...The purpose of this essay is to review Kimberle Crenshaw’s 1991 article about the marginalisation of women of colour. The article focuses on how feminism ignores black women’s ethnicity and how antiracist campaigns ignore black women’s gender. This is where the term ‘intersectionality’ arose from. Intersectionality is used to give people experiencing more than one form of oppression the opportunity to identify as both minorities at once instead of each one separately. For example instead of identifying as black and gay and a woman a person is able to identify as a black gay woman. This is intersectionality. As previously mentioned, the main topic of Crenshaw’s article is society’s ignorance of women of colour; both campaigns that could be aimed...
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...Intersectionality: What is Intersectionality and what does it mean in various contexts? The term is derived from the word Intersection which means “a point where two or more things intersect.” The term can be used to be refer to one’s identity whether biological, political, sociological, religious or otherwise. An example in this regard can be of a straight white Polish American Catholic Northwestern Biomedical Engineering Ph.D. Candidate male or, an African American United Methodist lesbian female ordained woman. In the United States, the gender identity and sexual orientation are quite important to one’s identity and life as a person. For students of theology and seminarians here in the U.S., the conversation about one’s gender identity,...
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...Intersectionality is the one of social theory-especially in feminism. This theory argues that social suppression runs by not only gender and ethnicity but also other various variables such as social class, age, sexuality, culture, religion, health status, financial condition, etc. In other words, the discrimination is not formed by just one factor but by several factors which indicate one’s identity. With blending those variables, one is discriminated against on many layers. For example, African-American, blue collar, old female experiences more severe discrimination than white female or African-American male. Historically, in the most of country, women could exercise their voting power decades after men got it. But not every woman got this right at the same time. For example, when there is a hot dispute in America about the vote of African-American and women, it was exclusive African-American female. In the end the dispute composed the vote of African-American ‘male’ or ‘white’ female. As an Asian female, I also sometimes feel that I am marginalized in the group or society but not often so far. It is considered that my country, South Korea, is extremely patricentric and male-centric culture. Men always have to be a breadwinner in the family and that may the reason of those culture. I personally have seen many men who could not accept independent woman or successful women in the social status or financially. This male-centric culture has been changed slowly in the country...
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...RUNNING HEAD: Pre-Prospectus An Exploration of the Reproduction and Perpetuation of Socio-historical Oppression in U.S. Schools: Pre-prospectus La’Quaria Barton Georgia Southern University Dr. Delores Liston, Dissertation Chair Dr. Daniel E. Chapman, Committee Member Dr. Lorraine S. Gilpin, Committee Member Dr. Robert Yarbrough, Committee Member TENTATIVE CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter 1: Introduction * Background of the Problem * Statement of the Problem * Purpose of the Study * Research Questions * Importance of the Study * Scope of the Study * Definition of Terms * Limitations Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework Chapter 3: Review of the Literature Chapter 4: Research Methods * The Qualitative Paradigm * Qualitative Methods * The Researcher's Role * Data Sources * Data Collection * Data Analysis * Ethical Considerations Chapter 5: Research Findings Chapter 6: Conclusions, Discussion, and Suggestions for Future Research * Summary * Conclusions * Discussion * Suggestions for Future Research Towards A Phenomenology of Liberation From the very start, I am thus fully endorsing the premise that no account of race can be dissociated from a critique of power and a social historical ontology of ourselves (de Oliveira, 2010, 209). INTRODUCTION I grew up in rural North Carolina. When I was in the third grade, I watched as five of my white peers were pulled from class to attend gifted courses. I always wondered why, I, who had always worked...
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...According to Heldke & O’Connor (2004:530), oppression means the unfair treatment of people by the ruling group. People are not always oppressed by cruel tyrants with bad intentions. Oppression also creates injustice in other circumstances, as well. In many cases, a well-intentioned liberal society can place system wide constraints on groups and limit their freedom. Oppression can be the result of a few people’s choices or policies that cause embedded unquestioned norms, habits, and symbols These societal rules can become a “restrictive structure of forces and barriers that immobilize and reduce a group or category of people” (Heldke & O’Connor 2004:530). “Class refers to endure and systematic differences in access to and control over production of goods and services, as well as the resources for provisioning and survival” (Acker 2006: 442). “Gender, refers to the socially constructed differences between male and female and the beliefs and identities that support difference and inequality, is also present in all organizations” (Acker 2006:444). “Race, refers to socially defined differences based on physical characteristics, culture, and historical domination and oppression, justified by entrenched beliefs” (Weber 2001 :10).This paper will analyze and discuss the issue of oppressions in relation to class, gender, and race using W.E.B. Du Bois’ thoughts on race, gender, and class. Also, the intersectional theory according to Patricia Hill Collins will be used for analyzing...
