...firm aircraft orders and latest delivery schedules. With yield management becoming the singular strategy lever for Indian Low-Cost Carriers (LCCs), cost structures assume high importance and structural asymmetries will decide the competitive edge for the airlines. However, much of these asymmetries in cost structure are inherited from the fleet strategy adopted by various airlines, hence normally have a long-lasting impact on their balance sheets. High operating leverage proves fatal in a cyclical downturn where balance sheet strength is vital. At the comfort of hindsight, bulk orders have benefitted IndiGo with valuable incentives, which have given it the structural advantage of lower rentals, while single fleet focus and strong balance sheet have lent IndiGo asymmetrical advantages on maintenance costs, redelivery expenses and supplementary rentals. That the other airlines have missed the plot thus far is a given, but the current growth phase of domestic aviation and low crude price outlook provide opportunity for them to shore up their balance sheet. Our domestic supply-demand model shows an implied annual growth rate of only 14%. This is the implied growth rate based on the capacity addition programs of domestic airlines. Our model...
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...The Smelly Stench of Bacteria |April 8th |Me: Fingerprints on both sides. Clean. |Josh: Fingerprints. Clean. Creamish color | | |Creamish color scratch |in the finger prints. | |April 9th |Me: Bacteria have grown on both sides. |Josh: Fingerprints. Bacteria growing on | | |Scratches are turning yellowish. |dirty side. Turning round. Scratches on | | | |both sides. | |April 10th |Me: three yellow spots in dirty side. Cream|Josh: one irregular on dirty side. Yellow | | |color. Irregular bacteria and circular. |scratches. One circular spot on clean. | | |Circular on clean side, filamentous and |White color little spots on both sides. | | |yellow color. | | |April 11th |Me: Circular, yellow, 1.5inches wide on |Josh: Irregular and circular on both sides.| | |dirty side. Four yellow spots in dirty |Yellow cream color. White...
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...Technical Information Telecommunications Color Code Chart PLASTIC INSULATED COMMUNICATION CABLES 25 PAIR UNIT COLORS PAIR NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 RING COLOR TIP COLOR PAIR NUMBER RING COLOR TIP COLOR Blue White Black White Brown Black Green White Brown White Slate White Blue Red Orange Red Green Red Brown Red Slate Red Blue Black Orange Black 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Green Orange 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 30 BINDER COLORS White - Blue Black Blue Yellow Orange Yellow Green Yellow Brown Yellow Slate Yellow Blue Violet Orange Violet Green Violet Brown Violet Slate Violet UNIT BINDER COLORS FOR MIRROR IMAGE 100 PAIR SUPER-UNIT UNIT BINDER COLORS FOR FULL COLOR CODE GROUP NUMBER Slate PAIR RANGE 1 - 25 White - Orange 26 - 50 White -Green 51 - 75 White -Brown 76 - 100 White -Slate 101 - 125 Red - Blue 126 - 150 Red - Orange 151 - 175 Red - Green 176 - 200 Red - Brown 201 - 225 Red - Slate 226 - 250 Black - Blue 251 - 275 Black - Orange 276 - 300 Black - Green 301 - 325 Black - Brown 326 - 350 Black - Slate 351 - 375 Yellow - Blue 376 - 400 Yellow - Orange 401 - 425 Yellow...
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...FRAMEWORK OF THE INDIGO AIRLINES. Strategy - three key tenets for success of indigo are affordable fares, on-time performance and hassel-free travel. These may seem like big words, but I personally experienced this while flying the airline. The fare was the second-lowest on the sector I flew, and I picked the flight because of its superior on-time performance as compared to others on the same route. In fact, even in-flight, there was emphasis on these three tenets, especially on-time performance. As for hassle free travel, I found the planes to be extremely clean and soothing music was being played upon boarding and alighting from the plane. Focus on excellent customer service pays off It’s Indigo’s emphasis on ensuring a great customer experience during interactions with the airline that is doing wonders for the brand. Special attention is paid to ensuring consistency in service across the A320 fleet and the experience at the airport matches that on-board the plane. In congested Indian airports, Indigo has roving “check-in counters” where passengers with only cabin baggage can check-in with an Indigo official with a handheld device, rather than lining up at the check-in counter. Another simple, yet effective measure. Style - Being a low-cost carrier, all of IndiGo's flights have no Business class or First class sections. It offers only Economy class seating. To keep fares always affordable, IndiGo has designed a clean, comfortable and reliable airline without costly frills...
