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It-530-Unit-1

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Assignment 1: IPv4, IPv6, and DNS
Bryce Beasley
December 19, 2014
IT530-01 Computer Networks
Professor: Dr. Thomas Watts, PhD, CISSP
Kaplan University Abstract
DNS (Domain Name System) is crucial to the activity on the Internet. DNS provides components to resolve a hostname to an IP (Internet protocol) address. The resolution of a hostname occurs over a hierarchy of domain servers. These domain servers consist of name server knowledge for their explicit domain level. A section of the web address will include the domain level. DNS utilizes IP versions 4 (IPv4) and 6 (IPv6) to help resolve hostnames, and also establishes a connection between each host. The connection between the hosts will allow bits to transmit back and forth. These concepts go into more depth in this research paper.
The keywords are: IPv4, IPv6, DNS, DNS hierarchy Introduction
The Internet is used daily by millions people browsing the Web. Anyone who wants to look at a specific website will type an address in the browser, and a web page will display the appropriate page in the browser. This process is not possible without the utilization of DNS. DNS has a role similar to what a translation service would achieve. What specifically does DNS translate? It translates a name such as www.yahoo.com into an IP address such as 206.190.36.45. This simple function is attained because of three primary characteristics of DNS. First, the mapping of IP addresses are joined to and then referenced against a database; this is commonly known as records. Second, the database is dispensed across numerous domains, which include ISP’s (Internet service providers) (Rampling & Dalan, n.d.). And third, DNS accumulates records besides host mappings; it has knowledge regarding other DNS servers which is used in achieving a name to IP address translation.
It is important to remember that this paper focuses mostly on DNS and how it related to the Internet, DNS for the most part works similarly on any network. For example, most internal networks utilize DNS to translate friendly names of client computers and servers into IP addresses. Without the automatic name resolution humans would need to remember the IP addresses of computers, websites, and webpages. Functioning in this manner would be inconvenient to say the least. DNS has a standardized hierarchy that helps achieve its goal.
DNS Hierarchy
After reviewing DNS, it is apparent that name resolution is crucial to how Internet traffic flows. Specifically, how does DNS sustain Internet traffic flow in the most efficient way possible? DNS provides a crucial translation service because of an organized hierarchy. Microsoft (2008) advises that the engineering of DNS moves from a root domain, to a top-level domain, then a second-level domain, and lastly any subdomains (Microsoft, 2008, para. 8).
The root domain is the top in the hierarchy. For instance, in the web address “www.yahoo.com.”, the trailing dot is the highest level of the domain name. The next level would be the top-level domain. This domain relates to the organizational type, country, or region. Some familiar top-level domains are .edu, .gov, .com, and .net. Second-level names are registered individual or organization. For instance, in the address www.yahoo.com, yahoo would represent the second-level domain. This specific level of the DNS hierarchy is critical because the names have to be registered with a domain name registrar.
Subdomains are added in front of the second-level domain. It is a domain which is part of a bigger domain. For instance, in the Web address www.blog.domain.com, blog is the subdomain of domain.com. Subdomains are essential because they give a business or company the means to grow or expand a DNS tree in the organization. Companies can generate subdomains that speak for many things such as people, departments, product lines, businesses and many more. The goal subdomains, second level domains, and root domains is to connect to a machine, and this is where IP addressing and DNS come into play.
DNS and IP Address After examining the DNS hierarchy we have learned that DNS is standardized and works well for organizations, businesses, or anyone who inclined to host a website. This exact structure will allow Web surfers to connect to the hosted websites. If there were not millions of devices in use then name resolution would be simple. To undertake the enduring job of translating names to devices, DNS has IP addresses that are used in Internet protocols.
A crucial aspect of IP addresses is the fact of them being unique which means each Internet website possesses a unique IP Address; this specific address allows users to input a Web address, and then DNS translates the website name to the specific IP address. To ensure IP addresses stay unique, the addresses are overseen by the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) organization. The IANA is a domain name registry that keeps track of who owns domain names and what the names are (Brain & Crawford, n.d., para. 2). Most of the time an individual will not go straight to the IANA to register a website; hosting services can register IP addresses and websites. When taking into account the specific Internet protocols used in DNS translation services, there are two main areas to consider which include IPv4 and IPv6.
In order for the Internet to run smoothly, web addresses are transferred into IP addresses via Internet protocols. The two protocols that are used through DNS are IPv4 as well as IPv6.
Both of these have similarities, although the approach with each is different. The similarities with them are that both Internet protocols have an identification system that will uniquely identify the host, they are distributed within a DNS database, and both protocols need to be registered with a domain registrar service. Even though they have some similarities they also have a wide range of differences.
The most noticeable difference between the protocols is the usable bits in IP addressing. IPv4 has 4 bytes or 32 bits in length 32 bits in length; an example would be 222.12.43.532. IPv6 has 16 bytes or 128 bits in length; an example of this would be 12CA:00B3:0000:2E3B:02AB:00FE:FF28:9B5D (Microsoft, n.d., para. 1). This particular difference is huge and cannot be underrated. This means that IPv4 has 232 available addresses, and IPv6 has 2128. (Hazard, n.d., para. 4). IPv6 is considered to be the next generation protocol, because IPv4 is also out of available addresses. IPv6 was created because this was a foreseen problem that would eventually manifest itself.
IPv4 and IPv6 have domain record differences because IPv4 has an “A” record and IPv6 has an “AAAA” record. One difference is that IPsec (Internet protocol security) is not required in IPv4, but it is mandatory in IPv6 (Microsoft, n.d., para. 1). Another specific difference between the two protocol versions is IPv6 has a different implementation of DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol). DHCP allows DNS settings to be distributed to hosted machines on the network. IPv4 IP addresses need be configured manually or used with the DHCP service running on a server. IPv6 addresses have the ability to be assigned automatically from a stateless address. This automation process limits the management in IP addressing, and also lessens potential problems associated in IP management which could be address conflicts or DHCP scopes.
Conclusion
DNS is crucial to the Internet because it provides a way to resolve a host name to connect with an IP address. This resolution occurs with the hierarchy of domains. If we did not have the name resolution service then we would need to remember IP addresses to navigate around the internet or to connect with computers. DNS utilizes IPv4 and IPv6 which are used to translate user-friendly names to IP addresses. IPv6 is the next generation protocol which will replace the IPv4 protocol. Understanding Internet protocols, DNS, and other related technologies associated with DNS will with help with designing, engineering, and troubleshooting computer networks. References
Brain, Marshall & Crawford, Stephanie. (n.d.). DNS Servers and IP Addresses. Retrieved from http://computer.howstuffworks.com/dns1.htm
Hazard, Kevin. (n.d.). IPv4 v. IPv6 - What's the Difference? Retrieved from http://blog.softlayer.com/2012/ipv4-v-ipv6-whats-the-difference
Microsoft. (n.d.). DNS Architecture. Retrieved from http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd197427(v=ws.10).aspx
Microsoft. (n.d.). IPsec. Retrieved from http:/ http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/network/bb531150.aspx
Microsoft. (n.d.). IPv6 Addresses. Retrieved from Microsoft http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa921042.aspx
Rampling, Blair, & Dalan, David. (n.d.). DNS: What it is and what it does. Retrieved from http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/dns-what-it-is-and-what-it-does.html

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