* Inland transport……………………………………………………………………………………………………2 * Inland transport modes…………………………………………………………………………………………2 * Road freight …………………………………………………………………………………………….2 * Railway freight………………………………………………………………………………………… 5 * Inland waterways……………………………………………………………………………………. 2 * Component of transport system.…………………………………………………………………………..8 * Classification of inland transport network……………………………………………………………. 9 * Road network………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9 * Railway network…………………………………………………………………………………….. 10 * Inland waterways……………………………………………………………………………………. 11 * Classification and types of inland transport vehicle……………………………………………...11 * Inland transport operator……………………………………………………………………………………..15 * CVO………………………………………………………………………………………………………….15 * Classification of different types of cargo……………………………………………………………….16

* Inland transport * Limited to the land, or to inland routes; within the seashore boundary; not passing on, or over, the sea; as, inland transportation, commerce, navigation, etc. * Confined to a country or state; domestic; not foreign; as, an inland bill of exchange * Consists of road network, railway network and inland water ways, within the land; more or less remote from the ocean or from open water; interior; as, an inland town.

* Inland cargo transport modes 1. Road freight
A road is an identifiable route of travel, usually surfaced with gravel, asphalt or concrete, and supporting land passage by foot or by a number of vehicles. In Great Britain the road network is extensive, with over 200,000 miles of pathed roadway. The network is almost universal in that virtually every house, farm, factory, shop and places of entertainment have access to a road.
Automobiles offer high flexibility, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility. Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.

Trucks
Strengths
1. Truck is the most flexible form of freight transport giving a door-to-door service without, in many case, any need for costly transshipment. 2. With the management of the vehicle in the control of the driver, the security of the load and the vehicle can be easily monitored. 3. Payment for the infrastructure is spread over many user limiting the amount each user has to pay 4. Costs of each operation are far easier to calculate in road haulage than on the railways. 5. Trucks are very visible and can be used as mobile advertising hoardings.
Weakness
1. Trucks are perceived by most of the population as being environmentally suspected as they produce noise, air pollution, structural damage and visual intrusion 2. It is commonly held by people that heavy trucks pose a bigger safety hazard on the roads than other road users and that the truck can be intimidating. 3. The capacity of the truck is low compared to the train and the barge/coastal ship. 4. Like the cars, the truck rely on oil for fuel and their operation is rely on fuel price and availability of supplies 5. The use of trucks to carry hazardous cargoes result in the danger inherent in carrying these commodities being spread to other road users. 2. Railway
Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods, by way of wheeled vehicles running on rails. It is also commonly referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a prepared flat surface, rail vehicles are also directionally guided by the tracks on which they run. Track usually consists of steel rails, installed on ties (sleepers) and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels, moves. Other variations are also possible, such as slab track where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface.
Rolling stock in railway transport systems generally has lower frictional resistance when compared with highway vehicles and the passenger and freight cars (carriages and wagons) can be coupled into longer trains.

Strengths 1. Dependable: The greatest advantage of the railway transport is that it is the most dependable mode of transport as it is the least affected by weather conditions such as rains, fog etc. compared to other modes of transport. 2. Better Organized: The rail transport is better organized than any other form of transport. It has fixed routes and schedules. Its service is more certain, uniform and regular as compared to other modes of transport. 3. High Speed over Long Distances: Its speed over long distances is more than any other mode of transport, except airways. Thus, it is the best choice for long distance traffic. 4. Suitable for Bulky and Heavy Goods: Railway transport is economical, quicker and best suited for carrying heavy and bulky goods over long distances. 5. Cheaper Transport: It is a cheaper mode of transport as compared to other modes of transport. Most of the working expenses of railways are in the nature of fixed costs. Every increase in the railway traffic is followed by a decrease in the average cost. Rail transport is economical in the use of labor also as one driver and one guard is sufficient to carry much more load than the motor transport. 6. Safety: Railway is the safest form of transport. The chances of accidents and breakdowns of railways are minimum as compared to other modes of transport. Moreover, the traffic can be protected from the exposure to sun, rains, snow etc. 7. Larger Capacity: The carrying capacity of the railways is extremely large. Moreover, its capacity is elastic, which can easily be increased by adding more wagons.

