...Rwandan Genocide General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To share with the class that the Rwandan Genocide was a brutal genocide that most people know little about. Thesis: The Rwandan Genocide is one of the lesser known, quickest, and most inhumane genocides this world has ever seen, and it is still affecting the people of Rwanda till this day. Organizational Pattern: Topical Introduction I. Attention Getter: What some people do not know is that Rwanda was home to the most brutal genocide this world has ever seen. There is a book of testimonies where the survivors of the Rwandan genocide told their story of their struggle to survive called, Survival Against the Odds. There was one survivor named Dephrosa, and this is a quote from her testimony. "They brought us all in the sitting room and started forcing us to take our clothes off. The housekeeper rapped me. My husband wanted to intervene but they staved him off by hitting him with a masus [a club with nails] on his neck. He fell back in the chair." the husband was not killed right away they kept him alive to watch multiple men rape his wife and daughters for several days until they finally killed him. II. Connection: I am not here to tell you my opinion about how the Untied States, the Untied Nations, or the world should have handled this historical tragedy. I am here to share with you what had happened to three-quarters of the Tutsi race in Rwanda. III. Thesis Statement: The Rwandan Genocide is...
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...occur are often a result of a series of built up incidents and a single action taken place can cause immense devastation, yet reversible. Genocide is officially defined by the United Nations as committing an act with the “intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group...” the Rwandan Genocide exemplifies this perfectly. The tension between the majority Hutus and minority Tutsis who are the two most common ethnic groups in Rwanda derived from the German and Belgian colonization. After colonization, the two groups were divided, and the Tutsis obtained more power. More importantly, the Hutus gained political influence and they felt Tutsis had wronged them for centuries....
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...The Rwandan Genocide (1994) Name Grade Course Tutor’s Name Date Outline: 1. Introduction A. Definition of genocide B. Overview of the genocide 2. The Historical Rivalry between Hutu and Tutsi A. Background of Hutu and Tutsi B. Effect of the West in Rwanda 3. The Massacre A. The mass killings B. The Perpetrators C. Women and Children in the genocide 4. The Aftermath A. Tutsi Government B. Economic Recovery C. Physical and Psychological effects 5. Conclusion A. Personal Opinion B. Recommendations Introduction The genocide concept comprised two words, genos, a Greek word meaning tribe or race and cide a Latin word meaning killing of pointed out by Polish Jurist Raphael Lemkin. According to the definition agreed upon on the United Nations Genocide Convention, the term means “Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious groups, as such: Killing members of the group; Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group” (Hinton 3). The Rwandan genocide involved group killings and physically harming individuals in a specified ethnic community. It is the worst occurrence in the modern history. Rwanda...
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...In the years following the violence that shook Rwanda and the world in 1994, there have been many attempts to explain, or at least understand, the nature of the human tragedy known as the Rwandan genocide. Most accounts describe how two rival ethnic groups, the Hutu and the Tutsi, were engaged in a bitter dispute culminating in 1994. During a period of less than three months, widespread torture and brutality resulted in 500,000 to 800,000 (mainly Tutsi) deaths.[1] After over three years of civil war following an invasion of mainly Tutsi refugees from neighbouring Burundi, a series of negotiations resulted in the adoption of the Arusha accord, which called for the eventual sharing of power between the invaders (known as the Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF) and the former regime of Hutu President Juvénal Habyarimana, and his party, the Movement for Democracy and Development (MRND). The widespread killings, mainly committed by the interahamwe, a group of Hutu extremist militias, began after the plane carrying President Habyarimana was shot down on the night of April 6, 1994. In the months that followed, the international community essentially turned a blind eye to the bloody massacre that was to unfold in the Rwandan anarchy. It seems no overstatement to portray the Rwandan genocide of 1994 as a “failure of humanity,” to use the words of the commander of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), Canadian General Roméo Dallaire.[2] There is a distinct danger, however...
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...The Rwandan Genocide: Reasons for the non-intervention by the United States. ´´ In their greatest hour of need, the world failed the people of Rwanda.´´ - Kofi Annan RESIT By: Amber Vos S2380285 Lecturer: Miss Justine Jones Group 3 Word Count: 2639 Table of Content Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The legacy of Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 The Lack of National Support . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The role of the media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Introduction On April the 6th 1994, the Hutu population of Rwanda attacked the Tutsi minority. In the short period of hundred days approximately 800,000 Rwandans, mostly Tutsi’s, were killed. Even the Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide which...
