...Influenza Influenza is a virus capable of causing significant human disease which attacks the respiratory system. “Although the infection generally is limited to the lung, some strains of influenza can spread to other sites in certain people” (Murray, Rosenthal, & Pfaller, 2013, p. 530). According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013), people with flu can spread it to others up to about 6 feet away. There are three types of influenza virus; influenza A, B, and C. The type A viruses are the most virulent human pathogens between the three influenza types and cause the most severe disease. “Influenza is one of the most prevalent and significant viral infections” (Murray, Rosenthal, & Pfaller, 2013, p. 524). The virus is responsible for many pandemics, including a pandemic that is considered one of the deadliest events in human history. “Influenza pandemics are caused by type A viruses, and therefore these are the most feared type of influenza virus; neither types B or C have caused pandemics” (Baylor College of Medicine, 2013). The three types are also divided into subtypes that constantly changing, with new strains appearing regularly. The antibodies that are created from the previous strains do not protect against the new strains. According to Baylor College of Medicine (2013), “because flu viruses change so easily and often, are unpredictable, and can be deadly, it is always a great concern when a new flu virus emerges, because the general population does not have...
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...Creditable Sources to Describe the Disease Process of Influenza This paper will describe how one can use creditable sources of information to explore the disease process of Influenza. The paper will explore the elderly population in Minnesota and how influenza effect for this age group, address the change of incidence between 2015 and 2012, and compare the rate of incidence between Minnesota and United States. Among the population in Minnesota what was the incident rate of influenza for those who had be vaccinated in the elderly compared to adults? Influenza epidemics happen every year and the vaccine must match the viruses in order for it to be effective. According to the Minnesota Health Department (2015), protection offered...
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...Classification Influenza virus are credited as major respiratory pathogens. Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae which consists of five genera: Influenza virus A, Influenza virus B, Influenza virus c, Thogotovirus, and Isavirus. Annual epidemics are usually caused by influenza A and B viruses, however generally influenza A has asymptomatic infections even .The general classifications of influenza A include 16 HA subtype (H1-16) and nine NA subtypes (N1-9) the classification is generally done based on haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins which are responsible for the antigenic properties of the virus The circulation of influenza A subtypes such as H1N1, H3N2, H2N2, and H1N2 have been observed in the past century...
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...aimed at preventing diseases , maintain function and promote health .Health maintenance is the center of nursing care.(THE FREE DICTIONARY, 2003-2015).Health maintenance programs can be grouped as per ages .Where ,from birth-17years there is a scheduled program of immunizations. There are also screens for chlamydia, yearly for sexually active women starting from 15,HIV screening for ages 15-85 which is voluntary .Health education to avoid alcohol misuse and prevent use of tobacco .For 18-49,they are screened for diabetes ,risk for ,chlamydia in women, pap smear, a set of immunizations . From 50-74 years ,screens are done for hepatitis c, diabetes, colorectal cancer ,assessment for risk of diabetes and HIV test .Immunizations are given on influenza ,zoster and pneumococcal .On men’s health ,they have regular lipid test ,prostate specific antigen. On women health ,they are tested regularly for pap smear ,mammograms and bone density scan .For 75years and over ,screens include diabetes...
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...PHN, FNP - BC Epidemiology Paper Public health nursing allows nurses to encounter various vulnerable populations on a daily basis. In particular, the elderly make up a large portion of the population, and their vulnerability to the environment and other physical factors is a very important aspect of public health nursing. Epidemiology allows the public health nurse to study and assess vulnerable populations, including the elderly, and create interventions that maximize the health potential of all members of the public. This paper will explore the role of epidemiology and also discuss the definition and purpose of epidemiology, epidemiological methods, the epidemiological triangle and levels of prevention that is related with influenza in the elderly community. Definition and Description of Epidemiology Originally, epidemiology was a term that was used to describe the spread of infectious disease. Over the course of time, that definition has expanded considerably in order to accommodate the complexity of ever-changing populations, their environments, and increasing occurrences of disease. Epidemiology is a branch of public health that studies of the frequency, distribution, and determinants of disease in human populations. It studies the patterns of diseases in human populations and how to control health problems associated with disease. The epidemiologist performs research on epidemics and diseases and can determine how and why certain diseases occur in certain...
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...Even among those who do fit that profile, many maintain customs, traditions, and values acquired in India prior to immigrating to the US. In addition, it is common for Indians who have settled in the US to bring aging parents to live with them who may not have previously lived abroad and do not always speak fluent English. Majority of the Indians from the Northern part of India are practicing Hindu religion. Hindus try to teach their children about Bhagavath gita and Ramayana (religious Book). They practice all Hindu festivals and visit temple on special occasions. Indians who migrated from the southern part of India are mostly Christians. They try to attend church every Sunday and try to lead their children in same religious path. Many elders believe in the traditional Indian system of medicine called Ayurvedic Medicine as the means of preventing and curing illness. Ayurveda is an intricate system of healing that originated in India, thousands of years ago. Health is usually related to the connectedness of the body, mind and spirit. Most elderly focus spiritually in preparing the soul for life after death. Some believe that mental illness is due to possession...
