...planning process, teachers should consider the past experiences, thought processes, and interests of the students. The environment that a student may have been exposed to, or the way the a student's brain works can both disrupt and interfere with the material they are trying to learn. At the same time, though, learning cannot occur without having prior knowledge. This establishes the foundation from which to build. Past experiences, student interests, and present learning are all intertwined. As we learn, we look back at those previous experiences and memories, and make connections with what we are currently learning. Taking student's past experiences and incorporating them into lesson plans makes them more appealing and interesting to the students. Past experiences aid in adding new knowledge on top of prior knowledge. While past experiences and student interests are just one of the factors that influence learning, teachers also have an equal influence. Teachers have to be diverse in their methods to maintain student interest. If they don't, maximum results will not be achieved, and students will not maintain focus which can lead to bigger issues such as disruptions. When students have a foundation to build on, they tend to learn faster as opposed to just throwing random bits of information at them. There are six key principles in brain based learning. The first is the Importance of meaningful learning, otherwise known as the Schema Theory. The Schema...
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...CUSTOMIZING ONLINE INFORMATION: HOW LEARNING STYLE, CONTENT DELIVERY AND PRE-INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGY AFFECT RECALL AND SATISFACTION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Lenny J. Cooper, M.A. ****** The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Professor Matt Eastin, Adviser Professor Prabu David Professor Thomas McCain Approved by _____________________ Adviser Communication Graduate Program UMI Number: 3177152 UMI Microform 3177152 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ABSTRACT How people understand and learn information is changing due to an increased reliance on technology. The Internet is creating a complex environment where the lines between media and information are blurring. This switch can be seen in mass media, classroom learning applications and the work environment. Along with this reliance on technology comes access to an almost unlimited amount of information presented in a multitude of ways. This presentation can be overwhelming to information seekers and online learners alike. By taking advantage of the inherent properties of new media, namely the ability to present...
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...STRATEGIC MARKETING SIMULATION CRITICAL REFLECTION FEEDBACK Definition Reflective learning is an understanding and a disposition that a student builds across the curriculum and co-curriculum, from making simple connections among ideas and experiences to synthesising and transferring learning to new, complex situations within and beyond the campus. Task The Critical Reflection offers students the opportunity to critically reflect on their learning experiences both in the course and across their program. Students are required to develop a 3000 word (or equivalent) reflection in which they are encouraged to reflect on connections between the learning gained in classroom study to learning gained in real life situations that are related to other learning experiences, extra-curricular activities, or work. Through critical reflection, students pull together their entire experience inside and outside of the formal classroom. As such, reflective learning builds upon connecting both theory and practice toward a deepened understanding. Students may choose to focus on aspects such as how their learning experiences have helped them to become better marketers; benefits they perceived they have gained in their current and other courses; how the marketing metrics add to their prior marketing knowledge; things they would have done differently given hindsight. Fostering students’ abilities to integrate learning—across courses, over time, and between campus and community life—is one of the most...
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...Key influences on individual learning processes. In this essay I will be discussing the key influences on individual learning processes, including a theory of learning, learning influences, learning skills, and learning support. I will then conclude how positive influences can be used as advantages and how to eliminate or change negative influences including learning styles. I shall then assess the impact of the key influences on my learning, give detail to the assessment with insight to opposing perspectives and how they can and do impact my learning, with a conclusion. To finish the essay I will evaluate how personal learning and development may benefit others. Theory of learning Kolb and his experiential learning cycle This theory has two different levels; four stage cycle of learning, and four separate learning styles. Learning cycle 1. Concrete Experience – when a learner encounters a new experience or a different interpretation of something they’ve already experienced. 2. Reflective Observation- Of particular importance are any inconsistencies between experience and understanding. 3. Abstract Conceptualization- gives rise to a new idea, or a modification of an existing abstract concept. 4. Active Experimentation- the learner applies them to the world around them to see what results. Learning Styles Diverging - feeling and watching CE & RO These people are able to look at things from different perspectives. They are sensitive and prefer to watch...
