...required to combat terrorism. After the 9/11 terrorist attack on the U.S, terrorism has become the primary cause of concern for nations. History of World Anti-Terrorism Day: The concept of World Anti-Terrorism Day was initiated because thousands of youth are lured into the folds of terrorist camps and organizations each year. May 21 is observed as Anti-terrorism day every year. Purpose of World Anti-Terrorism Day: The Purpose of observing World Anti-Terrorism Day is to: Spread the message of global peace and non-violence. Deter vulnerable youth from following cult practices and being misguided. Commemorate and honor the sacrifices made by thousands of soldiers who battled against terrorism. Pay homage to the victims who lost their lives in terrorist attacks. Device ways and hold awareness programs to protect the future generations from radical influence. Important Features of World Anti-Terrorism Day: Features on...
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...the Supreme Court? And how does the Supreme Court’s decision in each case continue to affect the rights of American citizens today? The first topic I will get into is concerning the burning of the United States Flag. In 1990, the case involving the United States v. Eichman, when a man burned a United States flag in political protest. The individual who burned the flag knew he would seriously offend onlookers by doing so. In 1989, congress passed the Flag Protection act. This act criminalizes the conduct of anyone who “knowingly mutilates, defaces, physically defiles, burns, maintains on the floor or ground, or tramples upon” a United States flag, except conduct related to the disposal of a worn or soiled flag. Appelees were prosecuted in district courts for violating this act. Even after this was passed, protestors of the government knowingly burned flags against policies and other beliefs. Some protestors burned the flag just because the act was passed. During these cases, the appellees moved to dismiss the charges because they felt it violates the First Amendment. Both of the district courts deemed the act unconstitutional and dismissed the charges. The destruction of or disfigurement of a symbol’s physical being does not diminish or affect the symbol itself. this act has a fundamental flaw like the Texas law and its restriction on expression cannot” be justified without...
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...Since the invention of radio, intelligence-gathering organizations have been developing and using eavesdropping techniques to intercept and review wireless communications. Initially, these capabilities were solely used to spy on hostile nations, and particularly for military purposes. Human operators had to manually review each transmission, and cryptanalysts pored over military ciphers in an attempt to decode important messages. As wireless communication has become an integral part of commercial and individual existence, and potential threats to security are increasingly found in peacetime and on home ground, the scope of this intelligence gathering has likewise broadened. One of the most controversial eavesdropping systems in existence is a classified project known as ‘Echelon.’ Its use of computer hardware and software to filter communications from all over the world brings up many ethical issues related to the impact of computers on privacy. Overview of Echelon Most of the evidence for Echelon is circumstantial, though a few facts have been established. The participating organizations (notably the US Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Agency) have neither confirmed nor denied its existence. In lieu of a discussion of the ethical issues, a brief summary of the current knowledge follows. How it Works Echelon is the product of Cold War efforts to monitor wireless communications in the USSR. It traces its roots back to the clandestine UKUSA...
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...unrelated to the bottom line, it would be out of business by now or would have been taken over. Here is how Mackey himself describes his firm's activities: 1. "The most successful businesses put the customer first, instead of the investors" (which clearly means that this is the way to put the investors first). 2. "There can be little doubt that a certain amount of corporate philanthropy is simply good business and works for the long-term benefit of the investors." Compare this to what I wrote in 1970: "Of course, in practice the doctrine of social responsibility is frequently a cloak for actions that are justified on other grounds rather than a reason for those actions. "To illustrate, it may well be in the long run interest of a corporation that is a major employer in a small community to devote resources to providing amenities to that community or to improving its government. "In each of these cases, there is a strong temptation to...
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...should be safeguarded at all costs to prevent things like stalking, identity theft, fraud, and other attempts to undermine a person’s life. It’s not all bad, Facebook has reunited family’s, long lost friends, and is helping police officers catch the bad guys, however, like anything, too much can be bad for you. More recently social media has been known as the tool that facilitated many uprising in Middle Eastern countries. It helped kick start a revolution known as the Arab Spring. Facebook was used to schedule activities such as gatherings to protest, Twitter was used to coordinate an array of events at a moment’s notice, and Youtube was used to voice this struggle to the world. Social Media has played a major part in overthrowing governments in countries like Egypt, Libya, and Syria. Once depressed people in these countries relied on state sponsored media for their info but with the rise of social media this is no longer the case. In my paper I will examine the facts on how social media is used and for what...
