CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
“A politician is a man who understands government, and it takes a politician to run a government” Harry S. Truman (1884 – 1972).
The issue of political seems to be an endless case of trial and error. New leaders, new management but it seems to be that they never found the best leaders for the government. People are just aware of what they see but they never through the root of all problems, the problem is not the government itself but the people behind it. There were official positions whose function was to serve the community. Today’s welfare is not only achieved through individual efforts but through the leadership styles of chosen state heads. These leaders have various qualities and styles which may or may not, contribute to or benefit the society. One quality of an effective leader is his feeling of oneness with his people. To say that the leader has an explicit understanding with his people, he must first be one with his people. A common vision and goal may emerge that could suit the needs and welfare of everyone.
Man is a social being. He can be weak and need support of communal living. His capabilities and form of expression are inseparably linked to the existence of others. Wise socialization is achieved not through repression but through social interest. Development is not achieved with the efforts of few persons or by the government alone. For it to be real, every member of the society must participate in order to achieve the goal set by the government. No matter how effective and efficient the law enforcers are in maintaining peace and order the problem of the society cannot be eradicated. The main culprits are poverty, aggressiveness, alcoholism, drug abuse and mental disorders. There are so many problems encountered by the politicians, thus, a need for a good and sound decision-making process in necessary. Politicians stand basically as the father/mother of the entire town or province, and therefore his decision must be beneficial to all individuals under his jurisdiction. As a public figure in Region IV- A they should be able to be motivated to work at their people without stimulating such high level of aspirations as to reach the point when the rewards that government has to offer could be unsatisfactory. Politicians become the forum where people can go to air their problems complaints and other concerns which affect them, their family and relationship with others.
Leading people may be done in a variety of ways. A variety of leadership styles is emerging and being conducted by some of today’s famous leaders. All has its own purpose, maybe advantages and disadvantages. Despite of negative aspect of being a public servant, great praises, acknowledgement, and admirations are still given to them.
Spiderman said “That Great power comes with a great responsibility “in that statement having power is not just simple as we always think. Is every one of us dream to be one of the members of the government? Do you ever see yourself serving this country? Maybe not all of us want to become politicians, all I know that everyone of us desires change and have a better society serve in different way but not involving their selves into political aspects.
What are the common sources of stress and pressure encountered of public figure? How they can coup in those issues? Does every politician have their own way of handling their stress and pressure?

Statement of the Problem This study sought to determine the Psychological Pressures encountered by the politicians as public figure in selected areas in Region IV-A.
It specifically sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the politicians in selected areas in Region IV-A as to: 2.1 Age; 2.2 Sex; 2.3 Position; 2.4 Educational Attainment; 2.5 Civil Status; 2.6 Years of Being a politicians 2. Wh? 3. What is the leadership style apply by the politicians in selected areas in region IV-A in terms of: 4.7 Authoritarian style of leadership; 4.8 Participative style of leadership; 4.9 Delegative style of leadership; 4. Is there a significant difference in the leadership style of politicians in selected areas in region 4-A, when they are grouped according to their profile? 5. Is there a relationship between the level of psychosocial pressure and relationship of public figure in selected areas in region 1V-A?
Scope, Delimitation and Limitation of the Study The focal scope of this study was to know the possible effect of Psychosocial pressure experience by the Public figure including Mayor, Vice Mayor, Governor and Vice Governor in selected areas in region 1V- A. They were chosen since Psychosocial Pressure was one of the major variables being used in this study. The first variable, level of psychosocial pressure experience by the public figure, which was labeled as high average and low, was measured through the score that elicited from the psychosocial pressure test. Alternatively, leadership style which was categorized as authoritarian, democratic and free-rein style of leadership was measured through the leadership style questionnaire. The psychosocial pressure test and leadership style survey were questionnaire made by the researchers and have been validated by the expert. The statements were composed of statements that were rated according to their respondent preference. Possible implications on leadership effectiveness were the output perhaps constructs in this research.
Significance of the Study We, the researchers provided findings that could help the various groups of people as follows: To the Respondent, they could use this study to know how to handle their pressure in different situations. Being aware on how to handle their pressure could contribute to the growth of the place they administer. And they could evaluate themselves as to whether they have a good leadership style or not. Knowing their appropriate style of leadership may lead them to an improvement of their way of leading his/her constituents as well as the community as a whole. To the Psychologist, they can use this study as reference in dealing with psychosocial pressure that the politicians encountered. They could use these guidelines to fully understand the common reason and source of pressure of the politicians.