Weakness 1. Huge Capital Outlay: The railway requires is large investment of capital. The cost of construction, maintenance and overhead expenses are very high as compared to other modes of transport. Moreover, the investments are specific and immobile. In case the traffic is not sufficient, the investments may mean wastage of huge resources. 2. Lack of Flexibility: Another disadvantage of railway transport is its inflexibility. Its routes and timings cannot be adjusted to individual requirements. 3. Lack of Door-to-Door Service: Rail transport cannot provide door-to-door service as it is tied to a particular track. Intermediate loading or unloading involves greater cost, more wear and tear and wastage of time. The time and cost of terminal operations are a great disadvantage of rail transport. 4. Monopoly: As railways require huge capital outlay, they may give rise to monopolies and work against public interest at large. Even if controlled and managed by the government, lack of competition may breed inefficiency and high costs. 5. Unsuitable for Short Distance and Small Loads: Railway transport is unsuitable and uneconomical for short distance and small traffic of goods.

3. Inland waterways.
A stretch of water, not part of the sea, over which craft of a carrying capacity not less than 50 tones can navigate when normally loaded. This term covers both navigable rivers and lakes (natural water courses, whether or not they have been improved for navigation purposes) and canals (water ways constructed primarily for the purpose of navigation). The length of rivers and canals is measured in mid channel and length of lakes, as well as lagoons, is counted as the length between the most distant points between which the transport is performed. An inland waterway forming a common frontier between two countries is reported by both.
Ships canal like the Suez Canal, panama, Kiel and Manchester have sufficient depth water to accommodate large ocean going ships.

* Components of inland transport system
Core Components of Transportation 1. Modes. They represent the conveyances, mostly taking the form of vehicles that are used to support the mobility of passengers or freight. Some modes are designed to carry only passengers or freight, while others can carry both. 2. Infrastructures. The physical support of transport modes, where routes (e.g. rail tracks, canals or highways) and terminals (e.g. ports or airports) are the most significant components. 3. Networks. A system of linked locations that are used to represent the functional and spatial organization of transportation. This system indicates which locations are connected and how they are serviced. Within a network some locations are more accessible (more connections) than others (less connections). 4. Flows. Movements of people, freight and information over their respective networks. Flows have origins, intermediary locations and destinations. An intermediary location is often required to go from an origin to a destination. For instance, flying from one airport to another may require a transit at hub airport.

* The classification of inland transport network 1. Road network * Motorways
A motorway is a road designed and built for motor traffic that separates the traffic flowing in opposite directions.
A dual-carriageway road designed for fast traffic, with relatively few places for joining or leaving.

* Single roads minor roads
A two-lane road or two-lane highway is a single carriageway with one lane for each direction. A single-track road has a single lane with passing places for traffic in both directions.

2. Railway network * Dual lines/track
A double-track railway usually involves running one track in each direction

* Single lines/tracks
A single-track railway is a railway where trains travelling in both directions share the same track. Single track is usually found on lesser-used rail lines, often branch lines, where the level of traffic is not high enough to justify the cost of constructing a second track.

3. Inland-waterways
Inland waters are classified as one of four categories:

* Category A - narrow rivers and canals where the depth of water is generally less than 1.5 meters. * Category B - wider rivers and canals where the depth of water is generally 1.5 meters or more and where the significant wave height could not be expected to exceed 0.6 meters at any time. * Category C - tidal rivers, estuaries and large, deep lakes and lochs where the significant wave height could not be expected to exceed 1.2 meters at any time. * Category D - tidal rivers and estuaries where the significant wave height could not be expected to exceed 2 meters at any time.

* Classification and types of inland transport vehicles 1. Road freight * Tent, Semi-trailer
The mostly known type of trucks is suitable for the transportation of majority of types of cargoes. The loading can be done from sideway and above by removing the tent cover of the semi-trailer. * Loading capacity: 20-25t. * Useful volume: 60-92 cbm. * Capacity: 22-33 euro -pallets.

* Tent "Jumbo"
Tent semi-trailer with bigger capacity, which is achieved by the “G” shape of the floor, and reduce of diameter of the wheels.
Loading capacity: to 20 t.
Useful volume: 96-125 cbm.
Capacity: 33 euro-pallets.

