...Impact of WTO on Globalization Trade Policy Introduction World Trade Organization (WTO), found in 1995 and headquarters is in Geneva, has its clearly main purposes since its beginning that to promote economic and trade development all over the world. Up to the end of 2008, there are more than 135 members in the organization. In particularly, with the expansion of globalization trade, international business is more often than any time in the history. As one of the most crucial carrier of economic globalization, WTO establishes a set of international trade rules focusing on the liberalization, which play a strong role of encouraging and guiding in the process of economic globalization (Pauwelyn, 2005). This essay will mainly discuss WTO’s influence on the rules of globalization trade in combination with the current reform of trade policy. It will explain the topic from the following four aspects in detail: first, the basic rules WTO set up for the international trade, then, rules on e-commerce, the new rising global business, third, the preferential rules made by WTO for developing countries, and at last, it will discuss the impacts of WTO’s regulations on environmental issues when doing global trade. Basic Rules WTO set up for the Global Trade WTO's main objective is to provide adequate competitive opportunities for the trade among the members, which needs recognized common rules and principles for members to abide. There are two basic principles, namely the MFN principle (referred...
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...E-commerce is a promising and profitable sphere of the economy. But due to its specific nature, it faces many development problems. For example, buyers and sellers highly appreciate the convenience and simplicity of transactions, using the Internet. But along with the comfort for honest subjects of electronic commerce, these characteristics give rise to a powerful platform for the successful operation of dishonest entrepreneurs. As an example, there are many expensive products sold through the Internet store, which in fact are fake. There are also a number of problems that slow the development of electronic commerce. E-commerce involves the implementation of various trade transactions, both intra-national and foreign trade. But the implementation...
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...Role of International Organization in Trade Contents Role of International Organization in Trade 2 Introduction 3 1- European Union 3 Introduction 3 European Union law 4 Role of European Union in international trade 5 European Union and the Maldives 6 2- Internal Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 6 Introduction 6 • Arbitration: 6 • Pre-arbitral Referee: 7 • Appointing Authority 7 • ICC ADR 7 • ICC Dispute Board Rules 7 • ICC International Centre for Expertise 7 • ICC International Centre for Expertise: 8 Role of International Chamber of Commerce in International Trade 8 Maldives and International Chamber of Commerce 8 3- United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNICITRAL) 8 The Role and Mandate of UNCITRAL 9 Legislative and Non-Legislative texts 9 Legislative text 9 Coordinating the work of other similar organizations 10 UNCITRAL role in International Trade 10 UNCITRA and Maldives 10 4- Organization for Economic Corporation and Development (OECD) 11 AIM 11 The work of the OECD 11 OECD and International Trade 11 • OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 12 OECD and Maldives 12 References 13 Role of International Organization in Trade Introduction Every nation in the world participates in international trade to some extent. And practically every product is either traded or relies on components from international suppliers. Trade is not just about physical goods, though. Knowledge and experience can be bought and sold internationally...
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...CBP Electronic International Commerce System 1.0 Executive Summary In 2008, “U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) collects over $30 billion annually, the second largest revenue generator for the U.S. Government” ("Overview of revenue:," 2008). Believe it or not, the U.S. government is behind the times in terms of technology when it comes to commercial trade and the potential for revenue has grown exponentially. Many partakers in this industry are greatly affected by this lack of updated technology and would jump at the opportunity to invest into a new program that would allow for more efficiency. The companies participating in commercial international trade need one source that contains all import and customs clearance information for any commodity. The government has agreed to invest, has had the programs/software built, and has made the technology available to the public. This software is the single most important step forward in efficiency for U.S. international commerce. Companies that would subscribe to such a service provided by CBP include self-sufficient importers, air, vessel or vehicle carriers, bonded warehouses, and Customs brokers. These teams work in conjunction to complete all of the regulations of international trade that U.S. Customs requires, while dealing with the apparent out of date technology provided and therefore are the potential customers. After taking the step to invest in technology that would allow their company to interact technologically...