To the CAS Department, the department could use this study as reference to other study related to this. Since CAS Dept. consists of Criminology and Psychology, Which this topic is related in both field, they could use this study in giving their student some knowledge about both the psychosocial pressure of the politicians. To the Community, this study can be used to have a better knowledge about public figure and the reasons of the pressure they were experiences. And have an idea of the different leadership style their current leaders possess. Knowing his enables those to choose better which leader with such a leadership style will work best in their locality. For the Future researchers, this research may serve as a preference for those who will engage in the same field of study.
They may adapt or contrast this research for deeper understanding of the variables used, and may utilize other to related variables that can also be beneficial to society and everyone. Lastly, the researchers contend that this study has ideal implications that could be useful for the promotion of high standard learning as well as benefit for each individual and the society. This research sets standards essential to the selection of effective leaders that the future generation may need.

Chapter II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Conceptual Literature Politics is basic to all aspects of our lives that we share with others. It is the fundamental process employed for constructing most other human institution. We use politics as a primary process to reach decisions in areas of life where two or more people interact. One could argue that politics preceded government itself, as well as other organizations in the society. It was the process used by people when they decided what kind of government should be established, what kind of economic system should be implemented, and what religious rituals should be practiced. In exploring the dimensions of politics, we must be aware that is not limited to practices that are familiar to us. Examples of politics are found far beyond the structure of the government in a modern nation. Indeed, politics is universal among all peoples of the world, both past and present. Politics is not just an academic subject that can be mastered and understood by reading books. People who are involved in politics over a long period are much less likely to feel powerless and alienated. When one has actually engaged in some political activity there is a great chance that the person has a more realistic view of how to accomplish goals through politics. Although it can be demonstrated that political events are important to our lives, the word politics still generates many graphic, and sometimes negative in people’s mind. What do you think of when you hear the word politics? Some may think:
People are dirty – I don’t want to get involved.
Politics is crooked- all politicians are corrupt.
Politicians are all talk and no actions- it’s a waste of time. We often confuse the process of politics with the outcome of politics. Because, we do not like the outcome, we blame the process. The outcome of each is determined by the participants, not by the process itself. The word politics is also used to describe other negative political events or those efforts that were largely unsuccessful. As a matter of common usage, we almost never hear the term politics applied success. Politics is often seen as a necessary evil, as a process involving shadowy figures who do things behind the scene for unethical reason.
Is politics really that bad? Are many of our political leaders dishonest? Why do so many people see the political process in such a negative light?
Some would say that the bad reputation of politics is deserved. The Watergates, Iranian arms deals, and other scandals involving public figures stand out in their memories. It is a common folklore in some quarters that for every corrupt politician who is caught, at least ten go free. There are some people who assume that public officials almost automatically become dishonest when they take the oath of the office. It is an old American adage that politicians just normally get involved in some activity opposed to the public interest. But the perceived and even real cases of political pressures may not be nearly as important as some other personal factors. Our feelings about the world in general, and politics specifically, are direct reflection of ourselves. As an individual’s we each have different political values, various levels of personal interest, and contrasting expectations of our own world somewhat differently. We have a unique set of concerns, anticipation and fears that shape our political outlook. Personal expectations are even more important for the participants in politics. If the politician anticipates success, certainly the chances of succeeding are clearly enhance. Conversely, if one focuses on failure or experiencing only partial success the end result will likely conform to the anticipation.
While optimism does not always bring success, it is almost certainly a prerequisite for political participation of any kind. A sense of personal confidence nearly always precedes a willingness to engage in politics. The politician’s interests in participation almost always have some expectations that they can bring about some measure of results from their actions. Why else would be willing to make an effort?
It is not uncommon to discover that people who are active in politics had developed political interest in their youths. Personal histories of political leaders often illustrate that they grew up with the idea that they could make a difference through their own political efforts. Direct experience in politics not only teaches skills, but more importantly, it prepares a person and implants the courage to pursue even greater challenges in the future.
Sociologist Jean Lipman-Blumen explains how power relations develop (Lipman- Blumen. 1984, p. 6). The basis for the need of power is the uncertainly of life. Power is not something forced on people, however; it depends on the continual renegotiation of affairs. “They learn to anticipate behaviors, to evoke as well as smoother pleasure, anger, joy and bafflement, to charm, to outsmart, and even to dangle the powerful over the abyss of desire and anguish” (Lipman- Blumen. 1984, p.30).