* Truck-trailer
Tent vehicle + trailer. The advantage is fast loading/ unloading and larger useful loading volume. Weak point: not suitable for the transportation of long-length cargoes. * Loading capacity: 16-25t. * Useful volume: 60-120 cbm. * Capacity: 22-33 euro-pallets

* Refrigerated truck
Refrigerated semi-trailer Used for the transportation of the most perishable goods with special storage conditions: from +25 0C to -250C. * Loading capacity: 12-22t. * Useful volume: 60-92 cbm. * Capacity: 24-33 euro -pallets. * "European standard": 20 tons of 82 cbm. 32 pallets

* Flat Bed and Low Bed Trucks for the Transportation of oversized cargoes
It is applied for the transportation of over-sized cargoes. * Loading capacity: 20-40t.

2. Rail freight.

* Freight use * Well car
A well car, also known as a double-stack car or stack car (also well wagon), is a type of railroad car specially designed to carry intermodal containers (shipping containers) used in intermodal freight transport

* Flatcar
A flat wagon consists of an open, flat deck mounted on a pair of trucks, one at each end containing four or six wheels. Occasionally, flat cars designed to carry extra heavy or extra large loads are mounted on a pair of bogeys under each end

3. Inland waterways

* Barge
A barge is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. Some barges are not self-propelled and need to be towed or pushed by towboats. * Dry bulk cargo barge
A dry bulk cargo barge is a barge designed to carry freight such as coal, finished steel or its ingredients, grain, sand or gravel, or similar materials.

* Liquid cargo barge
Liquid cargo barges are barges that transport petrochemicals, such as styrene, benzene and methanol; liquid fertilizer, including anhydrous ammonia; refined products, including gasoline, diesel fuel, and jet fuel; black oil products, such as asphalt etc.

* Inland transport operators
Commercial vehicle operations (CVO)
In CVO, the private operations of trucks, vans, and taxis have already begun to adopt ITS technologies to improve the productivity of their fleets and the efficiency of their operations. Such concepts as weigh-in-motion (WIM), preclearance of trucks across state boundaries, automatic vehicle location for fleet management, and on-board safety monitoring devices, are included here. This is proving to be a leading-edge application because of direct, bottom-line advantages. Also, given the premium on productivity, technologies like ETTM (electronic toll and traffic management) are of special value to commercial fleets. E.g. (some specialized companies, own account companies and private sector companies) * The classification of different types of cargo * Liquid Bulk Cargo
These free-flowing liquid cargoes, which also include crude oil, liquefied natural gas and chemicals, are not boxed, bagged or hand stowed. Instead, they are poured into and sucked out of large tank spaces, known as the holds, of a tanker. * Dry Bulk Cargo
From grains to coal and from sugar to cocoa, dry bulk cargoes cover a range of produce and raw materials that have two features in common: they are unpacked and are homogeneous. These two properties make it easier for dry bulk cargoes to be dropped or poured into the hold of a bulk carrier. * Refrigerated Food Cargo
Such fragile and time sensitive cargoes require special transportation that will keep goods at the right temperature to maintain freshness, run to strict schedules to ensure that the produce reaches its final destination in the optimum condition. To meet these demands, special refrigerated cargo ships house temperature-controlled containers suitable for the safe carriage of chilled or frozen cargoes, referred to reefer containers.
A wide range of commodities are shipped under refrigeration, including: fresh fruits and vegetables, fresh and frozen meats, poultry, and seafood, dairy products and eggs, fresh juices and frozen concentrates, and live plants and flowers.

* Special Purpose Cargo
There are many different types of cargoes shipped around the world, some more unusual than others. While containers, crude oil and dry bulk get the most attention, other cargoes that fall outside of these categories are just as important to daily life.
Over-sized goods, such as a non-motorized barges or road sections, are one such cargo, while heavy cargoes, such as industrial generators and reactors, also require special treatment. Another specialist cargo is livestock, which needs to be transported in comfortable surroundings so that the cattle or sheep reach their final destination undistressed and in optimum condition.