...Financial Institutions and Financial Markets FIN/370 Financial Institutions and Financial Markets The state of the economy in the United States is very crucial to businesses and society. The success of the economy is reliant on financial institutions and financial markets. “The market for the creation and exchange of financial assets such as money, stocks, and bonds, plays a central role in organizing and coordinating our economy” (Colander, 2013, p. 643). Financial institutions are essential in providing funding for activities that take place within the financial markets. This paper will describe the roles of financial institutions and financial markets in our economy, as well as compare and discuss the differentiations between markets. The Roles of Financial Institutions Financial institutions play a vital role in the success of our economy and financial markets. They are responsible for financial transactions such as deposits, investments, and loans. Examples of financial institutions are commercial banks, investment banks, credit unions, insurance companies, mutual funds, and brokerages. A few of the well-known U.S. financial institutions are Bank of America, JP Morgan Chase Bank, Wachovia Bank, and Wells Fargo Bank. Financial institutions provide a means of savings for society and businesses. Saving money incurs interest, which allows people and businesses to save additional funds. Financial institutions provide loans so businesses can grow...
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...on MONEY, BANKING, AND FINANCIAL MARKETS Peter N. Ireland Department of Economics Boston College irelandp@bc.edu http://www2.bc.edu/~irelandp/ec261.html Chapter 2: An Overview of the Financial System 1. Function of Financial Markets and Financial Intermediaries 2. Structure of Financial Markets Debt and Equity Markets Primary and Secondary Markets Exchanges and Over-the-Counter Markets Money and Capital Markets 3. Financial Instruments Money Market Instruments Capital Market Instruments 4. Role of Financial Intermediaries Transaction Costs and Economies of Scale Risk Sharing and Diversification Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard 5. Types of Financial Intermediaries Depository Institutions (Banks) Contractual Savings Institutions Investment Intermediaries This chapter provides an overview of the financial system in the US economy by describing the various types of financial markets, financial instruments, and financial institutions or intermediaries that exist. 1 The chapter begins with a general statement that clarifies what function financial markets and financial intermediaries have in the economy as a whole. It then deals more specifically with: The structure of financial markets and the ways in which different types of financial markets can be distinguished. Here, it discusses debt versus equity markets, primary versus secondary markets, exchanges versus over-the-counter markets, and money versus capital markets. The various types of financial instruments, including both money market...
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...INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM The economic development of a nation is reflected by the progress of the various economic units, broadly classified into corporate sector, government and household sector. A financial system or financial sector functions as an intermediary and facilitates the flow of funds from the areas of surplus to the deficit. It is a composition of various institutions, markets, regulations and laws, practices, money manager analyst, transactions and claims and liabilities. function of the financial system is the mobilisation of savings, their distribution for industrial investment and stimulating capital formation to accelerate the process of economic growth The features of a financial system are as follows 1. Financial system provides an ideal linkage between depositors and investors, thus encouraging both savings and investments. 2. Financial system facilitates expansion of financial markets over space and time. 3. Financial system promotes efficient allocation of financial resources for socially desirable and economically productive purposes. 4. Financial system influences both the quality and the pace of economic development. The Indian Financial system (financial markets) is broadly divided under two heads: (i) Indian Money Market (ii) Indian Capital Market The Indian money market is the market in which short-term funds are borrowed and lent. The money market does not deal in cash, or money but in bills of exchange, grade bills and treasury...
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...Chapter 1 A modern financial system: an overview The introduction of money and the development of local markets to trade goods were the genesis of the financial system of today. Money is a medium of exchange that facilitates transactions for goods and services. With wealth being accumulated in the form of money, specialised markets developed to enable the efficient transfer of funds from savers (surplus entities) to users of funds (deficit entities). A modern financial system comprises financial institutions, instruments and markets that provide a wide range of financial products and services. Importantly, a financial system encourages accumulated savings which are then available for investment within an economy. Financial assets, or financial instruments, incorporate attributes of risk, return (yield), liquidity and time-pattern of cash flows. Savers are able to satisfy their own personal preferences by choosing various combinations of these attributes. By encouraging savings, and allocating savings to the most efficient users, the financial system has an important role to play in the economic development and growth of a country. A range of different financial institutions has evolved to meet the needs of financial market participants and to support economic growth. Chapters 2 and 3 examine the major types of financial institutions. At this stage the institutions are categorised by the nature of their principal activities. Depository institutions, such as commercial banks, building...