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...Learning and cognition Christina Huffman-Hansman 390 March 3, 2014 Patty Anstatt Learning and cognition Learning is the result of experience which is portrayed through behavior modification. The potential for behavior modification is the result of an individual’s experiences in their environment. Experience is considered the independent variable upon which experience intervenes and creates a dependent variable, known as behavior (Olson, 2013). This learning can take on many forms in terms of measurable behavior. Behavior is defined as either overt or covert (Olson, 2013). Overt behavior is demonstrated in outward physical changes, such as dribbling a basketball or riding a bike. The covert changes that may occur when learning these activities may be an elevated heart rate or muscle contraction. These actions occur as one is demonstrating behaviors throughout the learning process. Behavior is also considered relatively permanent. The basis of relative permanency is constructed on the individual’s ability to retain information. Some information is not considered useful to the individual and is only retained for a short period of time. Other information, if actively used or studied, may become more permanent, with a higher retention rate. Behavior may also be modified, but not yet demonstrated through an individual’s actions. This type of demonstration is more commonly known as performance. Although an individual has gained the potential to perform a learned ability...
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...Learning Theories Learning Organizations & Effectiveness (OMM 625) Tyron Woodard February 27, 2012 Learning Theories The two articles I selected speaks about learning in a classroom setting (group discussions) and learning as an individual and collective learning in organizations. The first article speaks about knowledge being uncertain, and that the learning process of knowledge is also the construction process of knowledge. This article describes students as the main body of learning activity and they construct knowledge on their own initiatives, while teachers are the helpers and the drivers for students constructing knowledge. This type of theory is the constructivism learning theory which is the further development as behaviorism arrives at cognitivism. In behaviorism learning could be considered to have occurred if there is an objectively verifiable change. The article speaks about how students enter the classroom with previous learning experiences, and they use those experiences in their daily life. Even though the students enter the classroom with their previous experiences, they seem to form and assume based on their previous experiences. However, the article speaks on how teachers should be the designer of teaching environment, the guider for the students learning and the academic consultant for students. Therefore this new teaching mode takes students as the center, under the guidance of teachers. Therefore, teaching should take students previous...
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...processes of learning from Honey and Mumford and Kolb and also the key influences of the personal learning processes of individuals. Learning is a process by which we gain knowledge and skills. The process of learning starts in early experiences as a small child and then continues through formal education and academic study or training. Learning is not only limited to formal education but also continues informally throughout your life. Most health and social care workers are expected to support the learning of other staff as a routine aspect of their work. Two of the most known theories linked to learning are Kolb’s experimental learning cycle (1984) and Honey and Mumford’s. David Kolb first published his learning styles models in 1984 from which he developed his learning style inventory. His experimental learning cycle helps us to understand how adults learn. According to Kolb, the way in which people learn are called their cognitive abilities. This means the ways in which an individual thinks by using their own knowledge and experiences. He suggested that during adolescence and early adulthood, we develop our own preferences in the way in which we process information and use it to make sense of our experiences. Kolb’s experiential learning cycle is represented by a four stage learning cycle: 1. Concrete experience – this is the ‘doing’ stage where you carry out or participate in an action 2. Reflective observation – reviewing or reflecting on the experience and where you...
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...Brain Based Learning For many years science and education have concentrated on learning and the mind, but today’s neuroscientists and educators are seeing learning from a different scope – the brain. From this viewpoint, learning is creating links – by linking the information in which the student has prior knowledge or interest, the student is able to expand upon this and learn something else which he can relate it to. For example, in a history class when discussing Native Americans, a teacher may ask the students relate prior information they have on Native Americans. This can come from personal experiences - like seeing a burial ground, or finding an arrowhead; it can even be a movie the student relates it to. By doing this the teacher is making a personal connection between prior information the student has already attained and processed, and linking it to the information to be discussed in the class (Slavin, 2009) . Another learning stimulus that creates a learning link would finding something the student is interested in. This can be illustrated in the same scenario – students in the southern states often find Indian relics in their own backyards, piquing their interest in what happened right where they stood hundreds of years ago. By linking the information in which they have a personal interest with the information taught, once again a connection in learning within the brain is created (Watts, 2009). Importance of Meaningful Learning Innately the...
