...edu.tt LAB 1 Decomposition reaction Aim: Determination of the number of moles of water molecules of crystallization present in hydrated Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4.xH2O) Apparatus: Mass balance, test tube, test tube holder, heat-proof mat and bunsen burner. Reagents: Hydrated sodium carbonate. Theory: Chemical decomposition, analysis or breakdown is the separation of a chemical compound into elements or simple compounds. A more specific type of decomposition is thermal decomposition or thermolysis, which is caused by heat. ABA+B, the reaction is endothermic, since heat is required to break the chemical bonds. Most decomposition reaction require energy either in the form of heat, light or electricity. Absorption of energy causes the breaking of the bonds present in the reacting substance which decomposes to give the product. When a hydrated salt is heated it decomposes into a pure form of the salt and water. MgSO4.xH2O MgSO4 + H2O Procedure: Refer to Handout Results: A. Mass of test tube/g = 21.77 B. Mass of the tube and salt/g = 24.0 A table showing the mass of the test tube and salt after 3 consecutive heating: Heating | Mass of the test tube and salt/g | 1st | 23.96 | 2nd | 23.81 | 3rd | 23.81 | Calculations: G. Mass of anhydrous magnesium sulphate/g = F - A = 23.81 – 21.77= 2.04 H. Mass of water of crystallization evaporated/g = B – F = 24.0 – 23.81= 0.19 I. Number of moles of anhydrous...
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...EXPERIMENT 11: DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN A WATER SAMPLE (WINKLER METHOD) INTRODUCTION In an alkaline solution, dissolved oxygen will oxidize manganese(II) to the trivalent state. 8OH-(aq) + 4Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) －－＞ 4Mn(OH)3(s) The analysis is completed by titrating the iodine produced from potassium iodide by manganese(III) hydroxide. 2Mn(OH)3(s) + 2I-(aq) + 6 H+(aq) －－＞ 2Mn2+(aq) + I2(aq) + 6H2O(l) Sodium thiosulphate is used as the titrant. Success of the method is critically dependent upon the manner in which the sample is manipulated. At all stages, every method must be made to assure that oxygen is neither introduced to nor lost from the sample. Furthermore, the sample must be free of any solutes that will oxidize iodide or reduce iodine. Chemicals: Manganese(II) sulphate solution – prepared by dissolving 48 g of MnSO4.4H2O in water to five 100 cm3 solution; alkaline potassium iodide solution—prepared by dissolving 15 g of KI in about 25 cm3 of water, adding 66 cm3 of 50% NaOH, and diluting to 100 cm3; concentrated sulphuriv(VI) acid; 0.0125 M sodium thiosulphate solution; starch solution (freshly prepared). Apparatus: 250 cm3 volumetric flask, 250 cm3 conical flask, measuring cylinders, titration apparatus, magnetic stirrer Procedure: 1. Use a 250 cm3 volumetric flask to collect water sample. Fill the flask completely with water without trapping any air bubbles. 2. Add 1 cm3 of manganese(II) sulphate solution to the sample using a pipette...
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...EXPERIMENT 11: DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN A WATER SAMPLE (WINKLER METHOD) INTRODUCTION In an alkaline solution, dissolved oxygen will oxidize manganese(II) to the trivalent state. 8OH-(aq) + 4Mn2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) －－＞ 4Mn(OH)3(s) The analysis is completed by titrating the iodine produced from potassium iodide by manganese(III) hydroxide. 2Mn(OH)3(s) + 2I-(aq) + 6 H+(aq) －－＞ 2Mn2+(aq) + I2(aq) + 6H2O(l) Sodium thiosulphate is used as the titrant. Success of the method is critically dependent upon the manner in which the sample is manipulated. At all stages, every method must be made to assure that oxygen is neither introduced to nor lost from the sample. Furthermore, the sample must be free of any solutes that will oxidize iodide or reduce iodine. Chemicals: Manganese(II) sulphate solution – prepared by dissolving 48 g of MnSO4.4H2O in water to five 100 cm3 solution; alkaline potassium iodide solution—prepared by dissolving 15 g of KI in about 25 cm3 of water, adding 66 cm3 of 50% NaOH, and diluting to 100 cm3; concentrated sulphuriv(VI) acid; 0.0125 M sodium thiosulphate solution; starch solution (freshly prepared). Apparatus: 250 cm3 volumetric flask, 250 cm3 conical flask, measuring cylinders, titration apparatus, magnetic stirrer Procedure: 1. Use a 250 cm3 volumetric flask to collect water sample. Fill the flask completely with water without trapping any air bubbles. 2. Add 1 cm3 of manganese(II) sulphate solution to the sample using a pipette...
