...TWAGIRAMUNGU Michel From RWANDA "Relationship between international custom and international convention" Abstract The relationship between treaty and custom is a topic of great importance in practice and theory. An attempt at unraveling the intrigues involved in this relationship requires an understanding of the formal nature of the two sources of treaty and custom, and of the impact they exert upon each other in the search for applicable law in a concrete situation by government officials, judges and legislators. The separateness of these two sources is at times not clear, but shall always be maintained. Rules derived from both sources contribute to the body of international law, and they are rules of equal force. The rules thus derived from them may restrict each other in application and conflict in content, thus being conducive to strangeness in law, and may become asymmetrically opposed. This brief description reveals the relationship between treaties and international custom which can influence international practices. That influence can result in different significant consequences for international relations as a whole. This work is concerned with the relationship between treaty and custom at the international level. Introduction There is still no consensus among academics and other interested parties as to what international law is. However, Prof. J. G. Starke has stated that: “International law consists of a system of laws, the majority of which applies...
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...7 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea CONTENTS Page PREAMBLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 PART I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Article 1. PART II. Use of terms and scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE . . . . . . . . 23 23 SECTION 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 2. Legal status of the territorial sea, of the air space over the territorial sea and of its bed and subsoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SECTION 2. LIMITS OF THE TERRITORIAL SEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 3. Breadth of the territorial sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 4. Outer limit of the territorial sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 5. Normal baseline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 6. Reefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 7. Straight baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 8. Internal waters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 9. Mouths of rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 10. Bays ........ Article 11. Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Article 12. Roadsteads...
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...Sustainability in the MICE Industry: Metro Toronto Convention Centre Meetings, incentives, conferences, and events (MICE) are an important sector of the tourism industry, and for Toronto it contributed to 30% of the Tourism Toronto's investments budget and generated 33.7% of sales within the budget in 2012. (Tourism Toronto: Business Plan and Annual Budget 2012) The operations surrounding this sector bring business and allow the city to showcase and exhibit its culture, as well as, making it a respected destination for business and leisure travelers. Although these activities bring forth significant economic benefits, the City of Toronto, Tourism Toronto, and facilities within the MICE industry are making important investments in developing the necessary managements and infrastructure to accommodate this sector of the tourism industry. (See Toronto Now) While some of the outcomes of these economic impacts are positive, such as, creating jobs and increasing revenue; there are also a number of negative consequences such as the quality of the natural environment becoming at risk where these activities are taken place. Sustainability in the MICE industry has already been recognized in one of Toronto’s main facilities, the Metro Toronto Convention Centre (MTCC). This venue has been awarded Ontario Sustainable Tourism Award, which acknowledges the convention centres sustainability goals and their Local Food Program, it offers renewable power generated entirely from wind and...
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...Event Planning – Industry Analysis Endra Newell Overall Summary Event planning is the organization, preplanning and preparation of countless details required for an event as well as the management of these details during the time the event actually occurs. It is the event planner’s responsibility to ensure all details of the event are being managed from selecting the appropriate venue to ensuring all invitations are printed and sent. They are accountable for the event running smoothly and effortlessly on the host’s behalf. History and Evolvement About 30 years ago, event planning was a service that the average person did themselves without seeking assistance from a third party. Event planning was indeed a service utilized more so by the wealthy and/or successful corporations. Fast forward to present day and an event planner has become more of a necessity than that of a housekeeper or nanny. The demand for such a service has increased due to time constraints of an individual, recognition of the industry amongst the middle class and the lowering cost associated with the use of such a service. This service is looked upon as one that eliminates the hassles and headaches of putting a tremendous amount of effort into planning and executing such events without enjoying yourself in the long run. According to the Bureau of Labor and Statistic, employment of event planners is expected to grow 20% from 2006 to 2016. Threat of New Entrance The event planning industry...
