...Aken Hist223 – Pontiac’s War American Indian History Tracy Derks December 26, 2013 The story of Pontiac’s War is one of great tragedy and of great change in the geographic area of the Ohio Valley, Great Lakes Region and present day Illinois. We will look at this topic from the point of few of the American Indian who inhabits the vast area of the frontier, and the British Policies that were conducted that helped ignite hostilities. Another item for consideration is did these policies and the way the British Army conducted the war possibly set into motion more conflicts that led to the American Revolution. In 1759 white men were discovered in what is now present day Michigan by a band of Ottawa, Huron and Potawatomi. As would be the norm to strangers in a land that did not belong to them the question was asked by the leader of the Ottawa’s Pontiac why they were there. After the trading of gifts the British Rangers explained that they were there only to remove the French. The French and Indian War and been raging across the globe for 5 years. The Ottawa had allied themselves with the French but explained to the British Rangers that upon French removal they would accept the policies of the British Crown, on the condition that if the Indians felt ignored by the British King then all routes into the lush interior of the Ohio Valley would be closed off to them. The treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War which officially ended in 1760. The...
Words: 1174 - Pages: 5
...Michael Mann | Produced by | Michael Mann Hunt Lowry James G. Robinson | Written by | Michael Mann Christopher Crowe | Starring | Daniel Day-Lewis Madeleine Stowe Jodhi May | Music by | Trevor Jones Randy Edelman | Cinematography | Dante Spinotti | Editing by | Dov Hoenig Arthur Schmidt | Studio | Morgan Creek Productions | Distributed by | 20th Century Fox (USA & Canada) Warner Bros. (International) | Release date(s) | * September 25, 1992 | Running time | 117 minutes | Country | United States | Language | English French Mohawk Huron | Budget | $40 million | Box office | $75,505,856 (United States)[1] | The Last of the Mohicans is a 1992 historical epic film set in 1757 during the French and Indian War and produced by Morgan Creek Pictures. It was directed by Michael Mann and based on James Fenimore Cooper's novel of the same name and George B. Seitz's 1936 film adaptation, owing more to the latter than the novel. The film stars Daniel Day-Lewis, Madeleine Stowe, and Jodhi May, with Russell Means, Wes Studi, Eric Schweig, and Steven Waddington in supporting roles. The soundtrack features music by Trevor Jones and Randy Edelman, and the song "I Will Find You" by Clannad. The main theme of the film is taken from the tune "The Gael" by Scottishsinger-songwriter Dougie MacLean. Released on September 25, 1992, in the United States, The Last of the Mohicans was met with nearly-universal praise from critics as well as being commercially successful...
Words: 4390 - Pages: 18
...The French and Indian war negatively impacted the political, economic and ideological relations between Britain and the American colonies. The French and Indian war was a result of the ongoing land disputes between the French and British in North America in 1754-1763. Both nations wanted expansion of their country’s claimed territory, causing frontier tensions to grow larger. The war lasted seven years, and a series of effects subsequently followed. The French and Indian War resulted in long term and short term effects politically, economically and ideologically, and ultimately had a negative impact on the relations between Britain and its American colonies. Prior to the French and Indian War, the colonies were benefitting from Salutary neglect, an idea that England should leave the colonies alone to prosper. This was favorable to the colonies as they were able to benefit from trade and other resources which gave them a stepping stone towards independence. Even though the British gained a majority of France’s land (Doc A), the British had to keep their eyes set on the colonies because of their rebellion. They began to enforce strict laws and restrictions that even...
Words: 722 - Pages: 3
...The French and Indian War. This is also known as the seven years of war which involved fighting for north America by both the French and the British colonialists. The British tried to take over the Northern Frontier but were met with great opposition from both the French and the native Americans who inhabited the area. The war lasted from 1756-1763 hence its name. It included open battles, seizing of cities and even fighting in the rain forests. The effects of the war spread throughout the world affecting Europe, India and the Caribbean. Both countries were adversely affected by the war but eventually Britain managed to gain control over these areas. The lands that were being fought for were rich sources of raw materials such as copper, (gaspee affair). This paper seeks to the chronologically explain the event that took place during the war. It will also look at the events that led to the war. In the early 1700s, the French the Ohio valley was mainly inhabited by the French. The upper part of the valley which included the great lakes and the mississippi river was appealing to both the British and the French due to the existence of an opportunity to carry out fur trade with the Indians. The British sought to expand their territories while the French wanted to have unlimited access of the area. In 1753 George Washington who was only 21years by then is sent by the British government to the French to deliver a message asking the French to withdraw from the Ohio valley.The officer...
