tributaries. The British East India Company squeezed its provinces and tributaries to pay for its expensive wars. Peasants deserted the land in response; by the 1830s, demand for Indian exports of Indigo, cotton, and opium was slumping and land revenues falling. Logging lead to deforestation. In addition, the Indians constantly but unsuccessfully revolted. This culminated in the Sepoy Mutiny / Indian Uprising of 1857. The British East India Company made heavy use of troops recruited in India, the Sepoys, including Muslims and Hindus. These men typically came from the warrior caste. Rumors spread that animal grease was used on the newly issued rifles exposing them to ritual pollution. This was unacceptable to the troops due to religious restrictions. Delhi was the center of the revolt, along with some other cities. However, the British retained control of Bengal and Punjab and now recruited forces of Sikhs, Gurkhas, and low-caste people and drowned the rebels in manpower. By the fall, it was crushed, but now the British East India Company was dissolved and in 1858, Britain assumed rule over India, a period known as the raj.
The biggest impact of the British on India was economic, integrating it into the global market and turning it into a producer of raw materials on a large scale. The East India Company had little interest in cultural imperialism; indeed, it tended to appreciate Indian culture so long as it was not in the way of economic profit. Still, it had its officers learn native languages and did not spread Christianity. There was, however, a permanent, sometimes paternalistic barrier between Indians and the British; even when many upper-class Indians adapted aspects of British culture and education and came to hold high bureaucratic positions, the British remained on top. The British saw themselves as governing an inferior 'race' that could not govern itself. Over time, some upper class Indians integrated aspects of British culture—clothing, ideals of British liberalism, education, manners, etc. The most famous of these was Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833), a Bengali Hindu who rose to the top of the native ranks of the East Indian Company and called for reforms in line with the supposed ideals of Britain. Roy wanted to meld the best of European, Christian and Hindu morality and piety together. The Indian nationalist movement had penetrated down to the peasant level of society.
The Revolt of 1857 led to a stronger and larger British army, which was financed by Indian revenues, not British. As the population grew, the strain on the poor grew ever greater. Craft industries collapsed in the face of British manufactures, but the land could not absorb the labor. The 1857 revolt also led to distrust of Indians in the colonial administration. Despite the opening of civil service positions to Indian, racism and distrust held Indians down. The Marquis of Ripon (1880-4), during his tenure as governor, did his best to appoint Indian judges and fight discrimination. Indians began finding ways to resist British rule. In 1885, Indian modernists founded the Indian National Congress to reform traditional Hindu and Muslim practices. The Muslim League developed in counterbalance to the Hindu. Divisions between regions, between the modernizers and the average peasant or worker, and mistrust among religions hampered cooperation.
In the 20th century, Muslim fears of persecution in an independent India moved the Muslims to work towards a separate Muslim state. Muhammad Iqbal (1873-1938) was a Muslim poet from Pakistan but was British India and Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1949), founder of Pakistan, together they helped move Muslims to separatism.
By the 18th century, the great Muslim empires were in decline military, economically, politically and drew less trade. Muslim reformers had to try to understand and find ways to counteract the roots of European power. A variety of 18th-19th century reform movements tried to modernize the Middle East. Some emphasized adaptation to European practices, such as Tanzimat in the Ottoman Empire. Others, like the Wahabis, called for rejection of the West. Only the Qu'ran and the Hadith (traditions of the Prophet) would serve as religious authority. Allied to an Arabian prince, Sa'ud, they united what is now the nation of Saudi Arabia. Napoleon's 1798 invasion of Egypt illustrated the growing weakness of the Ottomans and other Moslem states. It showed the political disunity of Islam and the military superiority of the Europeans. The British began following policies to keep Russia away from various approach points to India.
Muhammad Ali, pasha of Egypt from 1805 to 1849, was an example of Emulation. Muhammad Ali modernized the army, introduced mechanized industry, rejuvenated agriculture and introduced Western style education. Selim III (1762-1808), Mahmud II (1808-1830), and the Tanizmat period (1839-1880) in the Ottoman Empire were involved in efforts to appropriate Western ideas to strengthen the empire. The army was modernized, the Jannisaries were purged, taxes were reformed, and western educational ideas were introduced. The goal was a modernized centralized government, not liberalization. These reforms failed to save the empire, but they did lead to a Turkish nationalism that would bring reforms after the fall of the Empire in World War I.
Female protestors often played a role in strengthening men's demands or stiffening the backs of men in resisting foreign powers, but also in demanding new reforms, such as the Egyptian women who discarded their veils in the aftermath of the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919 or the Iranian women who protested to support their husbands and brothers in resisting the removal of a reforming administrator in 1911. Journals emerged in this period, which pushed for the involvement of Muslim women in politics. Western actions helped to form religious nationalist movements in Islamic lands. The division of Islamic lands into new units by Western colonizers posed serious problems of group identity. Forging nations inside these state borders has not always been very effective and often bloody.

I feel that this leadership style would be Transactional for the reason that in the beginning the British Annex territories and some remained independent. And as long as they stayed aligned with the British things were ok.