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...Executive Summary The Internet has opened up a new horizon for trade and commerce, namely electronic commerce (e-commerce). E-commerce entails the use of the Internet in the marketing, identification, payment and delivery of goods and services. This paper highlights the status, statutes, potential and constraints to e-commerce development in Bangladesh. Both the statutory laws as well as the challenges in implementing them are discussed. Major legal, regulatory and institutional constraints to e-commerce are identified. The paper also lists specific policy changes aimed at bringing improvements to the legal and regulatory environment affecting e-commerce. Dimensions of E-Commerce The three dimensions of e-commerce are Business-to-Consumers (B2C), Business-to Business (B2B) and Business-to-Government (B2G). B2C e-commerce is unlikely to be of much use in the near future in Bangladesh because of low per capita income, a weak infrastructural and legal environment, lack of trust between business and consumers. B2C for cross border trade is also limited by the factors suggested for the domestic front. In addition, non-availability of international credit cards, foreign currency remittance restrictions, delays and informal payments at customs clearance even for small value and quantity items will discourage B2C. The B2B application already exists in the export sector of Bangladesh, especially in the Ready Made Garments (RMG) industry. RMG has the lion’s share of the...
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...ASSOCHAM Type[->0]|Trade association[->1]| Founded|1920| Headquarters|New Delhi[->2], India[->3]| Key people|Rajkumar DhootPresident| Website|www.assocham.org[->4]| The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) is one of the apex trade associations[->5] of India[->6]. The organisation represents the interests of trade and commerce in India, and acts as an interface between industry, government and other relevant stakeholders on policy issues and initiatives. The goal of this organization is to promote both domestic[->7] and international trade[->8], and reduce trade barrierswhile[->9] fostering conducive environment for the growth of trade and industry of India. ASSOCHAM was established in 1920 by promoter chambers, representing all regions of India. The Association's head office is located in New Delhi[->10] and regional offices are located in the cities of Ahmedabad[->11], Bangalore[->12], and Kolkata[->13]. As of 2012, ASSOCHAM covers a membership of over 400,000 companies and professionals across the country. ASSOCHAM members represent the following sectors: · Trade (national and international) · Industry (domestic and international) · Professionals (e.g. CAs, lawyers, consultants) · Trade and Industry Associations and other Chambers of Commerce ASSOCHAM operates through 59 Expert Committees that provide an interactive platform to members for interaction and aid formulating policy recommendations to facilitate economic, industrial and...
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...Draft Final Report E-Commerce in Bangladesh: Status, Potential and Constraints Najmul Hossain December 2000 A report prepared for JOBS/IRIS Program of USAID. The author gratefully acknowledges comments received from Thierry Van Bastelaer, Catherine Mann, Dewan Alamgir, Asif Khan, Abu Saeed Khan, Tahmina Begum, Shabnam Nadiya and Tonmoy Bashar. The views and analyses in the paper do not necessarily reflect the official position of the IRIS Center, the University of Maryland or that of USAID. E-Commerce in Bangladesh: Status, Potential and Constraints ACRONYMS ASM B2B B2C B2G BB BGMEA BTRC BTTB CS DDN DFID DI DSL e-commerce EDF EFT e-mail e-market FDI GOB GSP IDA IOC IPO IPR IRIS ISO ISP IT ITU JOBS L/C LCA LMDS MMDS MOPT NIP OECD OSP Asian Sources Media Group Business-to-Business Business-to-Consumers Business-to-Government Bangladesh Bank Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association Bangladesh Telecommunications Regulatory Commission Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board Contract System Digital Data Network Department For International Development Data International Digital Subscribers Line Electronic Commerce Export Development Fund Electronic Fund Transfer Electronic mail Electronic Market Foreign Direct Investment Government of Bangladesh Generalized System of Preferences International Development Association International Oil Companies Import Policy Order Intellectual Property Rights Center for Institutional Reform and the Informal Sector at...
