...what is expected from the product. 2. In general, why would a layered architecture be viewed as beneficial? Clear separation of responsibilities, exposed workflow, also the ability to replace one or more layers with little effort and side effects. This helps keep things moving in order. Think of it kind of like a restaurant you have customer, waiter, and chef. You would not send the customer to the chef to order their food. (Bart, T.) 3. What is a protocol and why would one be used? Provide an example of a technological protocol or a society- based protocol. Protocol: the custom and regulations dealing with diplomatic formality, precedence, and etiquette. Computers: a set of rules governing the format of messages that are exchanged between computers. (Dicionary.com) IP is Internet Protocol, this tells your computer where to look on the web for the websites you go to. It works kind of like a map in a way. 4. What are the four different types of networks and what are the characteristics of each? LAN, MAN, WAN, and PAN. LAN is Local Area Network it covers a small...
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...(sometimes), scalability and fault tolerance. The maintenance of your application is easier because of the low coupling between layers. Adding more functionality to your application is made easier. Layers make your application more testable. Building a well formed layers makes the orientation in your application easier. Having your application not layered means that you have to deal with all security threats in one place which is very difficult. Having your application distributed to layers makes it much easier for design and implement Without a good deployment plan it is not trivial to distribute your layers over multiple physical tiers in distributed computing. You need to plan ahead your layers when you create a distributed application. 3. What is a protocol and why would one be used? Provide an example of a technological protocol or a society-based protocol. protocol is a set of rules in which telecommunication and end points use when communicating. There are many different protocols used and they all vary from protocol to protocol. Protocols can be...
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...Information Security Threats Mitigation By Francis Nsofwa Mubanga Keller Graduate School of Management Devry University Professor Sandra Kirkland SE572 July 14th, 2011 Table of Contents Introduction 1 Steps 1 Denial-of-Service attacks (DoS) 1 Distributed Denial-of-Service attacks (DDoS) 1 Masquerading and IP Spoofing attacks 2 Smurf attacks 2 Land .c attacks 2 Man-in-the-Middle attacks 3 Conclusion 3 References 4 Introduction Our company faces the largest information security threat and we need to take steps to mitigate the risks associated with each one of them. Steps Denial-of-Service attacks (DoS) We will analyze the attack as best as we can and implement the correct defense. We will ask ourselves if there are any common packet signatures that are easy to filter against. We will ask ourselves if all attackers hitting a single target if they can be sacrificed. We will also need to find out as to which network the attack is coming from, and if we can verify it (remember that spoofed packets can come from anywhere, including our own network). Once we’ve found a reasonable match for the attack, pass the filters to our upstream provider(s) and seek their help getting them propagated outwards. We will need to make sure we filter or redirect traffic with a minimum amount of actual downtime (Kaeo, 2004). Distributed Denial-of-Service attacks (DDoS) CluB: a Cluster-Based architecture is the method we will use to prevent DDoS attacks...
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...growth of data communications, an era of deregulation, the Internet as a common tool, and pervasive computing D) digitization, growth of data communications, an era of deregulation, the evolution of Voice-over-IP (VoIP) as a common tool, and pervasive computing Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 2) In what year did computer technology begin to transform our social, economic, and governmental infrastructures? A) 1960s, when Internet became a core in our technology B) 1950s, when ARPA research was formed C) 1980s, when the Internet was introduced D) 1990s, when the Internet was enhanced Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 3) The technology used in the 1960s called ________ was/were very large and expensive and used proprietary architectures that did not support cross-platform communications. A) Department of Defense PCs B) the Internet C) personal computers D) mainframes Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3 4) The term ________ generally refers to a technology or product that is copyrighted and not available for use without some type of fee or payment to its owner. A) Internet technology B) RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology C) Proprietary D) IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electrical Engineers) technology Answer: C Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3 5) A series of legal battles, beginning in the late ________ and continuing into the ________, introduced an era of...