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...Tim O'Brien does a fantastic job of blurring the lines of what is true and what is fiction in The Things They Carried. In fact, he often points out that he has made entire stories up, after the fact. He defends his decisions by proposing that what he has done is, in fact, not lie, but rather tell a story-truth. He argues that his reason for doing this is to bring the story to life more than it could live through the happening-truth. 'I want you to feel what I felt. I want you to know why story-truth is truer sometimes than happening-truth' (O'Brien, 183). O'Brien believes that, when accompanied by vivid details which essentially make the reader view the scene as a dream, story-truths can carry greater emotional truths than ever possible to be achieved through actual, happening-truths. With this, he shows, contrary to belief, how story-truths are often truer than happening-truths, and demonstrates this through the addition of often graphic details. Happening-truth encompasses actual events that take place. However true these stories may be, they are often times viewed as unreal simply because they have no details to back them up. The entire shit field scene that was put into this book, for example, was turned from a happening-truth into a story-truth because the original version was not believable. The reader can see this through O'Brien describing the letters that he received from Norman Bowker. Norman writes to Tim, telling him that he should write about the event. 'What...
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...SECONDARY DATA DENIM – JEANS The word "jeans" comes from the French phrase bleu de Gênes, literally the blue of Genoa. Jeans fabric or denim, originated in the French town of Nîmes,from which 'denim' (de Nîmes) gets its name. Jeans are trousers made from denim. Some of the earliest American blue jeans were made by Jacob Davis, Calvin Rogers, and Levi Strauss in 1873. Starting in the 1950s, jeans, originally designed for cowboys, became popular among teenagers. Historic brands include Levi's, Lee, and Wrangler. Jeans come in various fits, including skinny, tapered, straight, boot cut, Mommy-cut, maternity, and flare. Functionality of Denim Jeans are now a very popular form of casual dress around the world, and have been so for decades. They come in many styles and colors; however, "blue jeans" are particularly identified with American culture, especially the American Old West. Jeans are lower/bottom worn by men, women and kids. Denim is known worldwide for its fit, ease and durability. It is used in both high fashion and work-a-day apparel, common denim is a quintessentially American creation. Denim is versatile and simple to use. Denim Fiber Composition Most denim is 100 percent cotton. However, there are denim textiles that are composed of cotton blends. The base cotton fiber may be woven with Spandex, silk or metallic threads. Fabrics with stretch fibers have become very popular with consumers because of their slim, comfortable fit and increased figure control...
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...weaving, “Yellappa died.” The announcement was so matter-of-fact that it took my breath away. In the world of indigo dyes, Yellappa was a master craftsman, the last of the great dyers. It was as if a Picasso or Mozart had died. A genius dies in India and the news is met with silence. For me, as an anthropologist who is perpetually writing on the history of loss and erasure, it was as if Ishi, the last Indian of the Yahi tribe, had died. When Ishi died, a language died, a way of life died, and a set of dreams faded away. Today, ways of life are perpetually dying and there seems no way of remembering, recovering or redeeming them. I realise how the anthropologist Alfred Kroeber might have felt as he wrote Ishi’s story. There is no Yellappa story, just a few fragments of recollection, but I thought I would put them down. There are a few who knew him and this is what they told me. I am not the storyteller; just a cassette tape mourning the loss of a genius. The death of a natural dye Yellappa was the last of a family of great indigo dyers in Andhra Pradesh. Indigo was a legendary colour, a natural dye, which died when the organic chemists synthesised an artificial dye. Yet, the natural colour was not the same as the synthesised colour. It was like saying that the glass windows of Chartres Cathedral are the same after we recreated the stain glass windows. When natural indigo died, a way of life began fading away. In India, however, nothing dies fully. People keep it alive in little...
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...QUILT Brands take the quilted look to the next level Silicone reverse prints create subtle 3-D effects Brands play with scale and weave to create texture Unexpected takes on traditional quilted looks WINTER WARMER A new set of cozy items and techniques emerges for F/W 13 Woolen bonded denim and brushed and neppy surfaces Oversized puffer vests and parka coats Emphasis on transforming deni into a midwinter option CLEAN AND PREMIUM Smart and clean denim looks take hold after success on the runways Colored premium selvedge fabrics emerge Raw and rigid, clean denim looks PANELED Color blocking trends continue to evolve and morph for F/W 13 Two tone and tuxedo jeans continue for Women Lazered panels create a new direction Multi-hued indigos and colorblocked pockets, yokes and collars Forestin' Gear Ksubi Remi Relief Timo Weiland Brands explore urban-active styling and Winter denim themes for F/W 13. The quilting trend becomes stronger and bolder for Fall 13 / S[porty puffa jackets and down vests / Activewearinspired items such as the bomber and the hoody / Mid denims in raw and rinsed finishes / Focus is on reinventing denim as a mid-Winter fabrication / Strong urban sensibility Dusen Dusen Remi Relief Native Youth Forestin' Gear Babakul Forestin' Gear A trend that has already started to emerge in retail becomes essential for F/W 13. Unisex parka silhouettes appeal to all markets / All-weather looks and cocoon-like oversized fits / Down-filled...
