...Three of the most important types of Linux security technologies are Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux), chroot jail, and iptables. These security measures aide in the subversion of theft and malicious activity. We will discuss these items in depth to address who created them and for what reason. Along with how these technologies changed the operating system to enforce security, and the types of threats that these security systems are design to eliminate. Security Enhanced Linux was released in December of 2000 from the National Security Agency (NSA), under the GNU general public license. SELinux is not a Linux distribution; it is a set of kernel modifications and tools that can be added to a variety of Linux distributions. SELinux is currently a part of Fedora Core, and it is supported by Red Hat. Incarnations of SELinux packages are also available for Debian, SuSe, and Gentoo. Security-enhanced Linux is a set of patches to the Linux kernel and some utilities to incorporate a strong, flexible Mandatory Access Control (MAC). MAC provides an enhanced process to enforce the separation of information based on confidentiality and integrity requirements, as well as the confinement of damage that can be caused by malicious or flawed applications. The previous security structure, discretionary access control (DAC), allowed threats of tampering and avoidance of security mechanisms, because DAC gives the user ownership of files and allows users the ability to make policy decisions...
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...causes include: the remote application did not send a reply, the message bus security policy blocked the reply, the reply timeout expired, or the network connection was broken. /usr/share/system-config-firewall/fw_gui.py:2369: GtkWarning: Attempting to store changes into `/root/.local/share/recently-used.xbel', but failed: Failed to create file '/root/.local/share/recently-used.xbel.JZ4TOX': No such file or directory gtk.main() /usr/share/system-config-firewall/fw_gui.py:2369: GtkWarning: Attempting to set the permissions of `/root/.local/share/recently-used.xbel', but failed: No such file or directory gtk.main() [root@localhost nate]# [root@localhost nate]# cat/etc/sysconfig/iptables bash: cat/etc/sysconfig/iptables: No such file or directory [root@localhost nate]# iptables-L bash: iptables-L: command not found... [root@localhost nate]# Chapter 25, Unit 7, Lab 1 (NT 1430,U2,GA1) Nathaniel Hayes, Jr. Enterprise Linux-NT 1430 November 5, 2014 Professor Rahming [nate@localhost ~]$ su Password: [root@localhost nate]# system-config-firewall (system-config-firewall:2395): GVFS-RemoteVolumeMonitor-WARNING **: cannot connect to the session bus: org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.NoReply: Did not receive a reply. Possible causes include: the remote...
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...communicate with the external network and the external machines without restrictions iptables –A OUTPUT –s 10.20.111.0/24 –d 10.10.111.0/24 –j ACCEPT -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED b)For incoming traffic (from the 10.10.111.0/24 to the 10.20.111.0/24) - all incoming connection requests should be rejected with the following exceptions. iptables –A INPUT –s 10.10.111.0/24 –d 10.20.111.0/24 –j REJECT -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED. iptables –A FORWARD –s 10.10.111.0/24 –d 10.20.111.0/24 –j REJECT -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED....
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...Reserch Assignment 2.1 Research Assignment 2.1 Kyle McGraw ITT Technical Institute IT302 Linux Mr. Gort April 14, 2012 In this paper I will go over 3 different types of Linux security technologies those follow with SELinux, chroot jail, and iptables. These technologies aid in prevention of identity theft. I will help you understand what they are and who designed them and what good they are for you to use them. In the next paragraphs you will be able to decide which one is for you and more about the use of them. Under the GPL in late 2000 SElinux was released from the National Security Agency’s Office of Information Assurance. More recently it was developed by the open source community with the help of NSA. SElinux currently ships as a part of Fedora Core, and it’s supported by Red Hat. Also there are packages that exist for Debian, SuSe, and Gentoo although at this time these were unsupported by anyone. SElinux is based on the concept of Mandatory Access Control. Under MAC, administrators control every interaction on the software of the system. A least privilege concept is used, by default applications and users have no rights, because all rights have to be granted by an administrator because of the system’s security policy. Under DAC, the files are owned by the user also that user has full control over them. If an attacker penetrates that user’s account they can do whatever with the files owned by that user. Standard UNIX permissions are still present on the system...