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...Running head: NURSING ROLES IN THE THREE LEVELS Nursing Roles in the Three Levels of Health Promotion and Prevention April Nguyen Grand Canyon University: NRS 429v 03/18/2012 Instructor Melinda Darling, MSN, FNP Nursing Roles in the Three Levels of Health Promotion and Prevention For over a decade, health promotion and prevention has been the main focus of healthcare professionals in general and nurses in particular. What does it mean by health promotion and prevention? According to Edelman & Mandle (2010), it’s “the science and art of helping people change their lifestyles to move toward a state of optimal health” (p. 14). In other words, it’s the strategy used in purpose to increase a sense of well-living and to decrease episodes of illness that can happen to anyone at any age. By doing this, it helps lessen the expensive cost government and patients have to spend for the cure. Being alongside with the vulnerable population, nurses work as critical roles of advocates, healers, educators, and researchers throughout all three levels of promotion and prevention (Edelman & Mandle, 2010, p. 19-20). Primary Prevention The focus of the first level is to promote good health and to protect individuals from diseases. There’re many ways nurses can help with general health and with fighting specific illnesses. The most common ways include (1) educating benefit of vaccination, (2) giving vaccines, (3) instructing benefits of healthy diet and regular exercise...
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...Psychosocial and Cognitive. These domains will explain step by step the different development of six years through eleven years old child. The first domain will describe how a child from age six through eleven motivate and experience their self. This domain is called the biosocial theory. At this age for almost ailment from influenza to cancer they are the healthiest period of their life. This theory will also explain how a child has the skills to undertake their basic care, from brushing their own teeth, prepared their break and walk to school. As one interviewed a ten year old girl; she remembered the age she started to do her laundry. She stated,” I was six when my mom told me to wash my under wear and socks and at that same age I have to clean my room” (Tonian 3/6/2010). They are few children at this age will not start to do these duties. You have parents that spoiled their child so badly until when the time comes to do their duty it causes a lot of commotions. Children at age six through eleven can master the motor skill, as long they don’t have to use too much strength with speed and distance. As one stated, “nine years old can race their elders on bicycles…” (page...
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...Tonita Vigil Peña, also known by her Pueblo Indian name of Quah Ah, was a prominent artist in the 1920’s and 1930’s. She was born on May 10, 1893 to Ascensión Vigil and Natividad Peña in San Ildefonso, New Mexico. Tonita lived their with her family until she was twelve years old, when her mother and younger sister died of influenza. Her father, unable to care for her, sent Tonita to Cochití Pueblo to live with her aunt, an accomplished Pueblo potter. Tonita lived there for the rest of her life and became a teacher at the Santa Fe Indian School and Albuquerque Indian School. She married three times over the course of her life, her first marriage at the age of fifteen and arranged by her village elders. Tonita gave birth to six children in all....
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...Epidemiology by definition is the study of the distribution and patterns of health-events, health- characteristics and their causes or influences in well-defined populations. It is the cornerstone method of public health research, and helps inform policy decisions and evidence-based by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive medicine. Epidemiologists are involved in the design of studies, collection and statistical analysis of data, and interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review).Major areas of epidemiological study include outbreak investigation, disease surveillance and biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on a number of other scientific disciplines such as biology (to better understand disease processes), biostatistics (to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions), and exposure assessment and social science disciplines (to better understand proximate and distal risk factors, and their measurement). I would like to discuss elderly patients as my vulnerable population. There is no set age at which a person maybe under the care of a geriatric physician. The physician aims to promote health by preventing disease and disabilities in geriatric adults. A gerontologist specializes in the aging process. Adult medicine differs from the geriatric patient because the focus is on the elderly...
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...their inability to afford insurance. It also put into consideration the health of the aged individuals in the state. The reform was originally aimed at offering support to individuals who retired early. Arizona was estimated to have a more amplified population of elders compared to other states. Statistics showed that 13% of the population was above 65 years and about 16% of the population’s age ranged about 54-64 years (Weiland, 2008). Therefore, a quick action had to be taken since many insurance companies barely extend their services to these individuals. Implementation of this reform also reinforced insurance companies to reinstate specific services that they may have done away with before. Furthermore, specific changes within the act offered protection to new consumers. Certain guidelines were given to insurance companies, which included banning insurance companies from withdrawing or denying coverage when the insured is seemingly unwell (Gray, 2013). Arizona’s health care reform ensured improvements and extended medical services to people in remote areas. Community confidence has increased with the implementation of these reforms. Persons with communicable diseases like the influenza and pneumococcus received medication, which has led to a reduction of incidences (Santa, 2012). The implementation of this reform has significantly improved livelihood. Service delivery...