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...SCHEMES OF WORK – COMMERCE (GRADE TEN) SCHEMES OF WORK – COMMERCE (GRADE TEN) WEEKLY SCHEDULE(3 periods a week) | TOPICS AND CONTENT | LEARNING OBJECTIVES- Students will be able to: | TEACHINGSTRATEGIES | SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES | RESOURCES | ASSESSMENT | 1. Introduction to Commerce | | | | | | 1 | A) Organizational Structure of Commerce | 1. Define the terms within the organizational structure. 2. Draw up and complete the organizational structure of commerce. | Graphic OrganizerMnemonic Strategies | Question and AnswerIllustrationsBingo | Wall ChartsMini chart print outs Commerce Textbooks: (Listing of texts attached) | Quizzes:-Chart completion-DefinitionsBingo Games | | B) Needs and Wants | 3. Distinguish between needs and wants. 4. Discuss the role played by producers in the satisfaction of consumer needs and wants | SPAR ( Spontaneous Argumentation)Graphic Organizer | DiscussionsQuestion and Answer | Commerce TextbooksPowerPoint PresentationInternetLaptop | Assignment-categorizing needs and wants. | 1 | C) Economic Systems | 5. Identify and explain types of economic systems | Graphic Organizer | Questions and Answers | Chart PrintoutsCommerce Textbooks | Quiz | 1 | D) Direct and Indirect Production | 6. Distinguish between direct and indirect production 7. List and explain the commercial occupations. | Graphic OrganizerCooperative learningMnemonic Strategies | Role playDiscussionsGraphic Organizer | Commerce Textbooks | Assignment-categorizing...
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...国际管理 International Management 刘意蒙（Angela）2010202124 郑在宪（Daniel）2012290112 Marc-Philip Moeller 2014591083 联系：18610732267 2639015607@qq.com 国际管理 Case Analysis of Alibaba.com and DHGate.com 1. Browse and compare the business models of Alibaba.com and DHGate.com After comparing Alibaba.com and DHGate.com, our group found out that these two websites share some similarities as well as have some distinctive differences. [Similarities] Both Alibaba.com and DHGate.com are B2B e-commerce websites, which provide a third party e-commerce transaction platform for sellers to source business opportunities and make deals. Both sites target small and medium enterprises as their customers, aiming to help them sell their products or buy products from other enterprises far way more easily. In order to create a platform that benefits small and medium enterprises, both sites provide free services such as posting information about the product, providing information about the supply and demand of a specific market, and supporting those enterprises to make product display. [Differences] (1) Value propositions are different. Alibaba.com focuses on publishing deal information online and transactions are mainly made off-line. In other words, a small or medium enterprise publishes information about its products and its contact information on Alibaba.com and when other enterprises are interested in its products, they will contact this company and make transactions off-line on their own...
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...BUSINESS STUDIES (CODE - 054) CLASS–XI (2013-14) One Paper Units Periods 100 Marks 3 Hours Marks Part A: Foundations of Business 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Nature and Purpose of Business Forms of Business Organisations Public, Private and Global Enterprises Business Services Emerging Modes of Business Social Responsibility of Business and Business Ethics } } } } } 22 26 22 22 12 16 120 20 18 12 50 Part B: Finance and Trade 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Sources of Business Finance Small Business Internal Trade International Business Project Work 30 16 30 14 30 120 20 20 10 50 PART A: FOUNDATION OF BUSINESS Unit 1: Nature and Purpose of Business: • • • • • • • Concept and characteristics of business. Business, profession and employment -Meaning and their distinctive features. Objectives of business - Economic and social, role of profit in business Classification of business activities: Industry and Commerce. Industry - types: primary, secondary, tertiary - Meaning and sub types 120 Periods 22 Periods Commerce - trade: types (internal, external, wholesale and retail; and auxiliaries to trade: banking, insurance, transportation, warehousing, communication, and advertising. Business risks - Meaning, nature and causes. Meaning of business with special reference to economic and non-economic activities.Two or three definitions of business with one conclusive definition. Fundamental features of business which differentiate it with other activities of society. Meaning of profession and employment with...
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...organization like Trade Promotion Organization (TPOs) to promote and increase export and trade with other countries. Export sector of the country is one of the main source of Bangladesh’s hard earn foreign currency, by export earnings, we met 69% of our import bill. Contribution of export to GDP is 18%, and keeping that in mind The Export Promotion Bureau (web:epb.gov.bd) of Bangladesh & National Standard Body (NSB) like Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution (BSTI) could work better for promoting export trade of the country. About Export Promotion Bureau (EPB) of Bangladesh: A National Export Promotion Agency under with Ministry of Commerce and it’s being reorganized by the promulgation of a Presidential Ordinance in 1977 as a semi-autonomous body. It administered by a Board of Management (BOM). Comprising members from both public & private sector. Honorable Minister for Commerce is the ex-officio chairman; and Vice-Chairman is the Chief Executive Officer of the Export Promotion Bureau. EPB is mainly responsible for: Adoption of appropriate policy and program measures for active promotion of exports; Co-ordination of export development activities at various levels; Co-ordination and monitoring of national export performance and progress; Carrying out of promotional activities in product and supply development; Exploration of markets abroad; Collection and dissemination of trade information; Organizing private sector participation in international trade fairs abroad....