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...Claudia Goodman IT302 Homework 2 Security-Enhanced Linux The NSA has long been involved with the computer security research community in investigating a wide range of computer security topics including operating system security. It recognizes the critical role of operating system security mechanisms in supporting security at higher levels. End systems must be able to enforce confidentiality and integrity requirements to provide system security. Unfortunately, existing mainstream operating systems lack the critical security feature required for enforcing separation: mandatory access control. Application security mechanisms are vulnerable to tampering and bypass, and malicious or flawed applications can easily cause failures in system security. The results of several of these projects in this area have yielded a strong, flexible mandatory access control architecture called Flask. This has been mainstreamed into Linux and ported to several other systems, including the Solaris™ operating system, the FreeBSD® operating system, and the Darwin kernel. This provides a mechanism to enforce the separation of information based on confidentiality and integrity requirements and it allows threats of tampering and bypassing of application security mechanisms to be addressed while enabling the confinement of damage that can be caused by malicious or flawed applications. This is simply an example of how mandatory access controls that can confine the actions of any process, including an...
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...NFS (Network File system) IPtables NFS protocol was developed by SUN microsystems using UNIX. NFS allows severs to share local directories with client systems. NFS runs on UNIX, DOS, Microsoft, VMS, Linux and more. NFS allows a client to access files on a remote server. The client user is usually unaware on the storage location on the file they are using. NFS reduces the storage needs used on the client and aids in the administration work load. With an NFS the file system stored on a remote server and the directory is shared over a local network. The server has a large capacity disk drive and device so that copies for file can be backed up with a problem. Diskless systems boot from the file server and load the system from a fileserver. Because a diskless client doesn’t require much to run a file server system you can use older machine as clients. Other options for NFS for Linux are netboot and dataless system. Netboot uses TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) that runs PXE (Preboot Execution Environment) a boot server for Intel. Dataless systems allow the user to store all files remotely but only Linux based applications can be kept on the disk. IPtables are composed of two components netfilter and IPtables. Netfilter a set of tables that hold rules the kernel uses to control network packet filtering. IPtables set up, maintain, and displays the rules stored by netfilter. Rules use one more categories matches or classified with single action. The rule that applies to the...
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...Research Assignment 2.1 Kyle McGraw ITT Technical Institute IT302 Linux Mr. Gort April 14, 2012 In this paper I will go over 3 different types of Linux security technologies those follow with SELinux, chroot jail, and iptables. These technologies aid in prevention of identity theft. I will help you understand what they are and who designed them and what good they are for you to use them. In the next paragraphs you will be able to decide which one is for you and more about the use of them. Under the GPL in late 2000 SElinux was released from the National Security Agency’s Office of Information Assurance. More recently it was developed by the open source community with the help of NSA. SElinux currently ships as a part of Fedora Core, and it’s supported by Red Hat. Also there are packages that exist for Debian, SuSe, and Gentoo although at this time these were unsupported by anyone. SElinux is based on the concept of Mandatory Access Control. Under MAC, administrators control every interaction on the software of the system. A least privilege concept is used, by default applications and users have no rights, because all rights have to be granted by an administrator because of the system’s security policy. Under DAC, the files are owned by the user also that user has full control over them. If an attacker penetrates that user’s account they can do whatever with the files owned by that user. Standard UNIX permissions are still present on the system, and will be consulted before...
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...The Linux security technologies I researched are SELinux, chroot jail and iptables. SELinux (Security-Enhanced Linux) is a Linux feature that provides the mechanism for supporting access control security policies, including United States Department of Defense-style mandatory access controls, through the use of Linux Security Modules (LSM) in the Linux kernel. It is not a Linux distribution, but rather a set of kernel modifications and user-space tools that can be added to various Linux distributions. Its architecture strives to separate enforcement of security decisions from the security policy itself and streamlines the volume of software charged with security policy enforcement. The key concepts underlying SELinux can be traced to several earlier projects by the United States National Security Agency. The United States National Security Agency (NSA), the original primary developer of SELinux, released the first version to the open source development community under the GNU GPL on December 22, 2000. The software merged into the mainline Linux kernel 2.6.0-test3, released on 8 August 2003. Other significant contributors include Network Associates, Red Hat, Secure Computing Corporation, Tresys Technology, and Trusted Computer Solutions. Experimental ports of the FLASK/TE implementation have been made available via the TrustedBSD Project for the FreeBSD and Darwin operating systems. It provides an enhanced mechanism to enforce the separation of information based on confidentiality...