History has shown that governance in the Philippines has been characterized by excessive politics, patronage and family. This was described by Johnston (2005), in his book,
Syndromes of Corruption, whereby he considered the Philippines as a country characterized by the domination of oligarchs and clans. Another concern is the Filipino culture of “pakikisama” or maintaining SIR (smooth interpersonal relationship), nepotism, “utang na loob” (debt of gratitude), and “kinship” which have contributed to a larger “partisan politics.” These characteristics or rather ambivalent values of a Filipino are difficult to disconnect from the bureaucracy. These features of a Filipino, when applied to the bureaucratic institutions become “negative bureaucratic behaviour”as described by Cariño (1979; 1986) which would lead to a tangle of more serious consequences such as red tape, bureaucraticcorruption, and inefficiency, among others or in a more liberal or obvious term, “bureaucratic corruption.” According to Lee (1986), bureaucrat-ic corruption is due to the problems of incongruence between legal codes and folk norms. As a result, corruption becomes endemic and it develops into a “culture” of corruption. As Kim (2003: 483) defines it, “the culture of corruption refers to a society where the phenomenon of corruption has well-established its position as one of its ma- jor characteristics for it to function. In other words, it indicates a cultural structure where corruption is a normal daily occurrence in the form of bribery, malfeasance, nepotism and cronyism.” For instance, there is an open acknowledgement that corruption is endemic in road bidding, permeating the entire life of road projects, from bidding to completion (Coronel, 2000), however, the Filipino people tolerate it because they see it as something “normal.”
Given the above situation, it is not inaccurate to say that the Philippines is in crisis of trust and integrity. The Catholic Bishop Conference of the Philippines (2005) stressed
That: At the center of the crisis is the issue of moral value, particularly the issue of trust.
The people mistrust our economic institutions which place them under the tyranny
Of dehumanizing poverty. They also mistrust yet another key institution, our political system. This mistrust is not recent. For a long time now, while reveling in
Political exercises, our people have shown a lack of trust in political personalities,
Practices, and processes. Elections are often presumed tainted rather than honest. Congressional and senate hearings are sometimes narrowly confined to procedural
Matters and often run along party lines. Politics has not effectively responded to the needs of the poor and marginalized. This article addresses the case of declining trust in the government and imperative to restore integrity in government. The article has four sections. The first deals with the discussion of the features of the public service ethos and the notion of integrity and trust in public service. The second part presents the case of the Philippines zeroing in on the most important value of public service ethics, i.e. integrity in public service. This is im-portant to acquire and maintain the credibility of the government in serving the people and in restoring public trust. The third part cites some issues and challenges in public service emphasizing integrity and the article ends with a conclusion that values and virtues of public ethics must be upheld all the time.

Trust and integrity as virtues of public ethics and public Service. The administration of government differs, and must necessarily differ, from the activities of the business world, both in the object to which it is directed, in the criteria of its success, in the necessary conditions under which it is conducted, and the choice of instrument which it employs...There are certain crucial values which must underlie public administration...traditional standards of probity and integrity should not be relaxed in order to secure economy and efficiency.(House of Commons, Report on the Civil Service, 1994 as cited in Funnell, Jupe and Andrew 2009: 5) In several countries, the Philippines included, public administration reforms have been accompanied by (and sometimes based on) a questioning of the very notion of “public service,” and “mistrust of civil servants.” The complex challenges faced by government in all countries cannot be met successfully unless the status of government service is revalued. In turn, this requires that the traditional public service ethos be reinforced. The specific core values associated with public service vary from country to country. Although there are several virtues and/or values related to public service ethics such as honesty, integrity, impartiality, respect for the rule of law, respect for persons, among others, values/virtues vary from one person to another and from one country to another. The generic values are, however, common to all countries: public servants are expected to treat all citizens with respect, fairness, and integrity; to be impartial and equitable in their actions; and to ensure accountability and effectiveness in the delivery of services (Bouder, Bertok and Beschel, 2001). A public servant has a duty that is supposed to go beyond his personal interest. A public servant must have a high sense of duty. “Duty” as described by Godwin as the application of the capacity of the individual to the general advantage, is the essence of trust that the citizens have in the public sector (Funnel,Dupe and Andrew 2009: 65). Bennis, Goleman and O'Toole note that the idea of duty in public service is as old as philosophy itself (e.g., in both Plato’s Republic and Aristotle’s Politics) and explained that a respect for duty in the Aristotelian world is inescapable if one is to leave an honorable and worthwhile life. (Bennis, Goleman and O’Toole, 2008: 41).In today’s world, however, Funnel, Dupe and
Andrew (2009) state th at the public sector is no longer the place for selfless public servant but rather those in the private sector. The “corporatist culture” or “managerial list ” movement (Pollitt, 1990) has severely tested the integrity of public servants who are under the scrutiny of normative moral standards of moral conduct as opposed to the blatantly self-interested behavior justified by measurable performance borrowed from business. As a result, reformist governments thrive and shift from being public service provider to prescriptive regulator to the role of managing change for the future, providing frameworks and at the same time overseeing the protection of the public interest. These governments promote efficiency and effectiveness. These are essentially the same values underlying all efforts to reform govern-ment, including those suggested by Osborne and Gaebler (1993) in their seminal work on “reinventing government.”