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...u r INDEX Introduction 3 I. A. B. You are Being Watched in Popular Culture The Firm by John Grisham Surveillance in Other Works 3 3 4 II. A. B. C. Surveillance in Daily Lives History Different Kinds of Surveillance Regulation of The Surveillance 5 5 7 14 III. A. B. Reversal of The Situation: Everyone can Watch One Another Exhibitionism Voyeurism 17 17 19 Conclusion 21 SOURCES 22 2 Introduction: Our freedom is always under electronic surveillance. Computer technologies have increased; this is what specialists call "traceability". Our operations, our conversations, our tastes and interests leave traces in the multiple computer systems that manage our daily lives. All these data are collected, centralized and stored by public or private organizations that can know at any time the "profile" of each individual. Every day in so many ways we are being watched. We are told it is for our own good, our own protection, to make our lives better, but is it? Until recently all of this would have been considered as science fiction but now the evidence is all around us. There is no denying that we live in a surveillance society. No matter what we do, there is no turning back. I. A. You are Being Watched in Popular Culture The Firm by John Grisham In the book, Mitch is always...
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...Through LA21, local communities can participate to identify the local issues of sustainable development and finally develop appropriate action plans to address issues that arise. In Malaysia, the LA21 program was started in 2000 involving four local authorities as a pilot project and its now expand to other Local Authority. However, the implementations of LA21 in Malaysia are still at an unsatisfactory level (3). This is because of a few factors that limit the involvement of stakeholders such as lack of trust between the parties involved, lack of commitment, lack of knowledge and awareness, lack of finance and staffing aspects to implement the LA21 (Mariana 2008, Hardev...
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...SETUP.EXE Civil disobedience has long been an integral part of the democratic process in the United States. Those dissenters in Boston who disrupted trade in 1773 as a protest against unfair laws and business practices could not have imagined the modernday equivalent: computer "hacktivists" (hacker + activist) leveraging exploits against digital networks to accomplish more or less the same thing. This case study explores the ways in which the general public, news media, lawmakers, and law enforcement have reacted to the more contentious hacktivist incidents that have transpired in the United States since 2009. The impact of these attacks has ranged from minor to catastrophic, and the most clever perpetrators have been able to evade apprehension. In response, the United States judicial system has strategically given severe punishments to the few hacktivists it can manage to catch. As other forms of disruptive activism are being punished with slaps on the wrist, these hacktivists and their allies are pleading their case to the public that these incommensurate punishments are cause for concern. Command Prompt Through a discussion about the facts and the positions of the actors involved with regard to hacktivism, it will become clear that the lack of a plain and fair legal doctrine is indeed to blame for the pervasive confusion among plaintiffs and defendants alike. The goal of this study is to show just that: to highlight the ambiguity of the law through examples...
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...R outledge Revision: Questions & Answers Jurisprudence 2011–2012 Each Routledge Q&A contains approximately 50 questions on topics commonly found on exam papers, with answer plans and comprehensive suggested answers. Each book also offers valuable advice as to how to approach and tackle exam questions and how to focus your revision effectively. New Aim Higher and Common Pitfalls boxes will also help you to identify how to go that little bit further in order to get the very best marks and highlight areas of confusion. And now there are further opportunities to hone and perfect your exam technique online. New editions publishing in 2011: Civil Liberties & Human Rights Commercial Law Company Law Constitutional & Administrative Law Contract Law Criminal Law Employment Law English Legal System Routledge Q&A series Equity & Trusts European Union Law Evidence Family Law Jurisprudence Land Law Medical Law Torts For a full listing, visit http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/revision R outledge Revision: Questions & Answers Jurisprudence 2011–2012 David Brooke Senior Lecturer in Law and Module Leader in Jurisprudence at Leeds Metropolitan University Fifth edition published 2011 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the U S A and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2011...
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...The Right to Keep and Bear Arms: A Right to Self-Defense Against Criminals and Despots by Robert Dowlut[*] If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. -- James Madison[1] INTRODUCTION A written constitution is a reminder that governments can be unreasonable and unjust. By guaranteeing that "[a] well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed," the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution provides the citizens a means of protection against the unjust excesses of government.[2] The Framers placed this guarantee in the Bill of Rights because they considered the right to keep and bear arms peculiarly important and also uniquely vulnerable to infringement. The Amendment's command protects individuals against even popular conceptions of the public good. In addition to this protection within the United States Constitution,[3] the constitutions of forty-three states guarantee the right to keep and bear arms.[4] Despite the constitutional authority for this right, legislators and judges have consistently attempted to devalue it. Methods such as giving misleading labels to select firearms like "assault weapons"[5] or "Saturday Night Specials"[6] have been used to justify incremental disarmament.[7] American jurisprudence has deliberately devalued the right...