Words: 277 - Pages: 2
...Seven Years’ War was also called the French and Indian War. It was a war fought by the French and the English over who would control the North American continent and India. At the beginning of the war the French had the best advantage because they had most of the Native Americans as their allies and they a chain of forts strategically located throughout the frontier. All the English had going for them was that they had a bigger population of people than the French had. The English knew that they had to solve two big problems if they were to win the war against the French. The first of these problems was that they had to regain the trust of the Iroquois Indians. The other problem was with the colonies themselves and the way they supported the English. To help with these problems, English leaders put together a colonial conference in Albany, New York in June 1754. Among all the people at the conference there was a man there by the name of William Johnson. He was married to a Mohawk woman and with her help they were able to communicate with the Iroquois and tried to gain their support. The Iroquois didn’t help the English until later on in the war when they knew the English were going to be the victors. To help with colonial support, a group of people got together and put together a proposal known as the Albany Plan of Union. The plan called for a council to represent all of the colonies and one person to preside over it who is appointed by the king. The war would rage...
Words: 1093 - Pages: 5
...After the French and Indian War of 1754 to 1763, Great Britain was the premier colonial power in North America. The Treaty of Paris (1763) more than doubled British territories in North America and eliminated the French as a threat. While British power seemed more secure than ever, signs of trouble began to brew in the colonies. The colonists began feeling the confidence that sweet victory brings. They increasingly saw themselves as a separate entity, one that could defend itself against any opposing threat. However, this era of independence ended suddenly when King George III and Parliament began affirming their need for the colonies in order to remain a world power and to generate revenue through taxes and trade. The British government began to increase control over the colonies and levied taxes, which in turn led to infuriated colonists and the inevitable rebellion known as the American Revolution. Following the French and Indian War, the colonists felt a wonderful rush of independence upon them. Americans had even developed their own economic system within British mercantilism. They became economically and politically independent with their own government structures as well. Once somebody tastes a little bit of freedom, they will undoubtedly want more. Once their independence emerged, the colonists believed that they could thrive on their own. However, Great Britain began imposing heavy taxes because the war had left the country with a huge debt that had to be paid. Parliament...
Words: 412 - Pages: 2
...Lord Dunmore War. Ft. Pitt, located at the forks of the Ohio, controlled access to the Ohio territory. Both France and England considered control of the site key to maintaining control of the territory. During both the French and Indian Wars and Pontiac's Rebellion the Fort located at the forks of the Ohio was a focus of concern. By the end of Pontiac's rebellion and the promulgation of the proclamation of 1763, England committed troops to the protection of the Western frontier. This included the maintenance of Ft. Pitt. By 1772, however, England chose to reduce its presence on the frontier. This decision was motivated by financial considerations. The increasing unrest on the Eastern seaboard and the refusal of the colonies to assist with financial support of English troops was also a consideration. Consequently, the British abandoned Ft. Pitt in 1772 and it fell into disrepair. The control of the Fort, as well as control of trade, exploration and settlement of the territory west of the Appalachians and south of the Ohio River became the responsibility of the individual colonies....
Words: 532 - Pages: 3
...The Last Mohicans is a gripping historical fiction movie that takes place during the French and Indian War. The movie shows the British and French battling over which world superpower will dominate North America. Throughout the film, it becomes evident that the relationship between the British and the colonials is not a good one. The movie illustrates a pretext to the Revolutionary War by showing the rising tension between the british and the colonials. In one scene, a british soldier on horseback came to a frontier in New York to recruit the men to fight. He expected the men to leave their families behind and travel to Fort William Henry and defend it from the French. The settlers were sarcastic and rude to the British generals instead of...
