...1967 VOL. 74, No. 1 FAILURE TO ESCAPE TRAUMATIC SHOCK 1 MARTIN E: P. SELIGMAN 2 AND STEVEN F. MAIER« University of Pennsylvania Dogs which had 1st learned to panel press in a harness in order to escape shock subsequently showed normal acquisition of escape/ avoidance behavior in a shuttle box. In contrast, yoked, inescapable shock in the harness produced profound interference with subsequent escape responding in the shuttle box. Initial experience with escape in the shuttle box led to enhanced panel pressing during inescapable shock in the harness and prevented interference with later responding in the shuttle box. Inescapable shock in the harness and failure to escape in the shuttle box produced interference with escape responding after a 7-day rest. These results were interpreted as supporting a learned "helplessness" explanation of interference with escape responding: Ss failed to escape shock in the shuttle box following inescapable shock in the harness because they had learned that shock termination was independent of responding. Overmier and Seligman (1967) have shown that the prior exposure of dogs to inescapable shock in a Pavlovian harness reliably results in interference with subsequent escape/avoidance learning in a shuttle box. Typically, these dogs do not even escape from shock in the shuttle box. They initially show normal reactivity to shock, but after a few trials, they passively "accept" shock and fail to make escape movements...
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...expressed as a story or in a set of presuppositions (assumptions which may be true, partially true or entirely false) that we hold (consciously or subconsciously, consistently or inconsistently) about the basic constitution of reality, and that provides the foundation on which we live and move and have our being. Stated more succinctly, "…[A] worldview is simply the total set of beliefs that a person has about the biggest questions in life." F. Leroy Forlines describes such questions as the "inescapable questions of life." Life's inescapable questions include the following: "Is there a God? If so, what is He like? How can I know Him? Who am I? Where am I? How can I tell right from wrong? Is there life after death? What should I and what can I do about guilt? How can I deal with my inner pain?" Life's biggest, inescapable questions relate to whether there is a God, human origins, identity, purpose, and the hereafter, just to mention a few. Satisfying answers to the "inescapable questions of life" are provided by the Holy Scriptures. The Holy Scriptures, consisting of the Old and New Testaments, form the starting point and foundation for the biblical worldview. More specifically related to our purposes, the apostle Paul reflects several components of the biblical worldview in his letter to the Romans. The apostle Paul authored Romans toward the end of his third missionary journey, about 57 A.D. He addressed this letter specifically to the Christians in Rome. At the time...
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...Organizational Design Inescapable Yes or No L. Gina Hunter UMET Miramar Campus ENGLISH 502 Academic Writing for Graduate Student II Prof. Méndez March 24, 2015 The Organizational Design of a Company is necessary for success. Have you ever wondered how some organizations always at the top of the charts, but others don’t survive? Organizational Design Inescapable? A solid organizational design is what makes the difference; it relies on how strong and solid the organizational structure and design are. According to the Center for Organizational Design, organizational design is defined as a step by step methodology that identifies dysfunctional aspects of workflow, procedures, structures and systems. Realigns them to fit current business realities/goals and then develops plans to implement the new changes. The process focuses on improving both the technical and people side of the business (Allen, 2012). As we live in a world of transition, where everything is changing at the speed of light. The organizational design is an inescapable part of any organization; big or small, is the key element for integrating the people, information, and technology. Having a strong organizational design provides a clear vision, and mission, it empower employees in the decision making of the organization. As a result, the reporting process will be transparent; the information will flow smoothly, and it will provide a definite work process. With a well design structure...
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...In this paper, I argue that Alison Bechdel shows the reader that she and her father are inversions of one another through visual and textual evidence throughout Fun Home. The two are homosexual and struggle with expressing their true identity due to what society believes is the gender norm. Gender is so inescapable that in our society we assume it is in our genes and these definite responsibilities run the way we live in the most profound and inescapable ways. It makes it difficult for people to express who they truly are. Society has expectations of gender and gender norms. This is because gender is one of the ways that we as humans organize our lives. In the novel Fun Home by Alison Bechdel, the reader is able to see these societal expectations in the memoir....
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...touching the side panels during the shock would terinate it.this was repeated 64 more times innthe hardness and 10 more time in the shutter bx. the yoked group was trained the same way except the fact that even though touching the side panels terminated the shock for the escape group it was not terminated for the yoked group.in this forst experiment the yoked group learned the concept called learned helplessness. the researchers explaned that since the yoked group could not terminate the shock by touching the side panels they just accepted the fact that it would happen and they could not do anything about it. In the second experiment the researchers designed it to see how the dogs from experiment one would react to an inescapable shock as they did in the first experiment. they also put in the dogs that where not exxposed to experiment one, this was just to add the control group to show what behaviors were shown. it provided validdity to the experiment because...