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...Business Model and Strategic Framework – IndiGo Airlines Business Model and Strategic Framework – IndiGo Airlines 2013 7/24/2013 2013 7/24/2013 Introduction IndiGo began its operation in 2006 and after being into business for six years, it has become India’s largest airline services overtaking Jet Airways in November 2012. Through this project report, we aim to understand the business model that is used by IndiGo and their marketing strategic framework which would help us to understand the enormous growth shown by IndiGo. Porter’s 5-Force Analysis for Airline Industry and GoIndigo in particular 1. Threat of New Entrants New entrants in the aviation industry face intense competition from the existing players and these new entrants themselves act as a huge competition to the settled players in the market. Barriers for new entrants: 1. High initial setup cost- The initial setup costs for the entrants include the airbus costs, setup costs, licensing costs, costs to airports, inventory costs, and many other costs including taxes. This increases the entry barrier to the new entrants who are willing to enter the market. 2. Existing player’s defence of market share- The existing settled players have a loyal set of customers, an established brand name and an extensive value chain. With the entry of a new entrant, the existing companies can easily defend their market share from the former. Additionally, the existing companies have an advantage of the economies...
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...his beloved Kingfisher Airlines collapse to dust, low-cost IndiGo has become the new market leader with its slow and steady approach within just six years of launch. As Mallya grounded more than half of Kingfisher planes to create a capacity vacuum,Indigo managed to not only increase its passenger traffic but also its fleet size. Moreover, while full time carriers focus on the experience of flying, IndiGo focused on what they thought would matter to its flyers -It communicated to the flyer his basic need of getting from point A to point B on time. Here are 4 reasons why the airline has managed to scale to the top, despite being the youngest airline in India. Indigo's stuck to its low-cost, single class model unlike rivals Jet and Kingfisher While Kingfisher and once market-leading Jet Airways bought rivals, flew multiple plane models and struggled to mix full-service and low-fare options, IndiGo stuck with its policy of offering one class of no-frills service on a single type of plane. Indigo has chosen to stick to the world's best-selling single-aisle aircraft, the Airbus A320. Selling and leasing back planes helps its balance sheet. As Mallya grounded more than half of Kingfisher planes to create a capacity vacuum,Indigo managed to not only increase its passenger traffic but also its fleet size. Reuters Secondly, it maintains a young fleet by selling and leasing back its planes. IndiGo uses six-year sale and leaseback agreements, so the airline is constantly replacing...
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...prior to economic liberalization in 1991, the aviator industry was mainly controlled by the government. Post 1991, private airlines were allowed to provide air service under “Open Sky Policy”. Since then several private airlines have ventured in the aviation business and the air traffic has also seen rapid growth. This led to intense competition and only a few managed to survive. Today, Indian aviation industry is one of the fastest growing aviation industries in the world. It is dominated by low cost carriers. The civil aviation industry is likely to register a CAGR of 16% for period 2010-2013. Introduction to Indigo Along with the venture of several private players came the trend for low cost private airlines, which promised a huge market in the Indian air space. IndiGo, from InterGlobe Enterprises was one among the major private players who pitched in to capitalize the untapped market in 2006. From its incubation days, IndiGo concentrated on its low cost and efficient model of operations, which sustained its business in a big way during the troubled market situations and rising oil prices. Within the first year of its operations, IndiGo grew exponentially in all spheres. Starting with owning 15 aircraft's within 2 years, IndiGo replaced the state run carrier Air India as the top third airline in India. There was no looking back since then. The airline went on to acquire their 50th aircraft from Airbus in less than six years, and also to place the largest order in commercial...