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...techniques, and a commonly used one -- ARP Cache Poisoning -- is the focus of this article. ARP poisoning enables local hackers to cause general networking mayhem. Because it's mostly "incurable," every administrator should be aware of how this attack works. ARP Refresher In Foundations: What Are NIC, MAC, and ARP?, we explained that Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is how network devices associate MAC addresses with IP Addresses so that devices on the local network can find each other. ARP is basically a form of networking roll call. ARP, a very simple protocol, consists of merely four basic message types: 1. An ARP Request. Computer A asks the network, "Who has this IP address?" 2. An ARP Reply. Computer B tells Computer A, "I have that IP. My MAC address is [whatever it is]." 3. A Reverse ARP Request (RARP). Same concept as ARP Request, but Computer A asks, "Who has this MAC address?" 4. A RARP Reply. Computer B tells Computer A, "I have that MAC. My IP address is [whatever it is]" All network devices have an ARP table, a short-term memory of all the IP addresses and MAC addresses the device has already matched together. The ARP table ensures that the device doesn't have to repeat ARP Requests for devices it has already communicated with. Here's an example of a normal ARP communication. Jessica, the receptionist, tells Word to print the latest company contact list. This is her first print...
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...CSC621 Business Data Communications and Networking Chapter 1: Introduction to Data Communication Submitted By: Sreedhar Thotakuri Student ID – Sthota9299 Sullivan Univeristy Professor: Dr. Nathan P. Johnson Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions 7. How do LANs differ from MANs, WANs, and BNs? Answer: A Local Area Network (LANs) are a group of computers located in the same general Area usually in a small defined area like one floor or work area and uses shared LANs support high-speed data transmission compared with standard telephone circuits, commonly operating 100 million bits per second (100 Mbps). (Fitzgerald, Dennis, & Durcikova, 2012) A Metropolitan area network (MANs) covers a city or county area usually span between 3 and 30 miles, MAN is provided by common carriers like telephone companies. MANs data transmission usually ranges from 64 Kbps t0 100 Mbps. (Fitzgerald, 2012). Wide area network (WAN) covers city, state or national boundaries and it covers hundreds or thousands of miles and it provides data transmission ranging from 64kbps to 10Gbps(Fitzgerald, 2012). Back bone network (BN) a larger, central network which connects several LANS, MANs, WANs and other BNs and it covers from hundreds of feet to several miles and the data transmission ranges from 100 to 1,000 Mbps. (Fitzgerald, 2012). 14. Explain how a message is transmitted from one computer to another using layers. Answer. Network user uses application layer which is...
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...All Questions Questions and Problems: Section 1-1: 1. State whether the following network descriptions are describing a MAN, WAN, or LAN: a. LAN b. MAN c. WAN 2. Expand the acronym NIC. Network Interface Card 3. Expand the acronym MAC. Media Access Control 4. Expand the acronym LAN. Local Area Network 5. Expand the acronym WAN. Wide Area Network Section 1-2: 6. Define the term protocol. Set of rules established for users to exchange information. 7. Define the term topology. Architecture of a network. 8. Define the term deterministic. Access to the network is provided at fixed time intervals 9. A disadvantage of the token-ring system is that if an error changes the token pattern, it can cause the token to stop circulating. This can be eliminated by adding a Token-ring hub (A hub that manages the passing of the token in a Token-Ring network.) 10. State the network topology being used in the following figures (Bus, Star, Ring, or Mesh). a. Mesh b. Bus c. Ring d. Star 11. What is the difference between a hub and a switch? Hub – Broadcasts data it receives to all devices connected to its ports. Switch – Establishes a direct connection from the sender to the destination without passing the data traffic to other networking devices. Section 1-3: 12. Define the acronym CSMA/CD and the protocol that uses CSMA/CD. Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection...