Words: 441 - Pages: 2
...The Last of the Mohicans: Summary and Historical Themes Section 1: Summary of The Last of the Mohicans It was the third year of the French and Indian War. The French army was attacking Fort William Henry. Duncan Heyward had to escort Munro’s daughters Alice and Cora from Fort Edward through the dangerous forest to visit their father, Colonel Munro the commander of the Fort. Indian runner named Magua was their guided. Soon they were joined by David Gamut, a singing master and religious follower. In their traveling the group encountered the white scout, by the name Hawkeye, and his two Indian companions, Chingachgook and Uncas, Uncas, the only surviving members of the great Mohican tribe. Hawkeye says that Magua, the Huron, has betrayed the group by leading them in the wrong path. In an attempt to capture the Huron traitor, he escaped. Hawkeye and the Mohicans lead the group safely in a cave, but Huron allies of Magua attacked the next morning. Hawkeye and the Mohicans escaped down the river, but Huron capture Alice, Cora, Heyward, and Gamut. The Huron said that he seeks revenge on Munro for past embarrassment and intended to free Alice if Cora will marry him. Suddenly Hawkeye and the Mohicans surge onto the scene, rescuing the captives and killing every Huron but Magua, who escaped. The group reached Fort William Henry, the English stronghold by sneaking through the French army besieged the Fort, and, once inside, Cora and Alice rejoined with their father. A few days...
Words: 1281 - Pages: 6
...Chapter 6 The Seven Years War "The Great War for Empire" A. The First Clash (1754) 1. Washington and his Army were ordered by Dinwiddie to seek out the French fort a. He was given an Architect to build the fort (He was French) b. Governor Dinwiddie wanted to name the fort "Fort Dinwiddie" 2. " Battle of Great Meadows" a. Washington started building the fort b. The Architect goes to the French and gives them the blueprints to the fort. c. French ambush them while building but the fort was just a pile of scraps d. Start building the fort Hastily (Fort Necessity) 3. Held at ransom a. Washington and his men were held at ransom b. told to go home (sally Fairfax is pregnant) i. he was held a hero once he goes home to virginia ii. Washington has done nothing though B. The Albany Conference / The Albany Convention 1. Convened by the officials of the British board of Trade 2. Held at Albany New York in 1754 3. This was considered the first attempt at cooperation among leaders a. Representatives from New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland i. Ben Franklyn Was the representative of Pennsylvania 4. The British wanted the Colonists and Indians on their side a. 150 chiefs of the Iroquois Tribes i. Iroquois had grown impatient because of the colonial land grabing ii. "Brother, you are not to expect to hear of me anymore" (Chief Hendrick) b. British could not afford to lose both of them i. although...
Words: 1081 - Pages: 5
...America, there was no greater sense of Otherness than between Europeans and Native Americans. Both Indians and Africans represented the "other" to white colonists, but the Indians held one card denied to the enslaved Africans— autonomy. As sovereign entities, the Indian nations and the European colonies (and countries) often dealt as peers. In trade, war, land deals, and treaty negotiations, Indians held power and used it. As late as 1755, an English trader asserted that "the prosperity of our Colonies on the Continent will stand 1 or fall with our Interest and favour among them." Here we canvas the many descriptions of Indians by white colonists and Europeans, and sample the sparse but telling record of the Native American perspective on Europeans and their culture in pre-revolutionary eighteenth-century British America. All come to us, of course, through the white man's eye, ear, and pen. Were it not for white missionaries, explorers, and frontier negotiators (the go-betweens known as "wood's men"), we would have a much sparser record of the Indian response to colonists and their "civilizing" campaigns. . * Royal Library of Denmark “The natives, the so-called savages” Francis Daniel Pastorius, Pennsylvania, 1700 Pastorius was the founder of German Town, the first German settlement in Pennsylvania. 2 Philip Georg Friedrich von Reck “The supreme commander of the Yuchi Indian nation, whose name is Kipahalgwa” Georgia, 1736 The natives, the so-called savages . . . they...
Words: 8443 - Pages: 34
...an ally of the French and when French forces were defeated by the British, he plotted, planned and fought to keep the English from overrunning Indian country. Brant the Mohawk chief sided with the King over Congress in the War of Independence and was finally forced to lead his defeated people to Canada to find homes on Canada's soil. Tecumseh the Shawnee chief threw his fortunes and forces with the British in the War of 1812 and gave his life in their service to save for his people land they were rapidly loosing. While all three great chiefs were valuable allies of the European powers their ultimate aim was the vain struggle to save for their people a place in the sun. "Pontiac is forever famous in the annals of North America" someone wrote as early as 1765 and history has maintained his a name of note despite his failure to acccomplish the results he fought to achieve. All who knew him saw a commanding, respected, highly intelligent leader. To the author of The Journal of Pontiac's Conspiracy Pontiac appeared "proud, vindictive, warlike and very easily offended." According to a British officer who met him on one occasion, "He is in a manner ador'd by all Nations hereabout and he is more remarkable for his integrity and humanity than either Frenchman or Indian in the Colony." Little is known of the first thirty years of this war chief of the Ottawa Confederacy. Neither the exact place of his birth is known nor is the tribal affilitation of his parents. One of his widows...