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...charantia) AND KANGKONG (Ipomoea aquatica) IN INSTANT DRIED NOODLES PRODUCTION Proponent: Ceanle C. Traza Background of the Study/ Questions to be addressed Ampalaya (Momordica charantia), also known as “Bitter Melon” or “Bitter Gourd” was endorsed by the Department of Health (DOH) in the Philippines as an alternative herbal medicine for liver problems. Researches about ampalaya have proven that it increases the production of beta cells by the pancreas, thus improving the body’s ability to produce insulin to control the blood sugar for diabetes. Likewise, its fruits and leaves are superior sources of Vitamin B, iron, calcium, phosphorus and rich in beta carotene. On the other hand, Kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica) commonly known as “Water Spinach” is rich in iron, calcium, riboflavin and source of the antioxidant vitamins C and A. It has long been used in Southeast Asia as a traditional herbal medicine for treatment and prevention for ailments. With this, study aims to produce and compare a healthy noodles made out of Ampalaya (Momordica charantia) and Kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica) to commercial one. The vegetables that are selected could help each other’s needs because of its nutritional facts. Producing noodles with healthy ingredients may help people avoid high risks and continue living healthy. Objectives The study generally aims to utilize Ampalaya (Momordica charantia) and Kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica) in the development and production of Instant Dried Noodles. ...
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...It is the intention of this experiment to test the effect of a dark soda as a cleaner on common household cleaning situations. These are the sodas that contain a caramel coloring as opposed to those commonly consumed sodas that are clear. This experiment will utilize the Coca Cola brand soda as the potential cleaner. I, the researcher, will try to prove that this commonly consumed drink is also effectively used as cleaning agent in common household tasks. The four experiments involved will be The intended outcome of this experiment is to test a commonly known theory that sodas that have a darker appearance have the ability to break through the common household cleaning issues. This experiment will utilize the popular brand Coca Cola. The experiments will attempt to prove the cleaning ability of the agent by the researcher. This experiment will include the following experiments: • Cleaning food stains on cooking equipment • Cleaning stains on kitchen counters • Cleaning grime in a kitchen sink; and • Cleaning corrosion on the battery connections of an automobile This experiment will compare the variances in cleaning opportunities and compare the effects with that of a commonly known soap coupled with water. This experiment shows that there are commonly used ingredients that could also be used as cleaning ingredients. The experiments will be completed in step-by-step processes where the two cleaning methods will be tested side-by-side so they can prove their outcomes...
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...Thanks for downloading a sample plan from Bplans.com A sample plan is a great way to get started, but you can’t just print this plan out and turn it into the bank. You’re still going to have to put in all your own information and do all of your own financial forecasts. With LivePlan, you can easily use this sample as inspiration and create your own plan, complete with financial tables and graphs. You’ll also be able to: • Save time with linked financial tables (the formulas are built in, so you don’t have to do the calculations!) • Benefit from tons of help, advice, and resources. • Present your plan with confidence, with automatic charts and graphs corresponding to your financial data. • Work on your plan anywhere, on any computer. “For 20 dollars I ended up getting a quarter of a million dollars of funding. That’s worth it!” – Todd C. Tablegate Click here to save 50% off the first month of LivePlan! Cover Page [pic] This sample business plan has been made available to users of Business Plan Pro®, business planning software published by Palo Alto Software. Names, locations and numbers may have been changed, and substantial portions of the original plan text may have been omitted to preserve confidentiality and proprietary information. You are welcome to use this plan as a starting point to create your own, but you do not have permission to reproduce, resell, publish, distribute or even copy this plan as it exists...
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...G.V.P College of Engineering and Student Members, Indian Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers, Visakhapatnam Chapter 3: Research Professor, Lakshmikantham Institute for Advanced Studies and Departments of Mathematics and Physics, GVP College of Engineering, JNT University, Madhurawada, Visakhapatnam, AP India Abstract Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations. A sustainable building, or green building is an outcome of a design which focuses on- environment friendly design, energy efficiency, water conservation, rain water harvesting, sewage treatment, recycling of treated effluent, zero waste water discharge, fire safety, excellent indoor air quality, day lighting, and building management including lighting controls by lux level as well as occupancy, and fresh air on demand. Air conditioning consumes nearly 25% of world energy and a major contribution can be made by this industry towards reducing global warming. We keep our homes and work places cool in summer and warm in winter. The sum total of all our pollutions has already added half a million million tons of carbon-dioxide to the atmosphere which has changed the world so completely that hardly any of our decedents will be there to see it. We will be thinking selfishly only of welfare of humans and ignoring Gaia (A thin spherical...
