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Internet and E-Mail

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Computer Repairs
Components of the System Unit
Objectives
At the end of this unit students should be able to: 1. List and describe the major components in a personal computer system unit 2. Identify the ports, connectors and slots on a motherboard 3. Outline the computer boot process 4. State the meaning of common computer abbreviations and acronyms
Content Summary
Major Components in the System Unit
Case
A computer case is the enclosure that contains the main components of a computer. The size and shape of a computer case is usually determined by the form factor of the motherboard. In computing, "form factor" is an industry term for the size, shape and format of computer motherboards, power supplies, cases, and add-on cards. Most desktop computers have a form factor that is some variant of ATX.
A case designed for an ATX motherboard and power supply may take on several external forms, such as a vertical tower (designed to sit on the floor, height > width) or a flat desktop (height < width).
Computer cases usually include: sheet metal enclosures for a power supply unit and drive bays; a rear panel that can accommodate peripheral connectors protruding from the motherboard and expansion slots; a power button, a reset button, and LEDs to indicate power status as well as hard drive and network activity.

Major component locations * The motherboard is usually screwed to the case along its largest face, which could be the bottom or the side of the case depending on the form factor and orientation. * Form factors such as ATX provide a back panel with cut-out holes to expose I/O ports provided by integrated peripherals, as well as expansion slots which may optionally expose additional ports provided by expansion cards. * The power supply unit is often housed at the top rear of the case; it is usually attached with four screws to support its weight. * Most cases include drive bays on the front of the case; a typical ATX case includes both 5.25" and 3.5" bays. In modern computers, the former are used mainly for optical drives, while the latter are used for hard drives, floppy drives, and card readers. * Buttons and LEDs are typically located on the front of the case; some cases include additional I/O ports, temperature and/or processor speed monitors in the same area. * Vents are often found on the front, back, and sometimes on the side of the case to allow cooling fans to be mounted via surrounding threaded screw holes.
Power Supply Unit
A power supply unit (PSU) converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for the internal components of a computer.
Power supplies use switcher technology to convert the AC input to lower DC voltages. The typical voltages supplied are: 3.3, 5 and 12 volts.
The 3.3- and 5-volts are typically used by digital circuits, while the 12-volt is used to run motors in disk drives and fans.
The main specification of a power supply is in watts. Power requirements for a modern desktop personal computer may range from 300 watts to more than 1000 watts for a high-performance computer with multiple discrete graphics cards.
While a power supply is connected to the mains supply, it always provides a 5 V standby (5VSB) voltage so that the standby functions on the computer and certain peripherals are powered.
The power supply are turned on and off by a signal from the motherboard. They also provide a signal to the motherboard to indicate when the DC voltages are in spec, so that the computer is able to safely power up and boot.
Typically, power supplies have the following connectors: * PC Main power connector (usually called P1): This is the connector that goes to the motherboard to provide it with power. The connector has 20 or 24 pins. One of the pins belongs to the PS-ON wire (it is usually green). * ATX12V 4-pin power connector (also called the P4 power connector). A second connector that goes to the motherboard (in addition to the main 24-pin connector) to supply dedicated power for the processor. * 4-pin Peripheral power connectors: These are the other, smaller connectors that go to the various disk drives of the computer. Most of them have four wires: two black, one red, and one yellow. Unlike the standard mains electrical wire color-coding, each black wire is a ground, the red wire is +5 V, and the yellow wire is +12 V. * 4-pin Molex (usually called Mini-connector): This is one of the smallest connectors that supply a 3 1/2 inch floppy drive with power. Its cable configuration is similar to the Peripheral connector. * Serial ATA power connectors: a 15-pin connector for components which use SATA power plugs. This connector supplies power at three different voltages: +3.3, +5, and +12 volts.
Motherboard
A motherboard (sometimes alternatively known as the mainboard, system board, planar board or logic board) provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate.
A typical desktop computer has its microprocessor and main memory connected directly onto the motherboard, other components and peripheral devices may be attached as plug-in cards or via cables.