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...and 7.4% of woman above 18 smoked cigarettes (National Center for Health Statistics, 2015). The rate of people under the age of 65 who did not have health insurance was over 25.5 percent (National Center for Health Statistics, 2015). Many of the diseases in the top categories that caused death in this population were cancer and heart disease (National Center for Health Statistics, 2011). Ethnic Disparities The racial ethnic disparities was greatest in both income and education for Hispanics and Non-Hispanic American Indians/ Alaskan Natives in the year 2011 (Disparities in Healthcare Quality Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups, 2014). Hispanics struggle with obtaining health insurance, are less like to be vaccinated for influenza, pneumonia, or for childhood vaccinations. Woman who are from Hispanic origin often seek less medical prenatal care due to limited financial resources, difficult access to medical care providers because of cost or distance, and often participate in less physical activity compared to the non- Hispanic White...
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...Lape Mogaji Professor Susan Tripathy Sociology of Health and Healthcare DUE DATE: October 1st, 2015 “Social Relations and Health: A Flashpoint for Public Policy (Blackboard) From the moment of birth, babies yearn for love, affection and attention. Parents take care of their children up until college and even -in some generous cases- after graduation. Creating a strong and healthy relationship between caregivers and receivers, positively affects their health and their overall self esteem. Debra Emberson and Jennifer Karas Montez evaluated the pros and cons to social relationships and how it affects the standard of living for individuals. The authors included evidence shows that involvement in social relationships benefits health. Some studies they conducted comes from prospective studies of mortality across industrialized nations. House, Landis and Emberson conducted a social experiment and found that these studies consistently show that individuals with the lowest level of involvement in social relationships are more likely to die than those with greater involvement). For example, Berkman and Syme showed that the risk of death among men and women with the fewest social ties was more than twice as high as the risk for adults with the most social ties. Social ties has also been proven to reduce mortality rates among adults with medical conditions. For instance, several recent review articles provide consistent and compelling evidence linking a low quantity or quality...
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...Benchmark Assignment – Heritage Assessment Grand Canyon University – NRS 429 Benchmark Assignment – Heritage Assessment Our ever-growing multicultural and ethnically diverse United States population makes it challenging for health care professionals to provide culturally competent and effective holistic care to these groups. It is imperative that health education strategies include performing a heritage assessment to include a person’s ethnic background, cultural heritage, health traditions and beliefs, cultural considerations affecting health, as well as traditional methods used for maintaining, protecting and restoring health (Spector, n.d.). It is of upmost importance for the health care provider to be knowledgeable of their own cultural beliefs and values in order to provide respectful, appropriate and culturally sensitive care to these diverse populations. Likewise, being culturally competent and possessing a complete understanding of the diverse minorities and ethnic groups is imperative in order to provide optimal health care to include ongoing maintenance, protection and restoration of health (Edelman, 2014). To analyze this theory three families of different ethnic backgrounds were interviewed using a heritage assessment tool which included additional health related questions. After completing these assessments the author believes that it is important to incorporate knowledge of a cultural heritage assessment into their practice and that this exercise...
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...Pagination and Page Header: See APA p. 288. Use the “header and footer feature” in Microsoft Word. See Appendix A for directions. APA Writing Style 1 APA requires a Running Head for publication. See APA, p. 296, section 5.15. The title is in upper and lowercase letters, centered between the left and right margins and positioned in the upper half of the page (See APA, p. 296) An example is available on p. 306 (please note the example has different requirements, this is only to be used for illustration of where to begin the title) APA Writing Style and Mechanics Student Name University of Phoenix Include Course Number and Title for the course in which you are enrolled. GEN/300: Skills for Professional Development Faculty Name and Title February 18, 2004 UOP REQUIRED TITLE PAGE Centered on the page (as shown above), include in this order: • Title of Paper (Mixed upper and lower case letters; centered, see APA p. 296) • Your Name (first and last, do not include academic or license information, i.e., BSN, RN) • University of Phoenix • Course Number and Course Title • Facilitator’s Name and Title (first and last, with academic title, i.e., MSN, MBA, PhD) • Date Submitted **All lines are double-spaced (no single or triple-spacing) throughout the entire document. The standards outlined in this sample paper are within APA guidelines; however, your instructor may have additional requirements. APA Writing Style APA does not permit use of the word “Introduction”...
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