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...test is used to determine the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water samples. Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) is widely used in water quality studies and routine operation of water reclamation facilities. An excess of manganese(II) salt, iodide (I–) and hydroxide (OH–) ions is added to a water sample causing a white precipitate of Mn(OH)2 to form. This precipitate is then oxidized by the dissolved oxygen in the water sample into a brown manganese precipitate. In the next step, a strong acid (either hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid) is added to acidify the solution. The brown precipitate then converts the iodide ion (I–) to iodine. The amount of dissolved oxygen is directly proportional to the titration of iodine with athiosulfate solution.[1] Today, the method is effectively used as its colorimetric modification, where the trivalent manganese produced on acidifying the brown suspension is directly reacted with EDTA to give a pink color.[2] As manganese is the only common metal giving a color reaction with EDTA, it has the added effect of masking other metals as colorless complexes. History The test was originally developed by Ludwig Wilhelm Winkler, in later literature referred to as Lajos Winkler, while working at Budapest University on his doctoral dissertation in 1888.[3] The amount of dissolved oxygen is a measure of the biological activity of the water masses. Phytoplankton and macroalgae present in the water mass-produce oxygen by way of photosynthesis. Bacteria and eukaryotic...
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...sulphate solution. This is an example of standardization, which is a process to determine the concentration of a solution by using it to titrate another solution which have a known concentration. This titration is known as redox titration as the titrant, which is the potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent. The ammonium iron (II) sulphate solution is measured by using a pipette and transfer it into a conical flask while the potassium permanganate solution is placed in a burette. The ammonium iron (II) sulphate solution is made acidic by adding dilute sulphuric acid. Potassium permanganate solution is dark purple colour because of the presence of permanganate ions, MnO4- . Since potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent, it can oxidizes iron(II) ions to iron(III) ions. Fe2+ Fe3+ + e- On the other hand, the Mn7+ ions of the dark purple colour permanganate ion, MnO4- are reduced to colourless Mn2+ ion. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- Mn2+ +4H2O As a result, the overall ionic equation is: MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 Fe2+ → Mn2+ + 5 Fe3+ + 4 H2O At the end point of the titration, the colourless solution in the conical flask will change to pale pink colour. As a result, no indicator is needed. Iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate crystals, FeSO4 . 7H2O, which is a common reducing agent is not suitable to be used in this titration because it will easily oxidizes with air to form Fe3+ ions. The equation is:...
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...Three Day Diet Analysis Karen Proctor SCI/241 January, 13, 2013 Timothy Baghurst The Choose My Plate website provided by the U.S. government provides a way to plan, track, and compare meals based on the nutrients needed by the individual. Using the Super Tracker to track my food for the last 3 days and comparing it to what should be eaten was an eye opening experience. My eating habits at this time include eating quite a bit of fast food and prepackaged food. I skip breakfast most mornings and have only a cup of coffee. I may eat a piece of fruit and then I work 3 or 4 hours before I get a snack of maybe a piece of fried chicken from KFC and a biscuit. Later, I may drink a cup of tea and by the time I make it home after 6 p.m., I usually eat until I go to bed. I eat chips and dip, candy, cookies, and more fruit, if I have it. I know this is not a healthy diet and I plan to use the food tracker to continue to track my meals and make healthier choices. The recommendations I received from the Super Tracker included a diet of no more than 2000 calories a day. My plan included less than 258 calories from empty calories ounces a day of grains, including substituted whole grains for refined grains at least half the time. I am to eat 2.5 cups of vegetables a day, including dark green, red, and orange vegetables such as spinach, broccoli, and carrots. Two cups of fruit a day are included in my meal plans. The Super Tracker recommends using a wide variety of fruit, by...