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...revenue associated with site downtime and possible compromise of sensitive confidential data. It is imperative today’s corporate network is configured and prepared to protect itself from external cyber-attacks. Since there is no 100% method to stop external cyber-attacks, attention to detail must be made in regards to proper configuration of the network to include state of the art hardware and software. To include current security patches for both software and hardware respectively. Additionally, hardware and software measures will be limited in their effectiveness without network policies and techniques to protect against external cyber-attacks such as Denial of Service, Distributed Denial of Service, Masquerading and IP Spoofing, Smurf Attacks, Land c Attacks, and Man-in-the-Middle attacks. In close coordination with our IS team engineers and IT network director an approved plan has been incorporated to minimize risk of an effective cyber-attack on our network. Specifically this plan covers a comprehensive review of current network design and interdependencies, Standard Operating Procedures, Emergency Operating Procedures, detailed analysis of every program, service, host, router, switch to include interaction between these services and resources. Testing current system and policies by a certified third...
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...solutions below: Method 1 Change the WAN Connection Type to Dynamic IP. Before you install the TP-Link Router, if your computer (directly connected to your ADSL\Cable modem) is abl e to access the Internet automatically without running any additional program, please use Dynamic IP as the W AN connection type.TP-LINK Router use Dynamic IP mode by default, if you didn’t change this setting before, and please skip to next method. Step1 Open the web browser and type the LAN IP address of the router in the address bar, the default IP address of TP-LINK router is 192.168.1.1, and then press Enter. Note: if you cannot access 192.168.1.1, please check the IP address of your computer or reconfigure the IP addr ess of your computer. Step2 Type the username and password in the login page, the default username and password are both admin. Note: 1. If you got a server error -401, it means you entered a wrong username or password. If you forget the user name or password that you set, you need to reset the router to factory default settings. 2. If the login page cannot display, please refer to Why I can not log into the Web-based Utility/Management P age of TP-LINK wireless router to check the problem. Step 3 Click Network->WAN in the left menu , and change the WAN Connection Type to Dynamic IP Addres s then click the Save button. Step 4 Wait for a few minutes, if it shows that the WAN port had received the IP address (shown as below), tha t means the connection...
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...management and recovery by ensuring that documentation is available in the event that systems should need to be rebuilt. This policy will help reduce troubleshooting time by ensuring that appropriate personnel are notified when changes are made to the network. 3.0 Documentation The network structure and configuration shall be documented and provide the following information: 1. IP addresses of all devices on the network with static IP addresses. 2. Server documentation on all servers as outlined in the "Server Documentation" document. 3. Network drawings showing: 1. The locations and IP addresses of all hubs, switches, routers, and firewalls on the network. 2. The various security zones on the network and devices that control access between them. 3. The locations of every network drop and the associated switch and port on the switch supplying that connection. 4. The interrelationship between all network devices showing lines running between the network devices. 5. All subnets on the network and their relationships including the range of IP addresses on all subnets and netmask information. 6. All wide area network (WAN) or...
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...whether the following network descriptions are describing a MAN, WAN or LAN: a. A network of users that share computer resources in a limited area – LAN b. A network of users that share computer resources across a metropolitan area – MAN c. A network that connects local area networks across a large geographic area – WAN 3. Expand the acronym MAC – Media Access Control 5. Expand the acronym WAN – Wide Area Network 7. Define the term topology – Topology is the architecture of a network 9. A disadvantage of the token-ring system is that if an error changes the token pattern, it can cause the token to stop circulating. This can be eliminated by adding a d. token-ring hub 11. What is the difference between a hub and a switch? A hub broadcasts the data it receives to all devices connected to its ports and a switch forwards a frame it receives directly out of the port associated with its destination address. 13. What information is not included in an Ethernet frame? a. Frame size 15. What is the minimum and maximum size of an Ethernet frame? The minimum length of the Ethernet frame is 64 bytes from the destination MAC address through the frame check sequence. The maximum Ethernet frame length is 1518 bytes, 6 bytes for the destination MAC address, 6 bytes for the source MAC address, 2 bytes for length/type, and 1500 bytes for the data. 17. What does the OUI represent? The OUI represents the first 3 bytes of the MAC address that identifies the manufacturer of...