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...MONEY, BANKING, AND FINANCIAL MARKETS Peter N. Ireland Department of Economics Boston College irelandp@bc.edu http://www2.bc.edu/~irelandp/ec261.html Chapter 2: An Overview of the Financial System 1. Function of Financial Markets and Financial Intermediaries 2. Structure of Financial Markets Debt and Equity Markets Primary and Secondary Markets Exchanges and Over-the-Counter Markets Money and Capital Markets 3. Financial Instruments Money Market Instruments Capital Market Instruments 4. Role of Financial Intermediaries Transaction Costs and Economies of Scale Risk Sharing and Diversification Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard 5. Types of Financial Intermediaries Depository Institutions (Banks) Contractual Savings Institutions Investment Intermediaries This chapter provides an overview of the financial system in the US economy by describing the various types of financial markets, financial instruments, and financial institutions or intermediaries that exist. 1 The chapter begins with a general statement that clarifies what function financial markets and financial intermediaries have in the economy as a whole. It then deals more specifically with: The structure of financial markets and the ways in which different types of financial markets can be distinguished. Here, it discusses debt versus equity markets, primary versus secondary markets, exchanges versus over-the-counter markets, and money versus capital markets. The various types of financial instruments, including both money...
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...Financial Institutions, Instruments and Markets—7th edition Instructor’s Resource Manual Christopher Viney and Peter Phillips Chapter 1 A modern financial system Learning objective 1.1: explain the functions of a modern financial system • The introduction of money and the development of local markets to trade goods were the genesis of the financial system of today. • Money is a medium of exchange that facilitates transactions for goods and services. • With wealth being accumulated in the form of money, specialised markets developed to enable the efficient transfer of funds from savers (surplus entities) to users of funds (deficit entities). • A modern financial system comprises financial institutions, instruments and markets that provide a wide range of financial products and services. • A financial system encourages accumulated savings which are then available for investment within an economy. • Financial instruments incorporate attributes of risk, return (yield), liquidity and time–pattern of cash flows. Savers are able to satisfy their own personal preferences by choosing various combinations of these attributes. • By encouraging savings, and allocating savings to the most efficient users, the financial system has an important role to play in the economic development and growth of a country. Learning objective 1.2: categorise the main types of financial institutions, being depository financial institutions, investment banks and merchant banks,...
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...1-1 A Modern Financial System—An Overview 1-2 Learning Objectives • Explain the functions of a financial system • The main types of financial institutions • Describe the main classes of financial instruments issued in a financial system • The flow of funds between savers / borrowers • Distinguish between various types of financial markets according to function • Appreciate the importance of globalisation • Understand the effects and consequences of a financial crisis on a financial system and economy 1-3 1 Functions of a Financial System • Money – Acts as medium of exchange – Solves the divisibility problem, i.e. where medium of exchange does not represent equal value for the p q parties to the transaction – Facilitates saving – Represents a store of wealth 1-4 Functions of a Financial System (cont.) • Role of markets – Facilitate exchange of goods and services by bringing opposite parties together establishing rates of exchange, i.e. prices • Financial Markets consist of: • Surplus units – Savers of funds available for lending • Deficit units – Borrowers of funds for capital investment and consumption 1-5 1.1 Functions of a Financial System (cont.) 1-6 2 Functions of a Financial System (cont.) • Financial instrument – Issued by a party raising funds, acknowledging a financial commitment and entitling the holder to specified future cash flows • Double coincidence of wants satisfied – A transaction between two parties that meets their...
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...INTRODUCTION FINANCIAL SYSTEM: it is the system of country which deals with the financial aspects. COMPONENTS OF FINANCIAL SYSTEM: I. FINANCIAL MARKETS II. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS III. FINANICAL INSTRUMENTS IV. FINANCIAL SERVICES. I. FINANCIAL MARKETS * Primary markets: deals with new issues * Secondary markets: trading in existing securities II. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS: these are the institutions which deal with the financial instruments. They create the various instruments of credit. III. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS: these are the claims against an institution or a person for payment at a future date of sum of money in the form of dividend/ interest. IV.FINANCIAL SERVICES: financial services are those which help in borrowing and funding, buying and selling securities, lending and investing, making and enabling payments and settlements and managing risk exposures in financial markets * MEANING OF FINANCIAL SERVICES All types of activities which are of financial nature may be regarded as financial services. In simple words, the term financial services means mobilizing and allocating savings. Thus, it includes all activities in the transformation of savings into investments., The financial services is also called financial intermediation. Financial intermediation is the process by which funds are mobilized from savers and make them available to the corporate customers for investments. Financial intermediaries Money market intermediaries(...