Public service ethos such as integrity and trust are significant in introducing any kind of reforms. Public sector reforms, including reorganization that involves changes in structures, processes and procedures would be ineffective unless this area accompanied by reforms in behavior, mindsets and eventually values. The notion of trust and integrity in public service According to Cox, La Case and Levine (2008), there is no perfect definition for integrity. Integrity is one of the most important and of cited terms of virtue. It is also perhaps the most puzzling. For example, while it is sometimes used virtually synonymously with “moral,” “acting morally” has also been distinguished from “acting with integrity.”
When used as a virtue term, ‘integrity’ refers to a quality of a person's character; how-ever, there are other uses of the term. One may speak of the integrity of a wilderness region or an ecosystem, a computerized database, a defense system, a work of art, and so on. When it is applied to objects, integrity refers to the wholeness, intactness or purity of a thing—meanings that are sometimes carried over when it is applied to people.
These authors explained integrity in terms of; (i) integrity as the integration of self; (ii) integrity as maintenance of identity; (iii) integrity as standing for something; (iv) integrity as moral purpose; and (v)integrity as a virtue. These accounts are reviewed below.
We then examine several issues that have been of central concern to philosophers exploring the concept of integrity: the relations between types of integrity, integrity and moral theory, and integrity and social and political conditions. More so, others would say that integrity is public service with honor. Still others would associate integrity with moral character. We suggest that integrity is doing the right thing even if no one is looking, or even if others are not doing the right thing. On the other hand, “trust” in the Philippine parlance is called “tiwala.” The root word“tiwala” can be seen in the Filipino term “ katiwalian” or in English “lack of trust.” The term “katiwalian” is also closely associated with “corruption.” The root word of “katiwalian” is “tiwali” or wrongdoing or an anomaly, or corrupt (noun) which is the opposite of “tiwala.” According to Hardin (1998), the first result of lawfulness is “trust “which means that the existence of law enables people to trust. For instance, they trust that the existence of law protects their lives and properties. We can associate this with John Locke ([1690]1988: 171; 381), when the society turns power over to its governors,” whom society hath set over itself, with this express of tacit trust, that it shall be employed for their good, and the preservation of their property.” Along with Locke (1690), earlier philosopher Hobbes (1651),and later Rousseau (1762), consider this as a social contract; however, Dunn (1984) suggested that the relationship of citizens to government should be one of “trust” not of contract. Hardin (1998: 11) likewise considers “trust” as “a fundamentally cognitive notion,” such that an individual trusting is presumed to have some knowledge of the object of such trust. Cariño (2007) sees “trust” in appositive light, but something that has a limit. She then argues that one may trust an untrustworthy person and be led to ruin you. Thus, she suggests that a certain limitation of trust or a certain amount of distrust maybe necessary not only to maintain interpersonal and even person-to-institution relation-ships but also to protect the parties in the transaction. Levi (1998) there is instances when the trust is so low that we can consider it as “confidence” rather than trust. On the other hand, the risk is so high that we consider the “truster” as gullible. In this article however, the authors are more focused on “public trust” more specifically trust in government.“Trust” is also associated with “social capital” (Coleman 1990; Putnam, 1993; Fukuyama 1996; Rothstein and Stolle, 2008). Fukuyama for instance affirms the important role of government institutions in lowering the personal investments and providing the as-assurances that make possible the trust that lubricants cooperation. Russell Hardin (1993)says that distrust breeds distrust. Fukuyama (1996) then suggests that to restore trust is to “build a social capital.”Levi (1998) explains trust in terms of “generalized” notion,i.e., “generalized trust.” Likewise, Coleman’s (1990) emphasis is family, Putnam (1993) intermediate associations, Miller (1992) leadership, and Kreps (1990), a corporate principle.
On a broader note, Cariño (2007) talked about trust as a “governance capital.” Governance as UNDP (1997: 9) defines it, “is the exercise of political, economic, administrative authority to manage a nation’s affairs. It embraces all of the methods- good and bad–which societies use to distribute power and manage public resources and problems.”Governance calls for accountability, participation, predictability and transparency (ADB1995). From the definition itself, we can say that it takes a lot of “trust” from the people to entrust to the government institutions and its leaders the affairs of government that will affect the whole society –positively and even negatively. When there is trust, governing is easier. Trusting citizens give governments leeway in the programs and methods they use in carrying out their tasks. Their trust allows governments to be bold in instituting innovations or forwarding programs with time lags in producing benefits. They are more willing to cooperate in their programs and provide inputs (information, time, even taxes) to make them work (Ramesh 2006 as cited in Cariño, 2007).