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...The popular 1961 film, West Side Story, follows the adventure and triumph in New York City, of two star-crossed lovers, born into opposing dichotomies. Although the movie may seem like nothing more than a musical about two feuding gangs in the 1950s, this story dates back to the sixteenth century, during the Dark Ages. It is perhaps even more ancient, developed by Ancient Greeks. The exact tale did not originate that far into the past, but its basic plot of a literary tragedy was invented long ago, and was adopted to modern times. West Side Story qualifies as a literary tragedy because the established tragic hero impacts the rise, climax, fall, and ultimate inescapable disaster of the story. The plot structure of a literary tragedy follows a very specific and necessary path throughout the story. The tale begins with hatred, fighting, and conflict, at nobody’s ideal. The plot requires a reason to escalate or rise, which is the Tony, the tragic hero, and his desire to reach his ideal of love. Other characters’ ideals are also attempted to be achieved. The individual members of the Jets and Sharks strive to gain superiority and territory from each other. The gangs start the path to their ideals by arranging a fight to decide who the victorious and superior gang will be. Tony rises towards his ideal when he meets Maria, and makes a proud and willful decision to pursue a relationship, despite forces acting against them. Uncontrollable forces act upon our hero, such as his circumstance...
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...What is it like to be an untouchable in India (Dalit) and Japan (Burakumin)? To be an untouchable in India or Japan is to be a part of the population that would traditionally be placed at the bottom of the social hierarchy. These untouchables are traditionally associated with occupations that are considered impure, such as waste removal and the handling of human or animal carcasses, and therefore cannot interact with other members of their society, for fear of the pollution they would spread. In both India and Japan, there has been action against untouchability, yet there is still widespread discrimination of these people because of cultural ideals, the impure history attached to them and the traditional occupations that they are associated with. While the abolishment of caste discrimination in India in 1950 and the Buraka Liberation League in Japan has improved the lives of many people within these communities, there is still a great level of discrimination against the Indian untouchables, the Dalits, and Japanese untouchable population, the Burakumin. A Dalit is a member of the lowest rank in the Hindu caste system and Indian society. The term, Dalit, translates to “oppressed” or “broken”, signifying that members of the Dalit caste are immediately labelled as inferior to the rest of Indian society. In India today, Dalits make up 16.2% of its population, that number being approximately 166 million, which conveys the large spread of Dalits across the Indian population. The...
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...No matter where you are born around the world or at what time one thing will always be inevitable of your ending; you will die. In all ways of life people have come accustomed to the practice of funerals, also known as death rituals. It has become common nature all around the world that when a person dies a ceremony will be held most likely involving their closest friends, family, or neighbors. It is understood that you live and die, but what funerals provide is a peace that can come with the inescapable end. However has anyone ever really stepped back and examined why we really do these ceremonies or death rituals? If at first we can understand the origins of the traditions, we can then see how different societies go about recognizing different people, and how these practices have been altered over time in our day and age. Funeral practices are as old as the human race itself, and this is made obvious in information found on the Neanderthals from 60,000 B.C. The ritual of a funeral starts when a persons heart stops or breathing ceases classifying them as dead. The time followed after a person is declared dead consists of various treatments of the body, time for disposing of the remains, and a period of mourning for all who knew the person. Neanderthals are considered the first people to perform death rituals/ funeral practices. According to one scholar Max Gluckman the origins of the traditions of funerals started with the Neanderthals and was developed as a way to “secure...
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...As mortals with limited time on this Earth, humans are faced with the inescapable and inevitable subject of death. In the essay “The Death of a Moth”, by Virginia Woolf, the author depicts the struggle of life and death as an impossible battle to win. Woolf utilizes rhetorical devices such as tone, diction, structure, and imagery to convey this message and invoke the feeling of pity and despair in her reader. As the tone shifts throughout the piece, Woolf’s stylistic choices strengthen her tone and further support her philosophy that death cannot be beat. Woolf maintains a desperate and hopeless underlying tone throughout the literary piece and further develops it in relation to the surface tone of subtle indifference and fascination. Both...
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...Alcatraz is a prison that is based on an island in the San Francisco Bay in California. The prison was named an inescapable prison because it was surrounded by fifty to fifty four degree water. The island was first discovered by land in 1755 by Lt. don Juan Manuel de Ayala but had been seen by Sir Francis Drake when he docked in San Francisco bay. The prison is known for having some of the deadliest and most deceiving inmates out of any other prison. The prison has had many escape attempts but most have failed, except for one which was made by Frank Lee Morris and three fellow inmates. The island's history dates back a long time ago, but became a military institution in 1850, when president Millard Fillmore signed an order and fortified the island to protect the San Francisco Bay. The island first caught attention when Lt. don Juan Manuel de Ayala first discovered it and mapped it out in 1755. In the late 1850s the U.S. army began holding military prisoners on the island. They held the prisoners on the island because it is totally isolated and surrounded by water....
