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Krispy Kreme Case Study

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X 保健品营销公司的经营困境

一、公司背景介绍
X 保健品有限责任公司成立于2001 年初,是一家在中国大中城市(以广州为起点)经营保健品连锁销售业务作为公司主营业务范围的公司。该公司成立的初期(2001-2005)为家族式管理:最大股东李先生担任董事长和总经理。其妻子担任直营店分部的总经理,其弟担任特许加盟分部的总经理。从公司刚成立的时候,就确立了公司的销售模式包括以下两种模式,一种是直营店,一种是“特许加盟”。特许加盟采用的是满足急剧扩张而相对松散的经营形式, 特许加盟模式的管理因为缺乏比较正规的管理体系而比较随意, 因此公司和加盟商的关系一直都比较紧张。
在公司成立初期,公司面临的竞争较小。当时,在广州只有60 家保健品经营商,经营的品种只有不足100 个细分种类。X公司在2002 年的销售额占整个广州市场的5%左右。从1995 年左右起,中国保健品市场的起步就是从以广州、深圳为核心的南方比较发达的区域开始的。由于刚开始时候,该行业吸引的投资并不是很多,商业模式也不太固定,投资回报和风险等前景并不明朗,所以吸引到的商家规模都不是很大,整个行业的价值链都处于比较混乱的状态。行业的整个发展,同中国很多行业的发展一样,速度和效率超过了对于品质的要求。到2007 年,整个保健品营销行业的竞争已经趋于激烈,光在广州地区,有接近2500 家保健品经营商,经营的品种超过10,000个细分种类。X公司在2007年的销售额占整个广州市场的3.5%左右。价格战开始出现并且趋于频繁,涉及到的品种种类也逐渐扩大,这种价格战的势头一直越来越盛行,到2011年价格战到了顶峰。小型企业(尤其是融资能力有限的家庭式的小型企业)面临着非常巨大的压力。

二、公司经营战略和经营状况介绍
初创时期(2001--2006)
李先生认为,在中国的保健品销售市场,门店数量和运营规模,是公司赖以生存的核心竞争力。公司不论是与供应商还是客户打交道,只有门店规模扩大,才能够在议价方面有比较好的议价能力。用五力模型来分析的话,这个规模效应也是公司核心竞争力产生的核心。基于此,李先生将大部分资源都投入到快速增长的规模建设中来。在公司内部管理战略讨论大会上,李先生将公司的初创时期的成功因素总结为以下几点:
1.公司不断增长的门店数量和经营规模产生了规模经济效应;
2.公司制定了良好的激励机制,鼓励所有的员工都成长为百万富翁。公司气势磅礴的“创富计划”致使2001年当年公司就造就了1个百万富翁,5 个50万富翁。而且员工固定薪水水平较低,降低了公司的固定成本,同时也很好地刺激了各个门店的员工为持续增长的业绩而努力奋斗。
3.各个门店里面采用各种积极促销的手段和方法,扩大了我们的市场空间。基于以上的判断,再加上李先生自认为已经是一个非常成功的企业家了,他觉得自己的能力管理更大规模的公司都没有问题,因此公司并没有设置负责各个门店协调管理的强有力的领导机构(X公司的董事会由李先生自己、妻子和弟弟以及公司每一年前五名销售业绩门店经理构成。用李先生的话说,每一年的销售冠军门店都有机会在董事会里面推广他们的成功经验,销售不好的门店自然淘汰出董事会,这样使董事会永葆青春)。
表一、2001 年到2006 年,X公司销售和利润增长统计
财务绩效表现数据名称(年份) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
销售收入(万元人民币) 500 1500 3000 4500 6000 7000
门店数量(个)
(括号为加盟店数量) 10 (1) 50(20) 70(40) 100(60) 120(70) 150 (90)
毛利润(万元人民币) 250 600 900 1,125 1,200 980
净利润(万元人民币) 100 270 450 540 600 600
运营净现金流(万元人民币) 100 140 185 195 200 220