Integrity and trust as translated to the Philippine Public service.Trust lies a nexus and the praxis (theory and practice) of public administration and governance. In the Philippines, this value is Clearly stipulated in Art. XI of the 1987Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines which holds public trust as the fundamental principle of office, and requires full integrity and accountability of public officers and employees. Sec. 1 states that, a “Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives” (1987 Philippine Constitution). This provision is also mentioned in RA6713 or the Rules of Ethical Standards nonpublic Officers and Employees. This means that integrity of both the politician and civil servant must be assured, as both carry a public responsibility. The distinction between politician and public administrator, how-ever, is often difficult to define for the public. The general public does not make such distinction and holds the government responsible, and rightly so, as most public decisions involve both elected and non-elected officials.
Citizen participation and citizen engagement. The changing patterns of political participation in the Philippines can be attributed to the lack of distrust in the political leaders. As Putnam (1995) put it, it is “a social dis-engagement.” In the US, Putnam (1995: 68)has shown familiar evidence on changing patterns of political participation, not least because it is immediately relevant to issues of democracy in the narrow sense. Consider the well-known decline in turnout in national elections over the last three decades. From a relative high point in the early1960s, voter turnout had by 1990 declined by nearly a quarter; tens of millions of Americans had forsaken their parents' habitual readiness to engage in the simplest act of citizenship. Broadly similar trends also characterize participation in state and local elections. Engaging citizens is a new paradigm in our reform framework. We recognize, however, that engaging citizens is an unpredictable process. It does not happen systematically nor guided by rational choices and decisions, but it is more governed by unconscious factors. The family can play a significant role in transmitting the values and attitudes that fosters to be engaged citizens. Educational intervention (both formal and informal), media and publications, and external civil organizations also play a vital role in the development of citizens’ engagement (New Perspectives for Learning, 2004).Citizens can be engaged with the government in different ways. According to Meskell,“...they (government) knew that, for democracy to flourish, citizens must take an active part in public life, sharing their ideas and opening their minds to the opinions of others, and taking ownership in the well-being of the country.” (Meskell, 2009: 1) The survey or trust by the Pulse Asia and the Social Weather Stations are just two examples of the public involvement in the governance process. The survey results reflect their opinions on approval and disapproval of the President and that this should be a yardstick for the public official to improve performance. Another powerful medium where citizens can be engaged in the objective of restoring trust in governance is the internet. The internet offers social networks such as Facebook and Twitter which could easily transmit information about the public official. Information and communication technology (ICT)could be used as instruments for feedback mechanisms, which has cut off the expensive mechanisms for soliciting citizen inputs. Online communication has become most easier and economy useful tool for formulating and developing the public policy in developing countries (ibid.). Furthermore, online citizens’ engagement gives more opportunity to understand governmental policies and processes so does the government understands of the “diverse public views and knowledge about complex problems”. Online engagement also offers interaction between the members and put group voice for mutual benefits without having headache of heap expenses and long distance travelling. The full extent of engaging citizens in government can fulfill the notion of a famous slogan – “by the people for the people.” New public management has considered the people as customer or client so they have their personal “stake” in the government. There-fore, meeting the needs of customers (citizens) should give high priority than giving the attention to the bureaucracy. The United Kingdom (UK) has made strides in engaging citizens in their government. They turned government communication to citizens with the collaboration of internet service. According to Andrew Stott, director of Digital Government, “They use the internet to give citizens a voice.” They already saw the massive impact of using internet for public engagement on the democratic process. Similarly, P.K. Agarwal, California Chief Technology Officer, envisions the improved civic engagement through the mobile appliances and wireless technology in “Reinventing “We the People” program. Technology is being an essential to participatory government, but “data is not democracy, “Carolyn Lukensmeyer writes, “Civic participation still calls for in-person interpersonal engagement.” (Meskell, 2009: 2)To restore the trust of citizens, reforming and engaging citizens is an equally important reform imperative; however, this challenge is not the sole concern of the government. The “governance” concept encourages the participation of citizens in the governance process. The fourth dimension of the framework - engaging the citizenry is on the demand side, aimed at promoting citizens’ participation on governance processes, reform government and restore trust in a government they begin to own and identify with because of their active engagement. According to Chene (2008), strengthening demand for good governance is a logical policy arena. She adds that. In many developing countries, the public
Sector is perceived as distant, corrupt and unaccountable, leading to a widespread crisis of legitimacy between citizens and the institutions that represent them. The link between citizen voice, transparency and accountability has been recognize in this context as the core of good governance and improved public sector performance. There is a growing consensus that working on the demand side of curbing corruption is a critical dimension of governance reform. This recognition has opened new opportunities for citizen involvement in recent years, with the proliferation of a wide range of Accountability mechanisms aimed at increasing citizen voice and influence over public policies and the use of public resources. Such interventions share the common goal of empowering citizens to play a more active role in decisions that affect them, with the view to reducing the accountability gap between citizens and policy makers and improving the provision of public. (Chen2008: 1) Due to socio-economic, political, and cultural changes which brought the transitions in Democracy, engaging citizens in the reform process is very powerful. People’s participation is now becoming an intrinsic part of the governance process. There are mechanisms to engage the citizens. A wide range of channels can be envisaged to Support closer citizens participation including the media, political parties, citizen’s watchdogs among others. Chene identifies specification areas that may be used to harness civil society participation in governance: harness the media, make government transactions transparent; decentralize governance structures and processes, and encourage participatory budgeting.