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...ABSTRACT Microorganisms are too small to be seen with the unaided eye, therefore, they must be observed with a microscope. Due to the fast innovations and advances in microscopy, we are now capable of examining, determining and observing them. This experiment, which utilized the hay infusion as the residing area of microorganisms, investigated the living organism in a drop of water, their manifestation of the different attributes in life. During the run of the experiment, paramecium and specie 1 were observed and were tested to determine the impact of different stimulus to microorganisms in three setups. At the end of the experiment, the variety of setups has been shown to affect the number and kinds of species seen, such as placing hay infusion in dark and the other one, exposed to sunlight, adding brine and sugar solution on the setups. The third section of this paper will deal with relative number of species observed and seen. This paper tackles how microorganism thrive and exemplify mechanisms for survival in the different setups for comparison Moreover, this proves that even in a small drop of water, still, life can exist and microorganisms prosper. I. INTRODUCTION Life on Earth was said to have begun 3.5 billions of years ago. Until now it is still dominating, counting and adding years to life’s age. For an organism to be considered living or possesses life, they must portray different attributes of life. This include mainly by movement, irritability, contractility...
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...Semester Project Pre-Proposal |10 scientific inquiries (all must be specific and directly testable using the scientific method; 30 points total) | |1. What should the optimal water frequency be for a tomato plant? | |2. Does more or less water keep an orchid alive and well? | |3. What is the productivity of an ant colony in warm vs cold temperatures? | |4. Which is the best fertilizer to help keep tomato plants alive longer and foster better growth? | |5. Do purple flowers or pink flowers attract more hummingbirds? | |6. Do ladybugs keep insects from eating leaves on plants? | |7. Does beer or tomato juice keep bugs away from eating tomato plants? | |8. What type of soil causes saguaro cactus grow the highest? | |9. What is ant food preference for proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates? | |10. Does sunlight affect the growth rate of strawberries...
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...across a selectively permeable membrane for varying starch solute concentrations and water mixed with Lugol’s Iodine The contents of this document pertain to the effect of particle (starch) concentration on the rate of Osmosis through a selectively permeable membrane made visible by the use of Lugol’s Iodine indicator. The results proved that the greater the concentration of the starch solute within the membrane, the greater the rate of osmosis and change in color of the solute due to an increase of Lugol’s Iodine diffusing into the membrane and reacting with the starch. Ruba Nizam 3/18/2014 Introduction The purpose of this lab is to test the rates of osmosis on a model of a selectively permeable membrane filled with varying levels of starch concentrations using dialysis tubing. This experiment will make it possible to see how particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration due to the use of Lugol’s Iodine indicator. According to Michael McKinley, osmosis is defined as the, “movement of water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium” (McKinley). Diffusion is related to the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Osmosis and diffusion are both passive transports that do not require energy although osmosis is the diffusion of water (Balmer). These transport processes occur across a selectively permeable membrane...
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...Feb. 19, 2013 A Formal Analysis of John Constable’s Seascape with Sailing Vessels on the Horizon John Constable is one of the first Romantic artists to view landscapes for their own beauty. He painted during the Industrial Revolution and as a result viewed industrialization as the degradation of the natural environment. Constable’s dystopic view of the Industrial Revolution is evident in his paintings in which he juxtaposes elements of the natural world and industrial world to convey a certain message. In his painting Seascape with Sailing Vessels on the Horizon, Constable contrasts the pollution of the sea with the serene, vast sky to depict the grandeur of nature and its tenacity even in the face of industrialization. Constable noticeably uses color to describe the contaminated and tumultuous waves of the sea in opposition to the glowing and still sky. The viewer’s eyes first jump to the tide hitting the beach and creating a splash of water at the forefront of the painting. The colors used at this location are navy, mustard yellow, brown, grey, and creamy-white. These colors in the sea connote to filthy, muddled water. Furthermore, there are a couple of distinct dashes of deep, dark grey colors at the splash site that add to the effect of making the water seem dirty. The colors in the sea are most intense at this splash site but the viewer also notices specks of burgundy through out the sea that confirm the pollution and impure composition of the sea. In contrast...
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...In today’s lab we were able to get a hands on look at the osmosis and diffusion process as well as analysis the nutrients in food. We were separated into groups chosen by the Teachers Assistant and began our lab. There was a brief lecture with notes and what we would be looking forward to within the lab. We were given more information on what osmosis and diffusion were. Further into the discussion we learned about controls and variables. As we finally began the experiment we needed to make sure we had the required items such as the beakers, testing strips and the chemical solutions. From there we were able to go over the instructions and carefully do the assigned tasks. For our first experiment which was the Osmosis and Diffusion lab. We needed...
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