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...George McShane Research Paper 07/13/2012 Linux Security Technologies In today’s world there are many ways to gain access to the internet. You can go to your local library, a Starbucks, any airport, or even a McDonald’s. With all of these ways to have free access to the Web, the opportunity for hacker’s to get to your personal information is at an all time high. Linux programming has many ways to combat this situation with security technologies such as SELinux, chroot jail, iptables, and virtual private networks (VPN’s) to name a few. The basics of Linux security start with Discretionary Access Control, which is based by users and groups. The process starts with a user, who has access to anything that any other user can have access to. At first, it may seem great to be able to have that access, but the security in it is not so great. The US National Security Agency (NSA) developed the SELinux (Security Enhanced Linux) to combat the lack of strong security. (National Security Agency Central Security Service, 2009) Other organizations behind SELinux include the Network Associate Laboratories (NAI) labs which implemented several additional kernel mandatory access controls, developed the example security policy configuration, ported to the Linux 2.4 kernel, contributed to the development of the Linux Security Modules kernel patch, and adapted the SELinux prototype to LSM. The MITRE Corporation which enhanced several utilities to be SELinux-aware, and developed application...
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...Research Assignment 1 IT 302 Linux System Administration January 21, 2013 The purpose of this paper is to secure UNIX/Linux operating systems from unscrupulous people. It shall be focused on SELinux, chroot jail, and iptables. Each of the three focus areas will be detailed, with specific interest in the following. What organization is behind it and reason entity is involved. How each technology changes the operating system to enforce security, and if the security measure can be easily bypassed. And finally, describe the types of threats each of the technologies is designed to eliminate. Since no two UNIX-based operating system builds are exactly alike, it is important to note that each build may have its own inherent security flaws. SELinux was developed by The United States National Security Agency (NSA). The first version was made available to the open source development community under the GNU GPL on December 22, 2000. The software merged into the mainline Linux kernel 2.6.0-test3, released on 8 August 2003. Other significant contributors include Network Associates, Red Hat, Secure Computing Corporation, Tresys Technology, and Trusted Computer Solutions. Experimental ports of the FLASK/TE implementation have been made available via the TrustedBSD Project for the FreeBSD and Darwin operating systems. The reason NSA is involved in this project is because this organization is responsible for carrying out the research and advanced development of technologies...
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...|Linux Security Technology | | 1. SELinux SELinux, an implementation of Mandatory Access Control (MAC) in the Linux kernel, adds the ability to administratively define policies on all subjects (processes) and objects (devices, files, and signaled processes). This mechanism is in the Linux kernel, checking for allowed operations after standard Linux Discretionary Access Controls DAC are checked. Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a Linux feature that provides a mechanism for supporting access control security policies, including United States Department of Defense-style mandatory access controls, through the use of Linux Security Modules (LSM) in the Linux kernel. It is not a Linux distribution, but rather a set of Kernel modifications and user-space tools that can be added to various Linux distributions. Its architecture strives to separate enforcement of security decisions from the security policy itself and streamlines the volume of software charged with security policy enforcement. The key concepts underlying SELinux can be traced to several earlier projects by the United States National Security Agency (NSA), It has been integrated into the mainline Linux kernel since version 2.6. NSA, the original primary developer of SELinux, released the first version to the open source development community under the GNU GPL on December 22, 2000. Security-enhanced Linux...