Related Literature The following are theories which the researchers used as basis in supporting the results of the study. One of the theories is by Adler (1938). Center to Adlerian theory is the idea that all people are born with the potential to develop Gemeinschaftsgefuhl. Literally defined as the feeling of community Gemeinschaftsgefuhl translate more meaningfully “as social interest,”or the willingness to cooperate with others for the common good. Adler believed social interest is necessary for positive adjustment, and it is both a both inborn and learned trait.
The first group to have a major impact to us is our family. Our experiences in the family are so intense that their influence is lifelong. These experiences establish our initial motivations, values, and beliefs. In the family, we receive our basic sense of self, ideas about who we are and what we deserve out of life. It is here where we begin to think of our self as strong or weak, smart or dumb, or good-looking or ugly- or somewhere in between. And as already noted, the life long process of defining ourselves as female or male also begins in the family. Social class .To understand people, we must examine the social locations that they hold in life. Especially, significant in social class, which is based on income, education, and occupational prestige. Large number of people who have similar amounts of income and education and work at jobs that are roughly comparable with prestige make up in social class. It is hard to overemphasize this aspects of social structure for our social class influences not only our behaviors but even our ideas and attitude. We have this common, then, with the street people describe in the opening vignette. We both are influence by our locations in the social class structure. Theirs maybe a considerably less privileged position, but it has no less influence on their lives. Leaders are born, not made. Some people believe being a leader is either in one’s genes or not; others believe that life experiences mold the individual and no one is born a leader. Which view is right? In a sense, that neither or either. Both views are right in that innate factors as well as formative experiences influence many sorts of behaviors, including leadership. Yet both views are wrong to the extent they imply leadership is either innate or acquired; what matters most is how these factors interact. It does not seem useful, we believe, to think of the world as composed of two mutually exclusive types of people leaders and non leaders. It is more useful to address how each person makes the most of leadership opportunities he or she faces. More hare, research indicates that many cognitive abilities and personality traits are at least partly innate. Thus natural talents or characteristics may offer certain advantages and disadvantages to the leader. Consider physical characteristics: a man’s above- average height may increase others tendency to think of him as a leader; it may also boost his own self-confidence. But it does make him a leader. The same holds true for psychological characteristics that seem related to leadership. The stability of certain characteristics over long periods (for example, at school reunions people seem to have kept the same personalities we remember them as having years earlier) may reinforce the impression that our basic natures are fixed, but different environments nonetheless may nurture or suppress different leadership qualities. The leader . This element examines primarily what the leader brings as an individual to the leadership equation. This can be including unique personal history, interest, character traits, and motivations. Leaders are not alike, but they tend to share many characteristics . research shown that leaders differ from their followers. And effective leaders differ from ineffective leader on various personality traits, cognitive abilities, skills and values. Another way personality can affect leadership through temperament, by which we mean weather a leader is generally calm or is instead prone to emotional outburst. Leaders who have calm dispositions and do not attack or belittle others for bringing bad news are more likely to get complete and timely information from subordinates than their bosses who have explosive tempers and a reputation for killing the messenger. Another important aspect of the leader is how he or she achieved leader status. Leaders who are appointed by the superiors may have less credibility with subordinates and get less loyalty from them than leaders who are elected or emerged by their consensus from the ranks of followers. Often emergent or elected officials are better able to influence toward goal achievement because of the power conferred on them by their followers. However, both elected and emergent leaders need to be sensitive to their constituencies if they wish to remain power.
Followers. Critical part of leadership equation, but their role has not always been appreciated, at least in empirical research. For a long time, in fact “the common view of leadership was that leaders actively led and subordinates, later called followers, passively and obediently followed. The nature of follower’s motivation to do their work is also important. Workers who share a leader’s goals and values, and who feel intrinsically rewarded for performing a job well, might be more likely to work extra hours on a time critical project than those motivations is solely monetary. Psychosocial development theory. According to Erickson, our identity gives a sense of inner assuredness, continuity, and direction for the future and it involves a “series of ever narrowing personal. Occupational, sexual and ideological commitments. Erickson’s provides a framework for understanding children’s personal development. Children need a safe and secure environment in order to develop a sense of trust. It also needs opportunities’ to innate activities and to learn about their different strength and option for the future.