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...teacher for evaluating specific website experiences. The first rubric will evaluate a website about special education. The second rubric will evaluate the author’s potential achievement of the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards: Exceptional Needs Specialists/Early Childhood Through Young Adult Standards (NBPTS:ENS/ECTYAS). Rubric 1 Evaluate Web Site | Poor 1 pts | Fair 2 pts | Good 3 pts | Content | Information garbled or does not match search topic. | Provides cursory information about the search topic. | Provides ample and in depth information about the search engine topic. | Quality of Information | More ads than information on site. | Site loads well and has some information that can be used. | Information is well researched, well presented, and well organized. | User Friendly | Links broken, pop-up ads everywhere, information not available or site down or not up and running yet. | Limited amount of actual information intermingled with link for ads or other search engines. | Site was well organized and easy to follow. Information was provided with limited or no ads. | Rubric 2 Evaluate NBPTS:ENS/ECTYAS Standard | Never or Unsatisfactory 1 pts | Minimum Requirements met or Rarely 2 pts | Proficient or Sometimes 3 pts | Excellent or Always 4 pts | Knowledge of Students | Does not understand students’ skills, interests, dreams, or personal history. Learning experience is not personal at all. | Has cursory...
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...COGNITIVE LEARNING What is cognitive learning? Not all cases of learning can easily be captured by classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Learning would be extremely inefficient if we had to rely completely on conditioning for all our learning. Human beings can learn efficiently by observation, taking instruction, and imitating the behavior of others. Cognitive learning is a powerful mechanism that provides the means of knowledge, and goes well beyond simple imitation of others. Conditioning can never explain what you are learning from reading our web-site. This learning illustrates the importance of cognitive learning. Cognitive learning is defined as the acquisition of knowledge and skill by mental or cognitive processes — ;the procedures we have for manipulating information 'in our heads'. Cognitive processes include creating mental representations of physical objects and events, and other forms of information processing. How do we learn cognitive? In cognitive learning, the individual learns by listening, watching, touching, reading, or experiencing and then processing and remembering the information. Cognitive learning might seem to be passive learning, because there is no motor movement. However, the learner is quite active, in a cognitive way, in processing and remembering newly incoming information. Cognitive learning enables us to create and transmit a complex culture that includes symbols, values, beliefs and norms. Because cognitive activity is...
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...Adult Learning Theories Barbara Todd February 20, 2013 INFT101 Module 6 Summary Adult Learning Theories look at how life experiences of adults can affect their learning positively and negatively. Research shows that adults process information differently because of their life experience and a need for job skills. This research allows educators to guide adults through the learning process in a non-traditional manner. Both articles look at how adults learn new information and how professors can assist them in their learning process. According to Kenner and Weinerman, the adult student who is going back to school after being in the workforce needs to expand their skills. Adult students may have life experiences that regulate how they learn which may be insufficient for the demand of the scholastic atmosphere because our skills and experiences may hinder how we retain the information. This information will help teachers develop ways for adult students to fit into college life (Kenner and Weinerman, 2011). Merriam’s research focuses on how the adult student’s learning process is different today than 12 years ago, because more emphasis is placed on the history and sociology. Adult background and cultural is now considered an important element in comprehending adult students. The knowledge gained in a person’s job helps them react to the standards set and the setting that learning takes place in. Realizing how adults gain knowledge broadens the comprehension for how...