Modern motherboards include, at a minimum: * Sockets in which one or more microprocessors may be installed. * Slots into which the system's main memory is to be installed * A chipset which forms an interface between the CPU, main memory, and peripheral buses * Non-volatile memory chips containing the system's firmware or BIOS * A clock generator which produces the system clock signal to synchronize the various components * Slots for expansion cards * Power connectors, which receive electrical power from the computer power supply and distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards. * Integrated circuits and connectors to support commonly used input devices * Heat sinks and mounting points for fans to dissipate excess heat.
Central Processing Unit
The central processing unit, or CPU, is that part of a computer which executes software program instructions.
The clock rate is the speed at which a microprocessor executes instructions. The faster the clock, the more instructions the CPU can execute per second.
Processing performance of computers is increased by using multi-core processors, which essentially is plugging two or more individual processors (called cores in this sense) into one integrated circuit.
The CPU often plugs into the motherboard using one of many different types of sockets.
A CPU socket or slot is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for very high pin counts. A CPU socket type and motherboard chipset must support the CPU series and speed.
Main Memory
A computer’s main memory, or primary storage, is fast storage that is directly accessible by the CPU, and is used to store the currently executing program and immediately needed data.
RAM (random access memory) used for primary storage is volatile, meaning it does not retain its contents in the absence of power
ROM (read only memory) is a non-volatile part of the main memory that contains a small startup program (BIOS) used to boot the computer (the terminology may be somewhat confusing as this ROM is also random access).
Auxiliary Storage
Auxiliary storage, or secondary storage, differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU and it does not lose the data when the device is powered down—it is non-volatile.
Per unit, auxiliary storage is typically also two orders of magnitude less expensive than primary storage. Consequently, modern computer systems typically have two orders of magnitude more secondary storage than primary storage (4 GB RAM vs. 500 GB HDD in a typical computer) and data are kept for a longer time there.
In modern computers, hard disk drives are usually used as secondary storage. The time taken to access a given byte of information stored on a hard disk is typically a few thousandths of a second, while the time taken to access a given byte of information stored in random-access memory is measured in billionths of a second.
Some other examples of secondary storage technologies are USB flash drives, floppy disks and magnetic tape.
The secondary storage is often formatted according to a file system format, which provides the abstraction necessary to organize data into files and directories.
Expansion Card
The expansion card (also expansion board, adapter card or accessory card) is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into an expansion slot on the motherboard to add functionality to a computer system via the expansion bus.
One edge of the expansion card holds the contacts (the edge connector) that fit exactly into the slot. Connectors mounted on the bracket allow the connection of external devices to the card.
Depending on the form factor of the motherboard and case, around one to seven expansion cards can be added to a computer system.
Connection systems between expansion card and motherboard include: * Industry Standard Architecture (ISA): Introduced in 1981 by IBM, it became dominant in the marketplace in the 1980s. It was an 8 or 16-bit bus clocked at 8 MHz. * Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA): Released in 1988, it was compatible with the earlier ISA bus. It was a 32-bit bus clocked at 8.33 MHz. * Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI): Replaced the EISA/ ISA buses from 1993 onwards. PCI allowed dynamic connectivity between devices, avoiding the manual adjustments required with jumpers. It is a 32-bit bus clocked 33 MHz. * Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP): First used in 1997, it is a dedicated-to-graphics bus. It is a 32-bit bus clocked at 66 MHz. * PCI-eXtended (PCI-X): An extension of the PCI bus, it was introduced in 1998. It improves upon PCI by extending the width of bus to 64-bit and the clock frequency to up to 133 MHz. * PCI Express (PCIe): A point to point interface released in 2004, provided double the data-transfer rate of AGP. It should not be confused with PCI-X.
Motherboard Ports
The following images show ports and slots typically found on a modern PC motherboard.

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