Erickson believed that the biological and social changes that occur in adolescence lead young people to reflect on their place in society, on the way others view them and their own opinion in future. However, Erickson believed that social interactions as well as the social context were critical to the formations of an identity. By interacting others, we learn about ourselves and what we ought to be. The social environment determines what sorts of identities are possible and desirable. Erickson’s theory proposed that identity formation defines the period of adolescence. Personal identity refers to the essential of the person. It includes those traits that distinguish one person from another and one’s consciousness of his own being or identity (Erickson 2001)
Defining ones own identity is a very important developmental task for any adolescence. From a psychosocial point of view, striving for a unified and integrated sense of self may assist in defining personal goals and a sense of directions. It may also promote the constructive integration into society. Background on Erickson’s psychosocial development. Eric Erickson (1902- 1994) accepted Freud’s basic psychosexual framework, but took what was useful from Freud’s theory and refine it. In 1950, Erickson expanded the picture of development of each phase by creating the psychosocial theory. This theory emphasized that the ego does not mediate between id impulses and super ego demands, but it also requires attitudes and skills that make an individual an active, contributing member of society. A basic psychological conflict is resolved along a continuum from positive to negative, which determines healthy or maladaptive outcomes of each stage.
In reviewing the literature on identity, there is a very little agreement on how identity is defined (Bosma, Graafsma, Grotevant, & de Levita, 2000 ). Erickson alone used a variety of identity related terms (identification, identity formation, identity development, identity consolidation, identity foreclosure, and identity resolution) without providing a great deal of explanation (Hoare, 2000)
Job stress. Job stress is a chronic disease caused by conditions in workplace the negatively effects an individual’s performance and/or overall wellbeing of his body and mind. One of more of the host of physical and mental illness manifest job stress. In some cases, job stress can be disabling. In chronic cases, a psychiatric consultation is usually required to validate the reason and degree of work stress.
Stress. The word stress means different things to different individual. Stress in psychology in unpleasant state of emotional and psychological arousal that people experience in situation that they perceive as dangerous or threatening to their well being. From a layperson’s perspective, stress can be describe as feeling tense, anxious and worried. Scientifically, these feelings are all manifestations of the stress experience, a complex program response to perceive treat that can have both positive and negative results. Virtually all the definitions can be placed into one of two categories; however stress can be defined as either a stimulus or a response.
A stimulus definition of stress is some event or characteristics of something that results in a disruptive sequence. In response condition, stress is seen partially as a response to some stimulus, called a stressor. A stressor is a potentiality harmful or threatening external event or situation. Stress is more than simply a response to the stressor, while stress is the result of a unique interaction between stimuli conditions I the environment and the individuals predisposition to respond in a particular way.
The nature of stress involves environmental situations under conditions where individual perceive risk from substantial differentials in rewards and cost from meeting the demand versus meeting it (Mc Grath, 2007)
Synthesis
The studies in the research literature helped the researchers accumulate additional knowledge with regards to the present study. The previous studies showed similarities with the present study in terms of the type of research method, and respondents used in their study.
The past study are somewhat related with the present studies in a way that they focuses on the public officials their different types of leadership used. The study also discusses the psychosocial pressure encountered by the public officials as a public figure and in the past study they also discuss the source of their motivation. It also involves their style of decision making in terms of governing their constituents and their municipality being ruled and served.
The studies of Sangalang, Vizco and Reyes, Andal are related to one another in terms of the educational attainment majority of their respondent is college graduates. Although the study of Sangalang , Vizco their respondent are more female rather than the respondent of Andal and reyes which the majority of their respondents are Male.
The research findings of Velasco conclude that the concept of the Prince is not a devil rather a leader hoping nothing but the good of his state. And the good of the state is the end of every political system. And these philosophical studies make people acknowledge the worth of great political thinker.
Conceptual Framework This research tries to determine the level of psychosocial pressures as well as their leadership styles. These two concepts are the variables which the study tries to correlate. High level of psychosocial pressure shows a high concern for the welfare of his/her constituent. Low level shows less concern for his/her people and only strives for personal gain. On the other hand, leadership styles have three divisions which defined each participant’s style of leading. This study also tries to verify which among the specified leadership styles are being employed by the respondents. Implications of the two variables to leadership effectiveness in public service were the possible output.

Conceptual Paradigm The figure below illustrates the research paradigm of the study.