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...Kathryn Nivins Module 1 Assignment How Adults Learn The study of adult learning has been a major focus of educators since the 1920s. Prior to the post war era, there was very little debate regarding the learning differences between adults and children. Pedagogy is the study of teaching/education with a primary focus on theory instruction. This structure base for educators was a widely accepted practice for all levels and student types. Malcolm Knowles developed a theory in his MA thesis that challenged the ideas of pedagogy with respect to adult students. His thesis focused on the learner rather than the teaching method. The main idea was that the learning process differs greatly between children and adults for a variety of reasons. This idea was further refined in future books written by Knowles in the 1970s and he coined the idea with the word “andragogy” or the “adult focused teaching approach”. [1] The characteristics that define this new approach are: a need to know, experience, readiness, applicability, and motivation. Throughout this essay, I will discuss the characteristics of adult learning as defined by Knowles and identify the differences for each of these qualities with respect to the learning process for children. The first quality that Knowles identified is that adults are “self-directed” or need to be engaged in what they are learning. Most adults that have returned to the classroom are there most likely by choice. They are engaged in the classes...
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...and relate instructions to learners. Adults participate in continuing professional development for a number of reasons. With most adults is the need to maintain and/or improve current skills and abilities that are relevant to ones job. The reasons for participation are generally external to traditional academic expectations, such as fulfilling degree requirements. As such, developing instructional materials for adults requires a deeper level of understanding of the motivations, needs, and reasons behind their participation in a learning environment. The purpose of this guide is to provide curriculum developers and teachers of adults with information leading to a more balanced understanding of how and why adults learn, the rationale behind course development methods and techniques for this audience, and information on the learning process itself. Fundamental principles of critical thinking essential to lesson plan development and the learning process of adults, is included. Programs aimed at teaching adults are a multibillion dollar enterprise that outspends combined expenditures of elementary, high, and post-secondary schools. The sheer number and types of programs aimed at adult continuing education...
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...setting and write a program based on the information collected | Method of assessment | Individual task that needs to be completed in the workplace and in or out of class | Conditions of assessment | Report / Third Party Evidence | Elements | 1, 2, 3, 4 | Resources to be used: | SBC Class Notes (Provided by SBC), Handouts (Provided by SBC) Australian Children’s Education and Care Quality Authority (2011). Guide to the National Quality Standard. ACT: Commonwealth of Australia (Provided by SBC) Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. (2009). Belonging, Being and Becoming: The Early Years Learning Framework for Australia. Canberra: DEEWR (Provided by SBC)Education and Care Services National Regulations, Ministerial Council for Education, Early Childhood Development and Youth Affairs (2011)(Provided by SBC) | CHCECE022 Promote Children’s Agency | Unit PurposeThe assessment tasks within this unit provide you with the opportunity to demonstrate evidence of the knowledge and skills required to promote and encourage children’s agency. | CHCECE023 Analyse Information to Inform Learning | Unit PurposeThe assessment tasks within this unit provide you with the opportunity to demonstrate evidence of the knowledge and skills required to gather and analyse information about children’s learning, in order to inform practice. | CHCECE024 Design and Implement the Curriculum to Foster Children’s Learning and Development | Unit PurposeThe assessment...
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...Neil Fleming to help people understand their learning styles; suggested categories include: visual, aural, read/write, and kinesthetic learning (Carlson, 2015). Questionnaire consists of sixteen questions, and one can select more than one answer to best explain his/her preferences. When answered truthfully, results will give a snap shot summary of one’s particular learning style. When the writer completed the questionnaire, the results revealed that she has a multimodal learning preference, read / write, kinesthetic. The paper will further discuss how writers preferred learning strategies compare to her questionnaire results, as well as how awareness of individual learning strategies affects teaching and learning. Four different modalities were identified to reflect experiences of students and teachers, and some could definitely overlap. Visual preference uses maps, charts, graphs, diagrams, symbols, hierarchies and other devices to represent what could have been expressed in words, and some are able to learn information better when it is presented in such way. Aural preference learners learn best from lectures, group discussions, email, phone conversations, saying things out loud to self, anything that is “heard or spoken”. Read/write preference is for information that is presented in form of words. This mode is preferred by majority of students and teachers. Kinesthetic modality includes preference for actual practice and experience, may it be real or simulated. People who prefer...
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