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...returns, the objective of regulators is to determine when risk exposures either become excessive relative to the financial institution’s capital position and financial condition or have not been identified to the extent that the situation represents an unsafe and unsound banking practice. Determination of whether the institution’s risk-management system can measure and control its risks is of particular importance. The primary components of a sound risk-management process are a comprehensive risk-measurement approach; a detailed structure of limits, guidelines, and other parameters used to govern risk taking; and a strong management information system for monitoring and reporting risks. These components are fundamental to both trading and nontrading activities. Moreover, the underlying risks associated with these activities, such as market, credit, liquidity, operations, and legal risks, are not new to banking, although their measurement can be more complex for trading activities than for lending activities. Accordingly, the process of risk management for capitalmarkets and trading activities should be integrated into the institution’s overall riskmanagement system to the fullest extent possible using a conceptual framework common to the financial institution’s other business activities. Such a common framework enables the institution to consolidate risk exposure more effectively, especially since the various individual risks involved in capital-markets...
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...ASSIGNMENT#1 Submitted By: Saadia 1. Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic financial institution (AAOIFI) The AAOIFI is a non-profit organization that focuses mainly on the area of accounting and auditing for Islamic financial institutions. While recognizing the need for standards, AAOIFI was established on February 1990 in Algeria and was registered on March 1991 in the kingdom of Bahrain. The organization is supported by 200 institution members from 45 countries across the global. The AAOIFI is one of prominent Islamic agency that attempts to install accounting and auditing standard for Islamic financial industry. The main object is to develop and disseminate accounting and auditing thought relevant to Islamic financial institutions and their applications. Its tasks include holding seminars, publishing periodicals, newsletters, commissioning research and prepare, promulgate, interpret and review, the accounting and auditing standards for Islamic financial institutions. Its notable efforts are to inform and encourage banking supervisors around the world to adopt its standard as the benchmark for Islamic financial institutions in their countries. These attempts to improve the transparency and comparability of the financial reporting of Islamic financial institutions are bearing fruit. The AAOIFI’s standard has been applied in various countries such as Bahrain and Sudan which require Islamic Banks in their countries to follow AAOIFI’s standards. In Qatar and Saudi...
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...Definition of financial system A financial system can be defined at the global, regional or firm specific level. The firm's financial system is the set of implemented procedures that track the financial activities of the company. On a regional scale, the financial system is the system that enables lenders and borrowers to exchange funds. The global financial system is basically a broader regional system that encompasses all financial institutions, borrowers and lenders within the global economy. The financial system in Sri Lanka comprises the major financial institutions, namely the Central Bank of Sri Lanka, Licensed Commercial Banks (LCBs), Licensed Specialized Banks (LSBs), Licensed Finance Companies (LFCs), Specialized Leasing Companies (SLCs), Primary Dealers (PDs), Pension and Provident Funds, Insurance Companies, Rural Banks, Stock Brokers, Securities Market Intermediaries, Unit Trusts and Thrift and Credit Co-operative Societies; the major financial markets, such as the Foreign Exchange Market, Money Market, Capital Market and the informal financial market; and the financial infrastructure which is the legal framework related to the financial system and the payment and settlement. The nature of the financial institutions The banking sector in Sri Lanka, which comprises LCBs and LSBs, dominates the financial system and accounted for 58 per cent of the total assets of the financial system as at end December 2013. Banks play a central role within the financial system, as...