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...Deviant Behavior Course Project Option Four: Mini Research Paper Breaking Folkways For this assignment I chose this particular research option because I am very interested in people’s reactions to experiencing things they are not used to, I also do not embarrass easily. My research involved intentionally violating common folkways in the presence of family, co-workers and strangers. After breaking common norms I than analyzed the results and recorded them below. Day One – Hugging co-workers rather than saying hello In our culture, when in the workplace, it is appropriate to greet fellow employees with a “hello”, “hi” or handshake. For the purpose of this assignment I decided to greet my coworkers with hugs, rather than saying hello and shaking their hand. Clearly the norm which I violated here were keeping the greeting casual and possibly invading my co-workers personal space. Americans are usually very adamant about not getting too close to others while in public and vice versa, so this one was fun for me. Throughout my work day, whenever I encountered a fellow employee I gave them a semi-long hug with a pat on the back, this included both male and female co-workers. I really enjoyed this one. The reactions from the people whom I greeted with a hug, rather than a simple “hello” or hand shake ranged by the particular individual and were usually along the lines of what I expected. All of the females I hugged responded with a return hug, meaning my hug...
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...The social norm I chose to violate was to sit in an empty chair at an otherwise occupied table. I chose a table occupied by three people in a coffee shop in Portland, Oregon. There was not much of a reaction to the social norm violation I committed. The people at the table just looked at me for a moment. After an awkward moment of silence the people at the table said hello and made small talk with me. They were very friendly and easy going. They did not seem to mind that I sat at their table uninvited. After speaking for a few minutes I explained to them that this was a psychology assignment and let them read the assignment. The people at the table were somewhat confused as to why such a thing would be assigned by a college professor. They explained that they felt it was inappropriate for a teacher to ask students to put themselves into any of the listed situations. All the people stated they were not offended by someone actually doing these things. They were bothered that students were required to violate any of the “so-called social norms on the list”. I found my actions to be rude and inconsiderate. I would not like it if someone came over and sat at my table uninvited. Maybe someone wants to have a private conversation with the others at the table. Maybe someone is on a date and wants to be alone. Maybe the people at the table are criminals. Maybe the people do not care if someone sits at their table uninvited. The bottom line is that for me it was uncomfortable...
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...Since Baderman Island has opened it had already become a premiere vacation and relaxation destination, but things are just getting started. Of the nearly 1600 acres of the island, only 750 have been developed. That means that there are still over 800 acres of wilderness and development that are still in the works. Of course this doesn’t mean that the entire island will be over-developed. We at Baderman Island have intentionally designed permanent wilderness areas – in addition to the 375 acres of the botanical gardens -- that will be integrated into the master plan of the Island.Here are just a few things that we have in the works: Pepicello Fairways are planning on adding an additional 18 holes of golf on 75 open acres adjacent to the existing golf course. This new range will be designed for those golfers seeking the additional challenge needed to drive up their game. The WIlliam C. Martin Botanical Gardens are growing. Currently the 225 acres of preserved wilderness is home to abundant wildlife, exotics plants, and colorful butterflies. In attempt to better protect the gardens, an additional 150 acre buffer area is being created around the garden. Additionally, the existing walking and hiking trails are being expanded to make for better access for wheelchairs and those guests that request golf cart accessibility. Plans are in the works to expand the Baderman Island Oasis Spa. The modest 50 acres site is being expanded by an additional 25 acres with additional facilities as...
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...“Party Government” by E. E. Schattschneider, the speaker focuses on the involvement of Federalist 10, regarding to political parties in the constitutional system and interest groups. Schattschneider describes the pro-party as those who “guarantee civil rights and establishes a system of party tolerance, the right to agitate and to organize,” (Page 171) while he describes the aspects of an anti-party as the separation of powers and federalism. He says that the constitutional system created a constitution that was pro-party in one sense and also anti-party. Later in page 171, Schattschneider says that “the Constitution made the rise of parties inevitable yet was incompatible with party government,” meaning the Constitution makes it difficult for parties to function. He also claims that interests groups don’t have the agreement of people and power to control the government. At the end, he describes the law of the imperfect political mobilization of interests as the result that every individual is torn by the diversity of their own interests, making an individual a member of many groups. Schattscheider’s overview of parties in a constitutional system in “Party Government” is connected to Madison’s famous Federalist paper 10. Madison focused on the Constitution establishing an effectual government that would break and control the dangers of a faction, but at the same time to form a popular government where people have opinions. To Madison, interests groups and parties were bad,...