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...RUNNING HEAD: Pre-Prospectus An Exploration of the Reproduction and Perpetuation of Socio-historical Oppression in U.S. Schools: Pre-prospectus La’Quaria Barton Georgia Southern University Dr. Delores Liston, Dissertation Chair Dr. Daniel E. Chapman, Committee Member Dr. Lorraine S. Gilpin, Committee Member Dr. Robert Yarbrough, Committee Member TENTATIVE CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter 1: Introduction • Background of the Problem • Statement of the Problem • Purpose of the Study • Research Questions • Importance of the Study • Scope of the Study • Definition of Terms • Limitations Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework Chapter 3: Review of the Literature Chapter 4: Research Methods • The Qualitative Paradigm • Qualitative Methods • The Researcher's Role • Data Sources • Data Collection • Data Analysis • Ethical Considerations Chapter 5: Research Findings Chapter 6: Conclusions, Discussion, and Suggestions for Future Research • Summary • Conclusions • Discussion • Suggestions for Future Research Towards A Phenomenology of Liberation From the very start, I am thus fully endorsing the premise that no account of race can be dissociated from a critique of power and a social historical ontology of ourselves (de Oliveira, 2010, 209). INTRODUCTION I grew up in rural North Carolina. When I was in the third grade, I watched as five of my white peers were pulled from class to attend gifted courses. I always wondered why, I, who had always worked...
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...race, racism and official power (Delgado & Stefancic, 2001). The theory originated out of legal scholarship in the 1970s after the failure of Critical Legal Studies (CLS), to focus sufficiently on racial issues in America (Litowitz, 2009), where a number of lawyers, activists and scholars viewed civil rights as being stalled and negated, thus providing a critical analysis lens of race and racism from a legal point of view based on race and racism in America (Delgado & Stefancic, 2001). Critical race theorists and practitioners identified six tenets in the framework being; (1) Endemic racism, views racism is an ordinary everyday occurrence for people of colour through structural functions in society; (2) Race as a social construction; (3) Differential racialisation, meaning dominant social discourses and people of power can radicalise groups in different ways and times; (4) Interest convergence/materialist determinism, when racism brings material ad psychic advantage to the majority race; (5) Voices of colour, occurs when the dominant group’s recollection of historic events excludes racial and other minority perspectives to justify and legitimise its power; and (6) Anti-essentialism/intersectionality, occurs when critical race theory recognises the intersectionality of various oppressions and suggests a primary focus on race can obscure other forms of exclusion (Abrams & Moio,...
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...the eugenics movements emphasized on framing disability as a medical issue. In the United States in the early 1900s, disability was also framed disability in politics. At the front of immigration policy, as seen in the rhetoric of the Immigration Act of 1907, disability was a key issue. Disability was seen as an issue that was intertwined with national security in which the government had to provide measures to ensure the “safety” of the citizens. Scientific thought coupled with a resistance toward acceptance of immigrants, used immigrant “studies” to quantify the level of feeble mindedness associated with immigrants of certain races for the use of political campaigns and policies that targeted the exclusion of immigrants who faced intersectionality between race, class, and disability. “(Goddard) His study showed that fifty percent of all immigrants were feeble minded” (Galusca, 156). Goddard’s study would influence society's view to immigrants, ultimately influencing policies that would purposely exclude intersectional immigrants that would cause “public charge” since they did not have any social or economic...
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...requirement is to be good support for the ballerinas (Howard, 2017), resulting in a less strict standard of beauty. Ballet, since its inception, has been a sport that was incurred through “whiteness” (Van Wyk, 2013). Van Wyk (2013) describes how ballet is an expression of white culture, shaped by Eurocentric ideals of beauty, affluence, and the “natural” way to move. Therefore, racialized standards of the female body have presented black women with barriers to entry in ballet, both historically and in the present. Using a lens of intersectionality, the relationship between race and gender can be examined through the lived experiences of black ballerinas. At the Intersection of Race and Gender A term coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw (2014), intersectionality accounts for the issue that arises between the interaction of two or more axes of subordination, including the structural and dynamic consequences that result due to these interactions. Intersectionality can be used to deconstruct the gendered discrimination towards women who are already marginalized by race (Grzanka, 2014), such as women of color who are attempting to progress in ballet but are held back by racialized norms of femininity. Black women, as paraphrased by Grzanka (2014), can encounter double discrimination based on their race and gender, that replicates the combined experiences of black men and white women. However, black women can also face discrimination that is not a derivative of the lived experiences of white...