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...profits. It is important to know the threats surrounding a company in terms of investment. For that reason, the organisation of choice has a risk profile indicating its positioning when thinking of investing in a new strategy. Apparently, the company has the willingness to take head-on the risks that would come along with any investment form. There are several financial instruments for investing in a new plan. The company has hatched mitigation measures for risks that may affect the incorporation of the strategy. The company’s decision to invest using the new financial instruments can realise increased costs, or losses in terms of trading in the finances, but these are some of the risks the organisation is willing to take head-on. In addition, with the current instability found in the financial sector after the infamous global financial crisis, companies run the risk of being caught up again in the recession. However, the company has engaged with the insurance companies and also with the necessary financial institutions so that in the event of unfortunate occurrence, the company remains safe. One example of financial instrument for investment is the Exchange Traded Fund (ETF), just like any other source of investment; it does not come along without its risks. In other words, there is no investment that is free from risk; they are all likely in one way or the other to land an organisation in trouble. For instance, the ETF regulations are susceptible to different diversification essentials...
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...CHAPTER 1 REVIEW MONEY, BANKING AND FINANCIAL MARKETS STEPHEN CECHETTI The Six Parts of a Financial System 1. Money Money is the start of the financial system and the means for making purchases. Accumulating money is a determining factor in defining wealth. Those who store more money are wealthier than those who do not. The consistency of money has a tendency to morph based on changes in the financial system and technology. 2. Financial Instruments Financial instruments are also known as securities, though the layman's terms are stocks, bonds, mortgages and insurance. At one time, the dealing and trading of stocks was typically limited to wealthy individuals who could afford to pay the costly fees charged by stockbrokers. In recent years, this practice has become more affordable with the introduction of mutual funds. Mutual funds pool the savings of a broad number of investors. By leveraging a high volume of buyers, more investors can purchase, trade and accumulate portfolios. 3. Financial Markets Financial markets are trading houses that are dedicated to the purchase and sale of stocks and bonds, such as the New York Stock Exchange or the NASDAQ. Buyers and sellers gather at the market to determine buying and selling prices for securities, typically with assistance from a stockbroker. Markets continually fluctuate, resulting in inherent risks in the process. 4. Financial Institutions The common term for financial institutions is banks. Though once a brick and mortar...
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...Week 2: Introduction to the Financial System 1.1 Functions of a financial market * Markets are the process that facilitates the exchange of things of values. These things of value are often categorised as real assets, such as a house or a car, and financial assets, such as a loan to buy a house or car. These could take place in a non-formal market place, non-market exchanges can be very time consuming. * It brings opposite parties together. If not, those with needs must go everywhere to find the items themselves e.g. milk at farms. This enables double coincidence of wants that is necessary before an exchange can take place * Money acts as a medium of exchange and solves the divisibility problem. (e.g. bag of potatoes might be worth half of the left rump, but a person would not just take off a rump from a living cow and directly exchange). Other roles include store of value (saving of individuals’ surplus earning). The funds saved by surplus units- those savers with current excess funds- can be put to use by those whose current demand for goods and services is greater than their current available funds. (Deficit units) * Financial institutions and markets facilitate financial transactions between the providers of funds and the users of funds. * Financial assets are represented by financial instrument that states how much has been borrowed, and when and how much is to be repaid by the borrower. E.g. money invested in a term deposit with a bank, the...
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...International Journal of Islamic Financial Services Vol. 1 No.1 ISLAMIC INSTRUMENTS FOR MANAGING LIQUIDITY Yahia Abdul-Rahman This paper provides a practitioners perspective on the overwhelming need for prudent management of liquidity and development of Islamic money market instruments. Islamic banking and financing is gaining momentum world-wide. Many of the international RIBA banks are now focusing on LARIBA banking and financing to gain a significant market share of the funds and the deals which insist on LARIBA dealings. Many estimate the LARIBA funds looking for halal investing and banking to be from $ 50 billion to $80 billion. Most of these funds are now handled in Europe; mainly in the London financial markets. In 1996, Citibank has started "Citibank Islamic" in Bahrain and is now providing limited Islamic financing windows out of its international operations in New York & San Francisco. Islamic banks world-wide have not yet come up with the competitive financial instruments and products which allow them to provide valid avenues to the LARIBA owner of funds and which compete in quality and security with instruments offered by other RIBA banks and investment companies in the world. Yahia Abdul-Rahman 1. The Problem of Liquidity Management Liquidity is the ease by which an asset can be exchanged for another with little or no loss of value; usually cash. Liquid assets are those held in cash or are invested in instruments which can be converted rapidly into cash...
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