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...Finance Government of India AIRPORTS SECTOR EXISTING SCENARIO 1. The civil aviation traffic has seen an unprecedented traffic in the past few years on account of booming Indian economy, growing tourism industry, entry of low cost carriers in the private sector, liberalization of international bi-lateral agreements and liberalization of civil aviation policy. In future also the civil aviation traffic is expected to grow at the same pace despite current slowdown due to global recession. But airport infrastructure has not kept pace with the growth of the civil aviation traffic. This has resulted in congestion and inefficient services in major airports, limited landing slots, inadequate parking bays and congestion during peak hours for airlines. Development of quality infrastructure will have an impact on international competitiveness and economic growth. This requires faster development of civil aviation infrastructure on public private partnership mode. In tune with the requirement many initiatives have already been started in the 10th five year plan and they are expected to continue in the 11th plan also. 2. Of a total number of 454 airports and airstrips in India, 16 are designated as international airports. The Airports Authority of India (AAI) owns and operates 97 airports. A recent report by Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) states that over the next 12 years, India's Civil Aviation Ministry aims at 500 operational airports. The Government aims to attract private...
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...Aviation Industry Prepared by Madhulika Appasani The Indian Aviation Industry has been going through a turbulent phase over the past several years facing multiple headwinds – high oil prices and limited pricing power contributed by industry wide over capacity and periods of subdued demand growth. At the industry level, long term viability also requires return of pricing power through better alignment of capacity to the underlying demand growth. Aviation Industry Indian hospitality sector contributes 8-9 percent of the country’s GDP. The sector encompasses travel and tourism and major segments that fall under this category include accommodation and catering (hotels, restaurants), transportation (cruise, railway, rentals, airline companies), travel agencies and tour operators. The tourism and hospitality sector together contributed US $32.7bn in 2011, and registered a CAGR of 13 percent. Currently, India has 114,000 hotel rooms, which stands 150,000 rooms short in meeting the current requirement. Thus, the growth opportunity for this sector is immense, but is tangled with challenges across parallel sectors and the overall economy. According to estimates provided by World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), contribution of travel and tourism to nation’s GDP will grow consistently in the next decade though this growth opportunity will be closely linked to the growth of India’s hotel and restaurant business. Structure of Indian Aviation Industry: ECO 561 – IMT Hyderabad ...
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...3 Ankush Bansal 140103024 4 Mayank Shekhar 140101098 5 Priyanka Thaman 140102135 6 Deepak Jhunjhunwala 140102041 2 Contents Executive Summary……………………………………………………. 3 Indian Civil Aviation Sector- Chronology of events…….. 4 FDI Regulations………………………………………………………….. 6 Growing Low Cost Carrier Market share……………………. 6 Air Turbine Fuel Price trends……………………………………… 7 Rupee depreciation…………………………………………………… 7 LCC Strategies…………………………………………………………… 7 Financial Analysis……………………………………………………… 8 Current Transformation……………………………………………. 9 Industry Estimations…………………………………………………. 11 The Indian Advantage- The Four Big Prospects…………. 13 Evolution of the Indian Aviation Sector…………………….. 15 Strategic Grouping of Six Major Airlines……………………. 16 Six Major airports……………………………………………………… 16 Passenger traffic……………………………………………………….. 17 Freight traffic…………………………………………………………….. 18 Aircraft movement…………………………………………………….. 19 Private Sector players………………………………………………… 19 Airports- notable trends……………………………………………. 20 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis……………………………………… 21 Strategies adopted……………………………………………………. 22 Growth Drivers…………………………………………………………. 25 Strategic Policies- Industry Growth…………………………… 27 Top two players Analysis…………………………………………… 28 References………………………………………………………………… 28 3 Executive Summary The Indian Aviation industry has been facing multiple...
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...Overview The history of civil aviation in India began in December 1912. At the time of independence, the number of air transport companies, which were operating within and beyond the frontiers of the company, carrying both air cargo and passengers, was nine. In early 1948, a joint sector company, Air India International Ltd., was established by the Government of India and Air India (earlier Tata Airline) with a capital of Rs 2 crore and a fleet of three Lockheed constellation aircraft. Its first flight took off on June 8, 1948 on the Mumbai (Bombay)-London air route. At the time of its nationalization in 1953, it was operating four weekly services between Mumbai-London and two weekly services between Mumbai and Nairobi. The joint venture was headed by J.R.D. Tata, a visionary who had founded the first India airline in 1932 and had himself piloted its inaugural flight. Current Trend in Civil Aviation Industry in India It is a phase of rapid growth in the industry due to huge build-up of capacity in the LCC space, with capacity growing at approximately 45% annually. This has induced a phase of intense price competition with the incumbent full service carriers (Jet, Indian, Air Sahara) dis-counting to 60-70% for certain routes to match the new entrants ticket prices. This, coupled with costs pressures (a key cost element, ATF price, went up approximately 35% in recent months, while staff costs are also rising on the back of shortage of trained personnel), is exerting bottom-line...
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