Words: 2878 - Pages: 12
...GEORGE WASHINGTON “THE FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY” BORN: February 22, 1732 in Westmorland, Virginia, British America DIED: December 17, 1799 in Mount Vernon, Virginia, United States SPOUSE: Martha Dandridge Custis Washington RELIGION: Anglican/Episcopal GEOGRE WASHINGTON “THE FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY” Introduction: George Washington was born on February 22 “February 11, Old Style,” 1732 in Westmoreland county, Virginia and died on December 14, 1799, in Mount Vernon, Virginia. Washington was an American General and Commander in Chief of the Colonial Armies in the American Revolution War “1775–1783” and subsequently became the first president of the United States within the years “1789–1797.” Augustine Washington, Washington’s father, attended school in England, tasted seafaring life, and then settled down to manage his growing Virginia estates. George’s mother was Mary Ball Washington, whom Augustine, a widower, had married early the previous year. Washington’s paternal lineage had some distinction; an early forebear was described as a “gentleman,” Henry VIII later gave the family lands, and its members held various offices. But family fortunes fell with the Puritan revolution in England, and John Washington, grandfather of Augustine, migrated in 1657 to Virginia. The ancestral home at Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, is maintained as a Washington memorial. Little definite information exists on any of the line until Augustine. He was an energetic, ambitious man who acquired much...
Words: 3391 - Pages: 14
...showed early signs of natural leadership and shortly after Lawrence's death, Virginia's Lieutenant Governor, Robert Dinwiddie, appointed Washington adjutant with a rank of major in the Virginia militia. On October 31, 1753, Dinwiddie sent Washington to Fort LeBoeuf, at what is now Waterford, Pennsylvania, to warn the French to remove themselves from land claimed by Britain. The French politely refused and Washington made a hasty ride back to Williamsburg, Virginia's colonial capitol. Dinwiddie sent Washington back with troops and they set up a post at Great Meadows. Washington's small force attacked a French post at Fort Duquesne killing the commander, Coulon de Jumonville, and nine others and taking the rest prisoners. The French and Indian War had begun. The French counter attacked and drove Washington and his men back to his post at Great Meadows (later named "Fort...
Words: 743 - Pages: 3
...April 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/157255. Diamond, Jared. Review of Guns, Germs, and Steel, by Brian Ferguson. American Anthropologist 101, no. 4 (December 1999): 900-1. Govan, Thomas P. “The Rich, the Well-born, and Alexander Hamilton.” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 36, no. 4 (March 1950): 675-80. Accessed 1 September 2009. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1895524. Keene, Jennifer D., Cornell, Saul, and Edward T. O’Donnell. “Growth, Slavery, and Conflict: Colonial America, 1710-1763.” In Visions of America: A History of the United States, Second Edition 1. Chapter 3. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc., 2013. Merrell, James H. Into the American Woods: Negotiators on the Pennsylvania Frontier. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc., 1999. Murrin, John M. “The French and Indian War, the American Revolution, and the Counterfactual Hypothesis: Reflections on Lawrence Henry Gipson and John Shy.” Reviews in American History 1, no. 3 (September 1973): 307-18. Newcomb, Benjamin H. “Effects of the Stamp Act on Colonial Pennsylvania Politics.” The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series 23, no. 2 (April 1966): 257-72. Rakove, Jack. “The Legacy of the Articles of Confederation.” Publius 12, no. 4 (Autumn 1982): 45-66. Accessed 14 October 2014. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3329662. Tolles, Frederick B. Meeting House and Counting House: The Quaker Merchants of Colonial Philadelphia, 1682-1763. New York: The Norton Library, an imprint of W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1963. Villiers...
Words: 290 - Pages: 2