Suggested Course of Action to Lessen the Psychosocial
Pressure encountered by Public Officials as a Public Figure

Co relational Analysis between the Respondents’
Profile and Psychosocial Pressure

Respondent’s Profile * Gender; * Age; * Number of terms as public servant; * Educational Background; * Position;
Leadership Style * Authoritarian * Participative * Delegative

Figure 1

Hypothesis The study focuses on the different psychosocial pressure encountered by the politicians as a public figure. For this matter, the researchers came up with the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference on the psychosocial pressure.
Definitions of Terms Leadership. It is a complex process by which a person influence other to accomplish a mission, task or objective and direct the organization in way that it makes it more cohesive and coherent (bass,1990). In this study, it is the interaction between the community and the public officials to work willingly and enthusiastically towards achievement of group goals. Leader. Those people who take the lead in solving issues which they are accountable for, and do not hesitate to change existing or operation if necessary.
(Lau, 1998).Operationally, these are the selected government provincials heads in provincial capitol of 1V-A who outstandingly influence the activities of the community. Leadership Style. It is a total pattern of a leader philosophy, skills, traits, attitudes that exhibited in the leader behavior (Robin, 1998).In this study; these are the three styles of leadership such as Authoritarian, Participative, Delegative. Pressure. Powerful and stressful demands on somebody’s time, attention, and energy or a demand.
Psychosocial. For a concept of psychological means it relates to one’s psychological development in, and interaction with, a social environment (Erickson). In this study, this term refers to the psychosocial factors associated with psychosocial pressure encountered by the public figure.

Chapter III
RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURE This chapter provides a brief description of the method of research, the respondents of the study, the instruments, validation of instruments, data gathering procedures and the statistical analysis employed for the gathered data.
Research Design This study aimed to assess and determine the psychosocial pressure encountered by the politicians as a public figured. The researchers utilized the descriptive correlation method of research. According to Go, et al., (2000) (cited in Desepeda, M. et al., 2011), descriptive correlation method of research is the best method in defining the current status of the respondents under investigation. Also, Correlation Research Method is used to measure the relationship between two or more variables since it could indicate how one variable mat predict another. The researchers used this type of design to better facilitate the study and to achieve the best possible results. The descriptive research design was not the most suitable research method to employ so as to assess the psychosocial pressure encountered by the politicians as a public figured.and at the same time to determine the significant relationship on the mentioned variables with respect to their psychosocial pressure associated with them.
Respondents of the Study The respondents of this study will be both male and female Public Officials. They will get the list of Governor/Vice Governor and Mayor/Vice Mayor and will be randomly selected. Furthermore, the researchers will conduct personal interviews to collect additional information that will be helpful in the study. The questions that will be asked to the interviewee will include their perception toward their job.
Data Gathering Instrument
In this study the researchers will provide a self-constructed questionnaire that will be used in determining the Psychosocial Pressure encountered by the public officials as a public figure. The questionnaire will be consisting of 20 items that will be rated items.
For questionnaire, the researchers will construct a draft and submit it to their adviser for consultation and constructive criticism. The researchers will also consult people whom they feel expert in the field to go over the questionnaire and self-esteem test to determine whether the questions and statements are categorized and stated correctly. In addition, the experts will give some suggestions, comments and recommendations for the enhancement of the questionnaire.
After the questionnaires will be revised, its final drafts will be presented to the adviser for grammatical accuracy and content appropriateness. The questionnaire will be designed to draw out objective answer to questions which will be included in the study. Past and related studies were used as the reference and basis in constructing the content of the questionnaire.

Data Gathering Procedures The researchers will gather information and facts from different books, articles, view paper, electronic information and other studies from different researchers. They will conduct researches in different libraries in different colleges from Lipa City, Tanauan City and other library along Batangas province and also from the universities and public library along Manila. When the research materials will be finalized and ready for usage, the researchers will disseminate them to the Public Officials who will serve as our respondent. The researchers will seek permission in acquiring needed information in the Public Officials being interview. When the request for the data gathering will be approved, they will be scheduled. The researchers will hand the questionnaires to the respondents. Before the respondents answer the questionnaire, they will be evaluated by the respondents on how they will answer the questions properly and appropriately. The researchers will allot an enough time for the respondents to answer the questionnaire with no time pressure. The researchers will provide assurance for the respondent’s confidentiality. After the respondents will answer the questionnaire, the researchers will collect them personally. The retrieved, questionnaires will be tallied, tabulated and interpreted in accordance with the items in the questionnaire.

Statistical Treatment of Data The data that will be obtained will be presented in tabulated form will analyze and interpreted by employing the following statistical technique and procedure:
Percentage- This will be used to determine the percentage distribution and ranking of the respondents with regards to their profile.
Weighted Mean- This will be used to determine the assessment of the respondents on the psychological factors associated with
Chi-Square Test of Independence- This will be used to test the significant relationship between the respondents’ profile and their assessment on the psychological factors associated with low self-esteem.