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...of amending the constitution * the Rigid or Inelastic Constitution * Flexible or Elastic Constitution All of the above mentioned constitutions have their different features and characteristics. The Written Constitution * is the constitution where the provisions are all contained in a single document. The Unwritten Constitution * is the constitution where the provisions are not contained in a single document. The provisions are written in different documents that are considered as part of the land’s fundamental law. This constitution can also be considered as an Un-compiled constitution. The Conventional or Enacted Constitution * is the constitution that was created through a constitutional convention * this convention is called to be able to...
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...In our society we have what are called norms. Norms are the expectations, or rules of behavior that develop out of a group’s values (Ramirez-Tinoco, Values and Norms Discussion). People react to norms differently in different times and places and this is what makes up certain norms being norms. I witnessed two norm violations being committed, and I committed one myself. By committing this norm violation I went against my values and my own expectations not only for myself, but also for the expectations others have for me. Values are standards by which people define good and bad beautiful and ugly (Ramirez-Tinoco, Norms Vary Discussion). Without using norms such as mores in our everyday life, our society would not be able to operate properly. Mores are norms that are norms that are believed to be essential to core values and we insist on conformity (Ramirez-Tinoco, Norms Vary Discussion). Most people see norms differently compared to others. A lot of people commit norms very often in life such as folkways because the things other people might consider norms they no longer do. Once someone sees a certain norm violation all the time it no longer becomes a norm violation to that specific person any longer. Folkways are norms that are not strictly enforced (Ramirez-Tinoco, Norms Vary Discussion). These norm violations when committed seem to not get as much of a reaction as mores do. The norm violation I committed was a mores norm violation because it’s not one that people see very...
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...This article by Malcolm Gladwell really painted a picture adopting the unconventional ways by using several wars fought in the past of different times, individuals, and even computer scientists to make it clear enough to understand his point. Gladwell, did well indeed portray this concept of diversified thinking in a conscience and creative way. He portrayed the norm of the society being based on conventional ways; that thinking outside the box is the only way we could be better at what we do. Going unconventional means disapproval from the norm, but with relentless attitude and focusing, goals are achieved. This brings Chaffee to mind; his concept of critical and creative thinking. To have victory in anything we do we must be critical thinkers. In sports for example or in wars, an opponent must observe the strengths and weaknesses of the champion which involves thinking critically and being creative. Even the powerful is not immune to defeat if you plan well. It is by knowing all these that one is able to strategically think and come up with ways of beating your opponent. Taking girls without the ability and knowledge of the basketball game is a very classic way of showing that it is not about what we know that sets us apart from the others, but our out of the norm ideas. It’s all about the effort we are willing to put in and the attitude. The efforts help get us there and the attitude is what keeps us in the game. Playing the conventional way does not guarantee winning, but...
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...Social norms are customs that we are conditioned to percieve as ordinary. Social norms have their pupose in our society. One can look at social norms as being favorable or unfavorable. I personally think that social norms are often a positive thing as they help keep us in order. For this paper I decided to violate a social norm that is derived from folkways. Folways are common demeanors related to rituals and triditions of a certain society. The norm that I choose to violate for this paper required me to cut into the middle of a line by myelf and stay in line for atleast 2 minutes. I decided to violate this social norm on the campus of Queensborough Commnity Colloge, in the cafeteria located in the science building. I choose this specific setting because colleges in our society exibit many social norms, going to college itself is considered a social norm in our society. I violated this norm on October 30th at around 11:00 AM, during that time the cafeteria is usally very crowded. The check out lines were lengthy, just like I expected. I grabbed myself a cup of coffe and saw a gap in the middle of the line so I breached my way in there. While I was violating this norm I felt very rude. I felt like I was being a jerk however I was able to realize that I was breaking this norm solely for the purpose of my assingment which helped follow through with this norm violation. After a while I dicided to go on my and just act like everything was normal. I purchased my coffe and exited the...