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...Some of the benefits are companies are not locked into a specific technology and/or vendor. This makes it easy to use different forms of communications and technologies with in one company or business. It also makes the exchange and the interchange of data a lot smoother. 2) Layered architecture will help accelerate the application development of processes. A model is defined as a set of elements, (forms, queries, methods or fields) captured in metadata and stored in specific layers of a model store. This allows less code writing and faster solutions. Large and complex systems that are constantly being updated, the ability to be able to change the implementation of a service without affecting the other components of the system. 3) A protocol is a set of rules that defines how things are to be done, a standard method that’s agreed upon for passing or transmitting data between devices. The internet is an example of successful protocol-based system in which the implementation of key qualities of protocols such as error and correction and message formatting is utilized across a wide variety of hardware and software. 4) There are four different types of networks: a) Local area network (LAN) is a network that interconnects computers in a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building using network media. Some of its defining characteristics are the high data transfer rate, smaller geographic area and lack of a need for telecommunication...
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...area networks (MANs), wide area networks (WANs), and backbone networks (BNs)? LANs differ from other networks because they are small generally connecting a single building or floor and normally operate at 100 Mbps. Where BNs can connect all other types of networks together and can span hundreds of feet to several miles. BNs can also operate at 100 to 1,000 Mbps. MANs differ because they connect LANs and BNs in separate geographical locations to each other as well as to WANs. MANs are larger in size and span 3 to 30 miles that are slower in most cases where they operate at 64 Kbps to 100Mbps however new technologies have created much faster speeds in some areas at 10 Gbps. BNs and MANs are connected through WANs where they can span thousands of miles and are so large that space is generally leased due to cost and amounts of information that are able to be transferred. The transfer rates normally range from 64 Kbps to 10 Gbps. 14. Explain how a message is transmitted from one computer to another using layers? Application Layer-A message is created through a web browser where the message is translated into a HTTP packet this HTTP packet is then placed into a TCP segment that contains HTTP and contains the message-Transport Layer. At this point the Network Layer – then uses Internet Protocol to select its destination for the message on the network; the IP contains the previous 2 layers packets and segments. From here the Data Link Layer- Places the IP packet into the...
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...written for me by another person. I realize that the penalties may ensure for late submission or any other breaches of assignment rules. 1 20 December 2015 ITECH1002 Assignment 1 Lecturer’s Name: Sanjay Jha Kiran Rijal Student ID: 30314027 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 VIRTUALIZATION .................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 NUMBER SYSTEM .................................................................................................................. 3 CONVERSION .......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.3INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP) ADDRESSING ................................................................................. 4 CIDR NOTATION AND SUBNET MASKS ................................................................................................. 5 TOPIC 2. CONFIGURING IP IN WINDOWS AND LINUX...
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...developing international and diversified cultural, film and tourism industries. Our company has begun the development of scenic spots and hotel projects in recent years. 3 Company Information – Film Production Our Chairman, Mr. Checkley Sin Kwok Lam, is the producer of Ip Man movie series. His recent production ‘The legend is born – Ip Man’ received world recognition, several awards and nominations: In the 30th Hong Kong Film Award in 2011 • The nomination to compete for the Best New Artist (Mr. Dennis To) In the 13th Shanghai International Film Festival in 2010 • The nomination to compete for the Best Movie • The nomination to compete for the Best New Artist (Mr. Dennis To Yu Hang, Our Artist) • The award of the Best Supporting Actor (Sifu Ip Chun, the son of Grand Master Ip Man) 4 Company Information – Artist The nominations to Mr. Dennis To by his first two movies The legend is born - Ip man and Ip Man 2 are the recognition from the movie industry. It brought Dennis’s job schedule full in the last year, including: 杜宇航 Dennis To Movie 2011 Leading Actor of Film “The Woman Knight of Mirror Lake” 2011 Leading Actor of Film “Xinhai Revolution” 2011 Leading Actor of Taiwan Film “The Harbor, 2012” 2010 First Leading Actor of Film “The Legend is Born – Ip Man”...
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