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...Types Of Overseas Missions There are several types of missions, and they can be broadly categorised as: Trade Or Business Missions * Usually organised with a specific itinerary and purpose. * Itinerary is usually packed with market briefings, networking events, visits to specific businesses and Government agencies. * Trade or business missions give you a more in-depth perspective on a specific market or specific industry in that market. You will also have opportunities to meet Government officials and businessmen. Trade Fairs And Exhibitions * Singapore companies, sometimes with the Government, attend trade fairs and exhibitions overseas together. * If organised by the Government, you will attend the fair as part of the "Singapore Pavilion". For instance, International Enterprise (IE) Singapore brings together local food manufacturers and distributors to SIAL in France - one of the largest food and beverage exhibitions in the world. * Trade fairs and exhibitions provide good opportunities to find distributors, agents and consumers. They are more sales and marketing-driven. back to top Government-Led Missions * Various Government agencies take the lead in organising overseas missions for their industries. * For some of these missions, you may qualify for Government incentives, e.g. grants or double tax deduction, that help defray costs. * Government-led missions are ideal for SMEs who may not have the resources to venture abroad...
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...The field of international relations has largely developed over the years to have multiple different theories for how issues like diplomacy play out in the real world. The ways in which people believe problems in the international community should be solved have diversified into various schools of thought. These schools span the political spectrum from a Marxist view of the world to an Anarchist perspective. Though two of the arguably most prominent schools of thought would be the Realist and the Liberalist. The realist point of view takes on a frank examination of the world, believing that countries act in their own self interest and that power is often the most sought after end. On the contrary. the Liberalist school of thought holds a more...
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...Glen v. Club Mediterranee, S. A. Facts * Elvira de la Vega Glen and her sister, Ana Maria de la Vega Glen, were Cuban citizens and residents who jointly owned a beachfront property on the Peninsula de Hicacos in Vandero, Cuba. * In 1959, The Cuban government expropriated the property without paying the Glens and they fled Cuba. * Anna died and the Vandero beach property was passed to her nephew, Robert M. Glen. * Approximately, forty years after the property was taken by Cuba, Club Mediterranee, S.S., and Club Med entered into a joint venture with the Cuban government to develop the Glen Property. * The Glens sued Club Med in a U.S. District Court located in the state of Florida where the original Glens’ had fled. * The U.S. District Court held that the act of state doctrine barred recovery by the Glens and dismissed the Glens’, claims against Club Med. * The U.S. Court of Appeals applied the act of state doctrine and affirmed the judgment of the U.S. District Court that dismissed the Glens’ claim against Club Med. 1. The act of state doctrine prevents any court in the United States from declaring that an official act of a foreign sovereign performed within its own territory is invalid. That means that states that an act of a government in its own country is not subject to suit in a foreign country’s court. 2. The Cuban government did not act ethically when they expropriated the Glens’ property. Club Med did not act ethically when they...
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...Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Clement K. Wang is Associate Director (Research), NUS Enterprise Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Introduction Story of Alibaba.com The development of e-commerce has been nothing short of explosive in recent years. Many believe that its growth and impact will only become more prevailing in the future. The sale of goods by US firms over the Internet, for example, is predicted to reach $1.3 trillion by 2003. By 2004, European enterprises are expected to have online sales of $1.6 trillion[1]. Companies in China, with the largest population in the world, are also probing this new source of revenue. The China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) issued an Annual Report in Internet Development in January 2000 that estimates that there were 22.5 million Internet users in China at the end of 2000[2]. A recent nationwide survey showed that China had more than 1,100 consumer related e-commerce Web sites by the end of the first quarter in 2000 (People’s Daily, 2000). Four Web companies, Sina.com, Sohu.com, China.com, and Netease.com have already been listed on the NASDAQ. However, the country’s e-commerce market is still in its infancy. We will begin with the story of Alibaba.com Among all the developing e-commerce businesses in China, Alibaba.com has received much attention, despite not yet being listed on the NASDAQ. Alibaba.com’s two biggest investors are US investment bank Goldman Sachs and Japanese Internet investor Softbank...
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