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...SELinux SELinux was developed by the United States National Security Agency. It was then released for open source development on December 22, 2000 and was merged into the main Linux kernel version 2.6.0-test3 on August 8, 2003. SELinux was designed to change the access control protocols for Linux users, to make them more secure and computer resources and applications less likely to be exploited. Prior to the development of SELinux, systems used a form of DAC, Discretionary Access Control. In this set up, placed all clients into three categories: user, group, and other. If an application or file were "exploited," it would allow the current user to access the file(s) or application at the highest permission allow, the owner of the file, or user. SELinux introduced two new ways to allow permissions to be determined by the client computer. The first of these is MAC, Mandatory Access Control. This new protocol introduce the principle of least privilege, which simply allows programs to use what resources they need to do the task at hand, and nothing else. An example from an article I found online: "if you have a program that responds to socket requests but doesn't need to access the file system, then that program should be able to listen on a given socket but not have access to the file system." The second protocol is RBAC, Role-based Access Control. In this protocol, "permissions are provided based on roles that are granted by the security system." From what I read of roles...
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...Computer security is necessity because of the many ways that your personal information. Millions of people each year are victims of hacked computers and accounts which lead to credit card theft and identity theft. This paper will explain a few of Unix/Linux’s security operations such as SELinux, Chroot, and IPtables. Security-Enhanced Linux is a Linux feature that provides a mechanism for supporting access control security policies, including United States Department of Defense style mandatory access controls. These functions were run through the Linux Security Modules in the Linux kernel. It is not a Linux distribution, but rather a set of modifications that can be applied to Unix-like operating system kernels, such as Linux and that of BSD. SELinux was developed by the United States National Security Agency, it was released to the open source development community under the GNU GPL on December 22, 2000. SELinux users and roles are not related to the actual system users and roles. For every current user or process, SELinux assigns a three string context consisting of a role, user name, and domain. This system is more flexible than normally required: as a rule, most of the real users share the same SELinux username, and all access control is managed through the third tag, the domain. Circumstance for when the user is allowed to get into a certain domain must be configured in the policies. The command runcon allows for the launching of a process into an explicitly specified context...
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...There are many ways to have internet access these days. Coffee shops, libraries, airports and even public buses have free wireless access. With all these free accesses to the World Wide Web, there is also many potential ways for hackers to potentially get your personal information and use it for their gain. There are many ways to combat this situation by using several security measures with Linux programming, which the majority of the software is free. Some of those security technologies are SELinux, TCP Wrappers, IPtables and Chroot Jail to name a few. In basic Linux security, Discretionary Access Control is based practically by users and groups. The process is run by a user and then has access to anything other users has access to, making it not so secure. The U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) developed the SELinux (Security Enhanced Linux) to combat the lack of strong security. The SELinux implements Mandatory Access Control (MAC) in the Linux kernel which enforces policies that limits the user or a program of what they can do. It is designed to prevent process from reading and/or tampering of data and programs. MAC is an important tool for containing security threats made by user errors, hackers or software errors. It’s pretty hard to bypass the security measure since the kernel is checking the MAC rules right after checking the DAC rules on a constant basis. There are three states you can place SELinux to run in; Enforcing, Permissive and Disabled...
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...network (LAN) with the network address 172.16.0.0/12 and subnet 255.240.0.0. The server should also allow Web application access for its online transaction platform to mount the filesystem. The Web application resides on the Web server located in the demilitarized zone (DMZ). This server has two interface cards. One card, which is for the traffic from the DMZ firewall, is linked to the wide area network (WAN). This card’s IP address is 192.168.1.5. The other interface card has the IP address 172.16.1.5 and is linked to the LAN. Which firewall rules should be written using iptables for the server hosting Samba? Discuss and suggest firewall rules to allow administrators to remotely manage the server using SSH. Use the concept of “default deny” when designing the rules. Participate in this discussion by engaging in a meaningful debate regarding the firewall rules that can be written using iptables. You must defend your choices with a valid rationale. At the end of the discussion, write a summary of your learning from the discussion and submit it to your instructor. Required Resources None Submission Requirements <!--[if !supportLists]--> <!--[endif]-->Format: Microsoft Word <!--[if...
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