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...PHONE NO: 09898839289 EMAIL-ID: nupuragarwal201995@yahoo.com CO-AUTHOR’S NAME: NUPUR JOSHI AFFILIATION: UNITED WORLD , SCHOOL OF LAW MAILING ADDRESS: 67, SWAGAT CITY , GANDHINAGAR – MEHSANA ROAD ADALAJ GANDHINAGAR PHONE NO: 9408968686 EMAIL-ID: nupurjoshi184@gmail.com TITLE OF THE PAPER: CYBER SPACE MASS SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS,INFRINGEMENT OF PRIVACY OF INDIVIDUALS, BY STATE IN THE NAME OF NATIONAL SECURITY. ABSTRACT: In this present era of cyber revolution and globalization, citizens have turned into “Netizens”. The advancements in the field of technology is also accompanied with the development of various methods of surveillance and intervention by the State into individuals’ private information. Governments are keeping an eagle eye by monitoring individual's movements, businesses transactions and also the means of communication, which includes cyberspace. It is alleged that the United States of America’s National Security Agency runs a program known as PRISM, which enables the US government to gain access to e- mails , conversations, pictures, voice calls and even sign in details of people using websites and applications associated with 1|Page Facebook, Yahoo, Microsoft, to name a few. Failure of cyber law mechanisms and national authorities to advance legislation and frameworks along with the technological developments and the increasing trends on States’ surveillance practices has created an environment in which citizen’s right to privacy is easily violated, leading...
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...is a man who understands government, and it takes a politician to run a government” Harry S. Truman (1884 – 1972). The issue of political seems to be an endless case of trial and error. New leaders, new management but it seems to be that they never found the best leaders for the government. People are just aware of what they see but they never through the root of all problems, the problem is not the government itself but the people behind it. There were official positions whose function was to serve the community. Today’s welfare is not only achieved through individual efforts but through the leadership styles of chosen state heads. These leaders have various qualities and styles which may or may not, contribute to or benefit the society. One quality of an effective leader is his feeling of oneness with his people. To say that the leader has an explicit understanding with his people, he must first be one with his people. A common vision and goal may emerge that could suit the needs and welfare of everyone. Man is a social being. He can be weak and need support of communal living. His capabilities and form of expression are inseparably linked to the existence of others. Wise socialization is achieved not through repression but through social interest. Development is not achieved with the efforts of few persons or by the government alone. For it to be real, every member of the society must participate in order to achieve the goal set by the government. No matter how effective...
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...for these problems such as the United States, Britain, Uganda, and China. The United States has a lot of social problems. Since there is a lot of land, a vast majority of different cultures have settled here. As a result of all these different cultures colliding, social problems are common. Poverty is one of these problems. In order to deal with this, the United States government has created Welfare Programs. These programs give poor families money to get food, shelter, etc. Food stamps are issued, insurance is provided to the unemployed, and Head Start schools are provided for children. On top of these, nonprofit organizations set up numerous funding drives for the poor. These all sound good on paper, but some of these people are taking advantage of these programs. Some people feel it's the government's job to provide for them instead of getting a job. As a result, the taxpayer is the one who pays for these people's needs. Since people get a free ride, the poverty rates remain high. In Britain, one of their major social problems is race related. Instead of having mixed communities, only a certain race lives in a neighborhood in northern Britain. As tension built up between these communities, riots occurred last summer. Officials want local authorities, housing associations, schools, the police, and employers to help build community relations. Some solutions are the need for a publicly funded statutory youth service, councils to bring communities together, local schools can...
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...Distinguishing between just and unjust laws to disobey can be universalized. 28 Civil disobedience can be stabilizing to a community by spreading a shared sense of justice. 29 Sometimes it is only the unjustified response to civil disobedience that has harmful consequence. 29 Civil disobedience is traditionally non-violent. 29 Civil disobedience is a form of exercising free speech- which is essential in a democracy. 30 Civil disobedience has been used to fight slave laws 30 Civil disobedience played a role in ending the Vietnam war. 30 Civil disobedience shouldn’t be punished- but recognized as enhancing democracy. 31 Even if laws are created by democratic means- civil disobedience can still be justified. 31 Civil disobedience is justified because it promotes equal marriage laws. 31 Civil disobedience is a integral part of American history. 32 Civil disobedience has certain criteria. It must be illegal, nonviolent, and the...
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...THE “BLOG” EXPERIENCE: WHEN FREEDOM BECOMES INVASION INTRODUCTION Francois Voltaire, one of France’s most famous philosophers became well-known for this often quoted phrase: “I may disagree with what you have to say, but I shall defend, to the death, your right to say it.” The phrase summarizes the spirit of the freedom of speech – one of the inventions of the 18th century Enlightenment, a time when discussions among the upper class were construed as constituting the public sphere. Although they belonged to the sophisticated members of society, their conversations highlighted social equality and everyone was given the chance to speak and be demanded to listen. With free and frank conversations, people became acquainted with points of view that were not familiar; they discovered strengths and weaknesses in their personal arguments, and subsequently became moderate in the expression of their views taking into consideration the arguments of others. With this small light ignited in the intellectual realm, the idealism of free communication of thoughts and opinions spread and became one of the trademarks of democratic societies. During the next century, John Stuart Mill affirmed that societies progress when people freely express themselves because errors and misconceptions are exposed, and alternatives were proposed. These sentiments became the backbone of the United Nations’ Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948...
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