公司快速成长期和面临竞争愈来愈激烈的市场开始成熟期(2007-2008)
在这个时期,李先生和他的亲戚已经明显感觉到他们的精力和能力严重透支,身心俱疲。因此,重塑公司企业管理团队,制定严密、切实可行的管理制度成为这一时期的战略中心。公司逐渐“家族化”,但是没有取得决定性的成功,主要是长期以来形成的家长式作风、拍脑袋决策的模式在公司已经非常固化了。公司在内部财务管理方面开始推行积极的“全面预算管理体系”,制定相对平衡、客观和全面的“360度绩效考核和管理体系”。遗憾的是,公司在关键岗位的人力资源招聘方面投入不够,导致这些系统的设计从一开始就存在很大的问题。执行力方面更是欠缺。导致实际上公司花了很多精力和成本来建立体系,但是效果却非常不好。尤其是公司的两种商业经营模式:直营店和加盟店在体系统一和整合方面的要求非常复杂,差异也很明显,很难融合。所以这一段时期,公司的内部控制和财务管理体系非常混乱,公司的绩效管理体系也形同虚设。公司的同事们觉得公司的整个绩效管理体系经常发生变化,并且承诺的奖励都会因为一些自己不能控制、不应该由自己负责任的因素而随意更改,员工的积极性不断下降,员工的离职率一直在上升。上述综合因素导致公司的主营业务战略仍然以不断扩充门店规模为主,公司的服务质量、经营的产品品质等都没有太多的进步,在市场上口碑受到严重影响。
在这个时期,公司在财务绩效方面的风险因为外部市场尚能维持较稳定的增长而被抵消了相当大的一部分。公司领导层并没有深刻意识到公司的财务风险。所以在相对混乱、重点不明、针对性不强的绩效评估体系的运作下,公司的财务状况的持续恶化并没有引起公司战略上的重视,而这个问题到了市场饱和及衰退期就集中爆发了。

市场饱和和市场开始陷入衰退期(2008-2012)
在这个时期,市场上出现了整合与并购潮。特别大型的连锁经营机构,比如说市场占有率和销售处于前五名的企业的总市场占有率已经高达百分之八十。更加恶化的价格竞争形势在全行业都已经出现。很多规模比较小的商家结束了在这个行业的运营被迫破产或者转型。一些嗅觉比较灵敏的企业早在2007年就开始向网络营销或者差异化、细分市场战略过渡转型。而X公司的管理层显然没有做好这些战略准备。以前累积起来的各种问题毫不留情的突然爆发了。财务和运营杠杆不断恶化的绩效表现,让整个管理层措手不及。公司已经连续六年销售收入和利润下滑,管理层忽然发现:如果不动大手术,公司将被迫进入清算和破产程序。
表二、2007 年到2012 年,X公司销售和利润情况统计
财务绩效表现数据名称(年份) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
销售收入(万元人民币) 7200 6900 6900 6500 5900 4600
门店数量(个)
(括号为加盟店数量) 170(100) 200(110) 210
(113) 230
(116) 240
(120) 240
(120)
毛利润(万元人民币) 700 400 500 300 100 -800
净利润(万元人民币) -50 -150 -90 -130 -800 -1200

三、公司财务报告、预算管理、绩效评估体系介绍
公司的财务报告体系和存货管理体系,到目前仍然是依赖于手工操作。而且有两种不兼容的系统:直营店采用的是周和月结算系统的“批处理”系统,而加盟店采用的是“即时结算”系统---发生了交易马上就记录并马上进行结算。但是对于加盟店的交易的记录和登记系统又因为节省人力资源,而从属于公司的批处理系统,即周加月结算和集中整理并清理。(批处理通常为传统的手动系统,可以月度或季度成批处理财务数据和单据,以节约成本。即时结算系统需要比较好的信息系统的支持,所有的系统和人都必须在线处理,所以会比较浪费)。
公司基本没有正规的预算和财务审批程序,财务和内控体系相对薄弱,甚至于跟供应商和重要客户的结算也存在问题(两位股东的朋友和亲戚成批订购X公司产品,价钱相当优惠但是回款情况不佳)。
四、公司面临的挑战
市场方面的情况却发生了很大的改变。2007 年,北方地区已经有8000多家保健品经营公司,其中更有占整个中国市场半壁江山以上的大型保健品连锁经营巨头,比如说市场上比较有名的B公司,以敞开式大型超市的方式经营保健品,且门店都集中在城市商业最繁荣、人口密度最集中的区域。并且,利润率高的高端保健品更是这些大公司的拳头商品,都陈设在大型门店最显眼的位置。这些巨头的集中采购优势也非常显著。一轮一轮的价格战使中小型保健品经营商的生意举步维艰。但是,利润下降、现金流紧张等状况并没有让李先生及时警觉。财务状况的持续恶化并没有阻碍他持续扩张门店数量的策略。(门店规模见表二)
2012 年底,X公司董事会认为公司财务管理的混乱状况已经无法容忍,通过猎头公司从C公司(世界零售巨头中国区)挖来了一位在业界有20 年左右实际工作经验的区域财务总监担任X公司的财务总监(CFO)牛先生,上任后两个月左右,牛先生发现X公司面临史无前例的困境:许多门店经营不善、亏损严重,业主催租、人员流动率奇高,门店经理甚至不辞而别、坏帐高企、银行贷款无法偿还、存货积压、加盟店纷纷转行(拖欠很多货款无法追偿)等等。面对所有问题,公司做了一次完整细致的财务清查,发现公司累计亏损已超过人民币2000 万元。