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...Subject: Anthropology Title: The role of the Catholic Churches in the genocide of Rwanda Thesis Statement: There is historic evidence of the Catholic Churches being responsible for the 1994 genocide that claimed the lives of nearly a million and this demands the church to accept responsibility and make amends Introduction: This paper is objectively aimed at presenting the issue of the Rwandan Genocide and the role of the church in this gruesome massacre. The preaching of Christianity professes brotherhood and love and violence of any kind does not find its place in Biblical literature and practice. History is witness to the fact that the genocide in Rwanda claimed the lives of millions and has scarred the survivors for life. It has been proven beyond doubt that the church authorities were responsible for creating racist ideologies in the minds of the Rwandan population over a period spanning several decades which led to the eventuality of the creation of ethnic groups’ i.e. the Tutsi and the Hutu. The ideologies based on racism led to intensification of the hatred and dissention between the groups thereby leading to several massacres right up to the 1994 genocide. Later on post the genocide, the church did exclaim guilt and repentance for having been instrumental in causing the genocide. Is it acceptable that after a genocide that claims the lives of nearly a million, an expression of guilt and repentance would undo the harm done? Would this act restore faith of...
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...Precursor to the 1994 Rwandan Genocide Nora Aly Student #10025622 Poli470 Words: 3,451 Introduction: Background of Rwanda Ethnic distinctions and fragmentations, whether actual or perceived have proved to be the causes of several genocides throughout history; in the case of the Rwandan genocide, this was no exception. The Twa, the Hutu and the Tutsi were and continue to be the groups of people constituting Rwanda (Pearn J, 203). Tensions and conflicts with groups in Rwandan society, primarily with the Hutus and the Tutsis eventually led to the immensely destructive 1994 genocide of the Tutsi people as well as Hutu people perceived to be Tutsi sympathizers and supporters. The 1994 Rwandan Genocide, executed mainly by Hutu powers, resulted in approximately 10,000 deaths for 100 days which is the highest rate of killing seen throughout any known act in history (Cohen, J). Within the time period of the communal existence of the Hutus and the Tutsis, political struggle, rivalry, colonization, and civil war were all factors that assisted in leading to the tension that finally erupted into a brutal act of genocidal violence against all Tutsi people. Close examination and analysis of the civil war which occurred during 1990-1993 between the Hutus and the Tutsis, will be elaborated extensively to assist in accounting for the eruption of the genocide. Through a close, detailed analysis of the political, ethnic and socio-economic factors that led to Rwandan Civil war, a close connection...
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...HOTEL RWANDA RWANDA GENOCIDE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES IN CONGO By GRADI MUYEMBI KAYEMBE Fall 2014 Preface Our century has been portrayed by many issues that are not example for the next generation, but this is not the reason why we should cut off the history to the next generation. The reason why I decided to write about this topic is to share with you about what really happen and what is happening in Africa that people in the USA don't know. I signed for this class because I thought that it would be interesting to share the issues that other people are facing in world and particularly in the Congo where I am from. I don't have the full accuracy of everything written in this essay but I will share some researches that other people did through the issues and my own experience through the issues. Introduction Genocide is the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. The term Genocide has been defined by many people through out the 20 th century, but the UN defined it in 1946 after the holocaust as: A denial of the right of existence of entire human groups, as homicide is the denial of the right to live of individual human beings; such denial of the right of existence shocks the conscience of mankind, and is contrary to moral law and to the spirit and aims of the United Nations. The General Assembly, therefore, affirms that genocide is a crime under international law whether the crime is committed on religious...
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...INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ASSESSMENT: Table of Contents I History and Introduction …………………………………………………………………….3 II Economic Overview …………………………………………………………………………..5 III Business Culture ……………………………………………………………………………….7 A. Business Ethics ……………………………………………………………………7 B. Greetings and Courtesies …………………………………………………….7 C. Meetings …………………………………………………………………………….8 D. Business Attire …………………………………………………………………….8 E. Women in Business ……………………………………………………………..8 F. Business Advisory …………………………………………………………………9 a. Politics and Graft ………………………………………………………9 b. Fraud ………………………………………………………………………..9 IV Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………10 V Endnotes ……………………………………………………………………………………………11 I Hisotry and Introduction The pygmy race known as the Twa were the original settlers in the Rwanda region, and they have lived there since prehistory. The Hutu tribes arrived in numbers during the 1st century A.D. During the 14th century, the Tutsi invaded from the north and successfully dominated the more numerous Hutus as well as the nomadic Twa. During the next centuries the Hutu became the agrarian providers for the warrior Tutsis, who in turn provided defense for the Hutus. This partnership lasted until the arrival in 1897 of an even more dominant tribe: the Germans. Along with Burundi, Rwanda became part of short-lived German East Africa. In 1923, the territory became a protectorate under Belgium’s...