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...nature of death, clouded grey areas in between the dichotomy of good and evil morals, and the twisted manipulative nature of human behaviour. Therefore, through critical study of the play, Shakespeare augments and connects to the audience’s perspective and interpretations. Body Topic sentence 1. Overarching idea i. Point ii. Quote iii. Technique iv. Elaboration Sample Sentence Linking sentence (concluding sentence) Body 1 – Death Death is the inescapable reality of human life as explored in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the fact that the living world is made of death and decay is visible anywhere there is life. 1. Hamlet’s bereavement over his father i. Bereavement is an inescapable reality in which all humans must endure. ii. “But I have more within which passes show – These but the trappings and the suits of woe” iii. Rhyming couplet iv. To reinforce Hamlet’s underlying argument to his grief over the finality of his father’s death. Bereavement is an inescapable reality, exemplified when Hamlet says “But I have more within which passes show – These but the trappings and the suits of woe” (Act I Scene ii), in which all humans experience. Hamlet’s use of the rhyming couplet ending his account reinforces the underlying argument to his grief over the finality of his father’s death. 2. Suicide v. The possibility of suicide as an alternative solution vi. “to be, or not to...
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...shuttle box, 24 hours later. The "yoked" group received the same training as the "escape" group, however the "escape" group could touch the side panels to end the shock while the "yoked" group was taught the same thing, but touching the panels did not end the shock. In Experiment 1 the "yoked" group might have experienced a concept called learned helplessness. The researchers in this version of the experiment proceed to think that because the "yoked" group couldn't get out of the shocks by touching the side panels, that the group just accepted the fact that the shocks will take place and that they can't do anything about it. In Experiment 2, the experiment was designed to see if the dogs from experiment 1 would react the same to an inescapable shock as they did in experiment 1. The researchers also included dogs that were not exposed to experiment 1, this was done to produce a control group to see what behaviors were exhibited. These behaviors provided validity to the experiment, because the control group did not show enhanced panel pressing unlike the dogs that participated in the first experiment. The researchers found in their studies that the dogs learned "as...
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...Metaphorically depicting the weight of childhood trauma, the image reveals how a sense of unwantedness lingers forever. Furthermore, perpetual feelings of unwantedness induce a dark depression that is almost inescapable. Equally as important, those who are physically abused believe that the abuse that they received is due to something they have done, again generating feelings of unwantedness. According to Truman Capote, author of In Cold Blood, childhood trauma is continuous, seen in his character Perry whose adult life was destroyed by his traumatic childhood. Capote’s portrayal of the impact of childhood trauma in adulthood shows that a false sense of worth leads to a dark path of depression. Even further, individuals are forced to forever see themselves as their childhood abuser perceived them. Refusing to allow their abuser to define them, some individuals are able to escape the continuous path of depression. Successful musician Jewel describes her success story from childhood trauma as “If I received poor nurture as a child, could I re- nurture myself and get to know my actual nature?” (Source G). Jewel’s success story is rare in comparison to others. For most, childhood trauma leads to a inaccurate perception of self, which ultimately leads to a crippling depression that is inescapable. Comparatively, feelings of unwantedness stemming from childhood trauma creates a sense of unworthiness of other’s love, preventing those traumatized from forming close relationships, and prompting...
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...Can we know that the future will be like the past? For years, philosophers have tried to find an answer to one question that has remained, can we know that the future will be like the past? Most people believe that we can because in our past the future has resembled the past. This is called inductive generalizations. Philosopher, David Hume, disagrees with this motion, claiming it’s just “circular reasoning”. He claims that just because in our past the future has resembled the past, does not mean it could continue resembling the past. Yet, if there is no proof that the future will change or remain, how can we know the answers? Inductive generalizations is a probable argument that moves from premises about what is true in some cases to a conclusion about what probably will be true in all similar cases. The strength of an inductive generalization depends on the size of the sample. The larger the sample, the stronger the argument. Another factor is to what extent do the features of the sample match the related characteristics of the whole population. Although it seems like a strong argument for some, there is a problem with induction. How do we know that what we found to be true of a sample in the past will be true of all similar items in the future? There are two parts to the problem. The first is, what justifies an inference from some to all, and second, what justifies an inference from past to future? Some argue that we can rely on inductive generalization by pointing to...
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...like the air we breathe”(160), is an example of simile. In this sentence, we can find the word “like”, and if there is an explicit comparison between two things using like, it is the signal of simile. In this sentence, the author states the importance of language in a very effective way. The author uses air to describe language, as we all know, air is the most important element in our life, which we cannot live without. Since language is just like air, which means language is all around us and we also cannot live without it. In case some readers cannot understand it, the author explains why language is just like air in the second sentence. “It’s invisible, inescapable, indispensable, and we take it for granted”(160). As we can see, the second sentence is combined with three related words: invisible, inescapable and indispensable, which are all adjectives and demonstrates parallelism. The author considers these three words as the characteristics if language; however, these words can also be used to describe air. Paraphrase the author’s sentence in my own words language is indiscernible, unavoidable and essential. Although the meanings are the same, the author’s...
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