讨论问题
1. 结合X公司的案例来说明董事会在制定公司长期发展战略过程中,
在公司处于不同的发展阶段,应该注意的重心有何不同?
2. 结合X公司的案例来说明公司的绩效方案的设计,从战略层次方面
需要注意哪些?从运营和执行层次方面,需要注意哪些具体问题?
3. 以X公司的案例分析来说明公司的财务和内控体系怎样才能更好的辅助公司的战略决策?
4. 请评估X公司的财务和运营表现,并对这些财务指标的优点、和
X公司总体绩效表现的关联度和局限性做一个探讨。

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... Ethics-Krispy Kreme Introduction The purpose of this case study is to analyze the accounting scandal at Krispy Kreme. "The Krispy Kreme story is one of a newly public company, experiencing rapid growth, that failed to meet its accounting and financial reporting obligations to its shareholders and the public,"(as cited in Maremont & Brooks, 2005). The senior managers were the ones who profited from this accounting scandal and the shareholders and the public suffered as a result. There are several prevention methods that can be taken to prevent this from occurring in the future. It will benefit Krispy Kreme to hire internal auditors who can report to management any regulations. Analysis Company Overview Krispy Kreme opened its first store July 13, 1937 in Winston-Salem, NC (Krispy Kreme). According to the Krispy Kreme website, “Vernon Rudolph bought a secret yeast-raised doughnut recipe from a New Orleans French chef, rented a building in what is now historic Old Salem in Winston-Salem, NC, and began selling Krispy Kreme doughnuts to local grocery stores”(Krispy Kreme). Krispy Kreme donuts can be found at many grocery stores with sixty personal stores around the United States. Krispy Kreme offers a fundraiser program for schools and churches. Krispy Kreme has expanded its business internationally “celebrating the 100th shop in Mexico” in 2013 (Krispy Kreme). Accounting Scandal “Former executives at Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Inc. who...

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...CASE STUDY OF KRISPY KREME Just like their Donoughts the Krispy Kreme stock seemed irresistible when they went public in 2000. It was even named as IPO of the year and the Forbes named it as the company to look out for. But now it is just a firm with a market capitalization over 300 million. So what did Krispy Kreme did wrong to be in a situation like this. The decline of Krispy Kreme Donoughts Inc. with a market capitalization of over 3 billion to just over 300 million was due to the use of synthetic leases, repurchased franchises, disappointing joint venture results and due to the problems of earnings management. This paper argues that there were numerous warning signals in the doughnut franchisor’s accounting and managerial decisions that investors refused to take seriously as they bid the stock from its IPO price of $6 to its eventual peak of $50 on NYSE. There are lots of lessons that can be learned from this autopsy of the Krispy Kreme and might well make investors and auditors more wary about jumping on the next IPO bandwagon. They bought out a struggling Michigan franchisee and agreed to raise the purchase price from $26 million to $32 million so that the franchisee could afford to close two stores and to settle its overdue debts owed to Krispy Kreme, thus avoiding a bad debt loss. Why would so many large franchisees of a supposedly-successful chain want to get out of their investment when operations seemed to be going so well? As we see in the exhibit...

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Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc

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