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...This article examines different ways that people experience the world based on privileges gained at birth such as race, gender identity, class, citizenship, and ability. The author shows that these factors can lead to inequality or privileges. The author examines Peggy McIntosh’s 1988 piece, “White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack,” in which she claims that being born white in America provides individuals with privileges that other races are denied. The author claims that although there are privileges associated with being born white, his skin color did not prevent his suffering from poverty. This author claims that race is just one factor that could lend to privileges at birth. Intersectionality is the concept that “recognizes...
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...Phil Chu AMS/WMS 139 11/2/11 Reading Response #2–Biopolitics: Population, Intersectionality and Reproductive Justice In 1996, the Personal Responsibility Act “reformed welfare” when it created the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program (Mink 196). The most significant aspect of these reforms was the fact that welfare was now designed not only to help impoverished families, specifically children, but also to “promote marriage, reduce out-of-wedlock births, and to ‘encourage the formation and maintenance of two-parent families’”(196). The Adoption Promotion Act, passed in the same year, called for “the removal of barriers to interethnic adoption,” which Ana Teresa Ortiz and Laura Briggs argue was meant to “put the children of welfare mothers . . . into white adoptive homes” (203). These two changes in welfare policy marked a significant increase in the amount of biopower wielded by the state. The importance of the health and development of children within a society had been recognized early in the 20th century when particular emphasis began to be placed on “the value of a healthy and numerous population as a national resource”(Davin 161). However, the changes in welfare policy that were enacted in the 90’s went a step beyond mere protection of children, but in order to understand this significance it is necessary to look at it within the context of American biopolitics as a whole. The term “biopolitics”–which evolved from 18th century discourses about the idea...
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...Destiny J. Green SOC 501 Critical Reaction: Critical Race Theory “Waiting to Exhale…” While delving into the assigned literature for this week, I noticed that it controlled me—my soul sometimes evoked a sense of pride, waves of applause, but most of all, anger. I immediately became aware of the forced sense of solidarity that I am assigned, the voice that always whispers to me when one of “us” appears intelligent: “Yes, these authors made us look like we had some sense! Look how analytical they sounded!” But why on earth do I have to feel like that in this marvelous, post racial society? After reading, I noticed that despite the year tacked on to the assigned readings, the content barely changed. From Dubois (1903) to Wingfield and Feagin (2012), we are still acknowledging the same woes that a society assigns particular groups of people. We are still attempting to come up with dire solutions in hopes that everyone will begin to “get along” with one another. But most of all, because of this…People of color are still waiting to exhale. In this essay, there will be two parts: Firstly, a general analysis of the assigned literature for this week. In this compartment of my paper, I will analyze extracted points from the readings thematically as it directly relates to certain points in the “Critical Race: An Introduction” excerpt. Here, I will also be giving a respectful critique of Dubois’ postulations in the “Souls of Black Folk.” Secondly I will critique Allport’s (1954)...
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...Sojourner Truth’s speech, delivered at the Ohio Women’s Rights Convention was originally an answer to White men doubting the ability of women to partake in politics due to stereotypical images of White womanhood (Crenshaw, 1989, p. 153). The speech perfect-ly introduces the problem of intersectionality as early as in 1851. Since then changes have been made, the situation of Black people in the United States now differs greatly from the Post-civil war period of the 19th century and even from the 1950s, which were marked by Jim Crow and wildly accepted racism of that time, as well as an atmosphere of violence and oppression. For women as well things have changed, the suffragette movements of Europe and the United States established political...
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...language, queer woman, raised in the foster care system’s values will differ compared to her traditionally raised counterpart. Furthermore, as a open-minded, exposed, self-made woman, I can doubtlessly say I am a feminist in its original definition: a person who believes “the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes.” (Merriam-Webster) When I started blogging about social justice, there were many facets of feminism that were problematic. Firstly, a large population of misandrists, shrouded by their self-declared feminism, created a reputation which alienated potential feminists, marginalizing them, forcing them to redefine their points of view. Moreover, creating a mirage that feminists seemed callous to intersectionality and inclusion. Consequentially, whilst applying a twisted version of the same rationale as misogynists, shaming white cisgender straight men, misandrists actions’ fed fuel to the anti-feminist movement claiming feminists were nursing reverse racism,...
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...The term patriarchy is broken down into not only the relationship between men and women but also men and other men. This breakdown of patriarchy aids Ortner in transitioning the article into the brief study of various films that uncover realities of patriarchy in present-day America. Three films were studied and deemed fit to represent examples of patriarchy in America. Furthermore, this article did well in dissecting the patriarchy in wavering depths in America but would have better done so by examining other aspects of modern-America...
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