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...Introduction There is an extensive history of ethnic tension between the Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda. The conflict and animosity between the two tribes ultimately led to the loss of over one million lives during the 1994 genocide. Michael Newdow made the following remarks concerning the cause of genocide: “People don't simply wake up one day and commit genocide. They start by setting themselves apart from others, diminishing the stature of those adhering to dissenting beliefs in small, insidious steps. They begin by saying, 'We're the righteous, and we'll tolerate those others.' And as the toleration diminishes over time, the inevitable harms are overlooked. It is for that reason that James Madison wisely wrote that 'it is proper to take alarm at the first experiment on our liberties'." (Michael Newdow 1) It is widely believed and stated that the 1994 Rwanda Genocide was started by the assassination of Hutu President Juvenal Habyarimana. However, the divide cause by the colonization and influence of Belgium can be seen as the underlying cause of genocide in Rowanda. http://www.religioustolerance.org/genocide0.htm Body When Rowanda was awarded to Belgium after World War, part of German’s territory that was never a part of the Kingodm of Rwanda, was stripped and attached to Tanganyika. This forced people to live amongst tribes they were unfamiliar with. Still, the Tutsi power structure for administering the country remained in place. The government also provided the Tutsis...
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...agency, including the South African Government or Department of Defence. This paper may not be released, quoted or copied except with the express permission of the Department of Defence. INDEX |HEADING |PAGE | | | | | | | |Abstract……………………………………………………………………………… |3 | |Introduction………………………………………………………………………….. |3 | |Historical Review of Conflict in Central Africa ……………………………...…….. |5 | |Definition of Conflict……………………………………………………………….. |5 | |Conflict in Central Africa…………………………………………………………… |6 | |Overview of Conflict in...
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...An understanding of Social Darwinism Social Darwinism is the application of the theory of natural selection to social, political and economic issues, it follows the mantra of the strong survive including animals and human issues. This theory was used to promote the idea that the white Europeans race was superior to others and destined to rule over them. Darwin’s influence is not only limited to science, but rather it has influenced political, social and economic thinking. People have been trying to apply it to types of human relations and this resulted to scramble of Africa, apartheid, genocide, demining of social values and the controlled economies by super powers. Malthus’s writings provided the germ Darwin’s theory of natural selection....
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...INTRODUCTION Burundi, situated in the Great Lakes Region, has experienced cycles of war since independence was attained on 1 July 1962. Of these, two major conflicts have caused the greatest political and social upheaval. In April 1972, Hutu rebels from the south, using Tanzania as a springboard, invaded the country through the province of Bururi, where they systematically slaughtered Tutsis. The repressive reaction of the Burundian Army (FAB) took the form of equally brutal reprisals against Hutu members of the population, including members of the elite. The war resulted in the first manifestation of internally displaced people (IDP) within Burundi and refugees outside the country’s borders, after thousands of Burundians had fled to neighbouring countries. In October 1993, the first democratically elected Hutu president, Ndadaye Melchior, was murdered. When Ndadaye’s successor, President Cyprien Ntaryamira, and Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana were killed in a plane crash in April 1994, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) described the reaction that followed as an act of genocide against Tutsis and moderate Hutus. It is estimated that more than 300 000 people were killed during the massacre. EFFORTS TO RESTORE PEACE An agreement reached in September 1994, the Convention of Government (CG), made provision for the establishment of a coalition government led by a president from FRODEBU and a prime minister from UPRONA, among other transitional...
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...|HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION | |INTRODUCTION | Humanitarian intervention poses a hard test for any international society built on principles of sovereignty, non-intervention, and the non-use of force. Immediately after the Holocaust, the society of states established laws prohibiting genocide, forbidding the mistreatment of civilians, and recognizing basic human rights. These humanitarian principles often conflict with principles of sovereignty and non-intervention. Sovereign states are expected to act as guardians of their citizens’ security, but what happens if states behave as criminals towards their own people, treating sovereignty as a licence to kill? Should tyrannical states be recognized as legitimate members of international society and accorded the protection afforded by the non-intervention principle? Or, should states forfeit their sovereign rights and be exposed to legitimate intervention if they actively abuse or fail to protect their citizens? Related to this, what responsibilities do other states or institutions have to enforce human rights norms against governments that massively violate them? Armed humanitarian intervention was not a legitimate practice during the cold war because states placed more...
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...Humanitarian intervention is a label that has been employed to describe economic to military intervention. The main types of intervention include military, diplomatic, developmental and economic sanction. Mill’s (1859) stated that "There seems to be no little need that the whole doctrine of non-interference with foreign nations should be reconsidered, if it can be said to have as yet been considered as a really moral question at all... To go to war for an idea, if the war is aggressive, not defensive, is as criminal as to go to war for territory or revenue; for it is as little justifiable to force our ideas on other people, as to compel them to submit to our will in any other respect”. This essay will demonstrate how humanitarian intervention efforts are not reaching the goals that are needed to properly aid the disadvantaged nations in developing nations. Economic humanitarian intervention emerged at the end of the Second World War. Historically, it is apparent that foreign aid was used explicitly to prevent the expansion of communism during the Cold War, and not solely to help those in need. It can be argued that humanitarian intervention has done more harm than good to the nations. Northern/ Western countries have enriched themselves from their unequal relation with Southern either under colonialism or under the trading system, which has the Southern nations paying more towards their ongoing debt and receiving an irrelevant amount of foreign aid to help assist these nations...
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