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...EMERGING AS THE PROFIT SEGMENT FOR THE INDUSTRY, By Karishma Sen, T3 , May 14, 2013 INTRODUCTION Domestic and outbound travel has been the talk of not just Indian industry stalwarts but international ones as well. The mere statistics of tourism in India is enough to raise eyebrows and contribute to heated discussions that fuel a growing opinion of India’s tourism potential. The creeper that grows alongside this sector is MICE. Not only has it been contributing to a large chunk of the tourism sector, it has also grown leaps and bounds in quality, services and, most importantly, demand.. Following research questions have been addressed by this research paper: (1) What is the status of current Indian MICE industry ?? (2) Why only convention centres are enjoying to MICE business ?? (3) Significant contribution of MICE to Hotel business ?? (4) Challenges for India is becoming an exotic MICE destination in comparison with other countries. LITERATURE REVIEW According to International Congress & Convention Association (ICCA) statistics, a total of 400,000 conferences and exhibitions are held worldwide every year at the total outlay of US$280 billion, and India’s share is pegged only at US$4.8 bn. Currently, India ranks 27th in the global MICE market. According to International Congress & Convention Association (ICCA) statistics, a total of 400,000 conferences and exhibitions are held worldwide every year at the total outlay of US$280 billion, and India’s share is pegged only at US$4...
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...Amanda Lane 9/11/12 AP English 12. The concept of freedom means different things to different people, depending on the level of freedom that you have in your life. When people think of the definition of ‘freedom’, they might think of ‘liberty’. The definition of liberty is having the ability to act according to your own will, as long as it doesn't affect the ability of someone else to act according to their own will. Most people would agree that this is the way that a society should function. But in America, do we have true ‘freedom’? Aldous Huxley, the author of the novel Brave New World, later writes in a commentary of the book that the ideas of human freedom have been manipulated over time. Comedian and commentator George Carlin also suggests that freedom is an “illusion”. However, there have been more optimistic views, such as those of presidents Reagan and Kennedy. President Reagan said, “Freedom is never more than one generation away from extinction. We didn’t pass it to our children in the bloodstream. It must be fought for, protected, and handed on for them to do the same.” I do not believe that ALL freedom must necessarily be fought for, but I do believe that it is important to protect and for us to teach our children about the freedoms that we have and are lucky to have. Ultimately, freedom is already protected in the Bill of Rights. We will always have the basic freedoms such as speech, religion, to bear arms, etc. It has been ingrained into us as a nation from...
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...University of Phoenix Material Research Plan As part of your research plan, you must first draft a research question for your research paper that will guide the rest of your writing. A research question, which is more specific and focused than a general topic, is the question that your research paper will be answering. For example, if your general area of interest is Social Security, a possible research question might ask “How could low-income families save more money if the United States had a reformed Social Security plan that included personal retirement accounts?” As you develop a research question, keep in mind that you will need to research sources to support your topic. Do not pick a one-sided question that will limit your research. Instead, develop a research question that lends itself to further exploration and debate—a question you genuinely want to know the answer to. Try to pick a research question that is not too broad (covering too much) or too narrow (covering too little). It should be broad enough to be discussed in a short research paper. What is your general topic or area of interest? My general topic or area of interest is cancer. What is it about your general topic of interest that interests you? What interest me about my general topic of cancer is, people who have been cured from cancer through conventional and unconventional medical methods. What questions do you have about the topic that you would like to investigate? List them. ...
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