ailQuestion No # 1:
Discuss information System?
Information system, an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, processing, and communicating information. Business firms, other organizations, and individuals in contemporary society rely on information systems to manage their operations, compete in the marketplace, supply services, and augment personal lives. For instance, modern corporations rely on computerized information systems to process financial accounts and manage human resources; municipal governments rely on information systems to provide basic services to its citizens; and individuals use information systems to study, shop, bank, and invest.

Types of Information System:
Information systems differ in their business needs. Also depending upon different levels in organization information systems differ. Three major information systems are * Transaction processing systems * Management information systems * Decision support systems
Figure shows relation of information system to the levels of organization. The information needs are different at different organizational levels. Accordingly the information can be categorized as: strategic information, managerial information and operational information.

Figure - Relation of information systems to levels of organization
Transaction Processing Systems
TPS processes business transaction of the organization. Transaction can be any activity of the organization. Transactions differ from organization to organization. For example, take a railway reservation system. Booking, canceling, etc are all transactions. Any query made to it is a transaction. However, there are some transactions, which are common to almost all organizations. Like employee new employee, maintaining their leave status, maintaining employees accounts, etc.
This provides high speed and accurate processing of record keeping of basic operational processes. These include calculation, storage and retrieval.
Transaction processing systems provide speed and accuracy, and can be programmed to follow routines functions of the organization.
Management Information Systems
These systems assist lower management in problem solving and making decisions. They use the results of transaction processing and some other information also. It is a set of information processing functions. It should handle queries as quickly as they arrive. An important element of MIS is database.
A database is a non-redundant collection of interrelated data items that can be processed through application programs and available to many users.
Decision Support Systems
These systems assist higher management to make long term decisions. These type of systems handle unstructured or semi structured decisions. A decision is considered unstructured if there are no clear procedures for making the decision and if not all the factors to be considered in the decision can be readily identified in advance.
These are not of recurring nature. Some recur infrequently or occur only once. A decision support system must very flexible. The user should be able to produce customized reports by giving particular data and format specific to particular situations.
Question NO# 2
Input Devices:
An input device is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system (such as a computer).

Types of input device:
There are many input devices commonly use.seven out of them are following:
Keyboard
One of the main input devices used on a computer, a PC's keyboard looks very similar to the keyboards of electric typewriters, with some additional keys. Below is a graphic of the Saitek Gamers' keyboard with indicators pointing to each of the major portions of the keyboard.

Mouse The mouse allows an individual to control a pointer in a graphical user interface (GUI). Utilizing a mouse a user has the ability to perform various functions such as opening a program or file and does not require the user to memorize commands, like those used in a text-based command line environment such as MS-DOS. To the right is a picture of a Microsoft IntelliMouse and is an example of what a computer mouse may look like. Optical scanner
Hardware input device that allows a user to take an image or text and convert it into a digital file, allowing the computer to read or display the scanned object. A scanner is commonly connected to a computer USB, Firewire, Parallel or SCSI port. To the right is a picture and an example of a flatbed photo scanner, the Epson V300. Microphone
Sometimes abbreviated as mic, a microphone is a hardware peripheral originally invented by Emile Berliner in 1877 that allows computer users to input audio into their computers. To the right is a visual example of a USB headset from Logitech with a microphone. A popular solution for computer gaming.

Joystick
An input device that looks similar to a control device you would find on an arcade game at your local arcades. A joystick allows an individual to easily move an object in a game such as navigating a plane in a flight simulator. The picture to the right is of the Logitech Freedom 2.4 joystick and an example of what a Joystick may look like.

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Trackball
Type of input device that looks like an upside-down mouse. The onscreen pointer is moved by the trackball with a thumb or finger. A trackball requires less arm and wrist motion that a regular mouse takes and therefore is often less stressful for the user to use, helping to prevent RSI. To the right is a picture of the Logitech Cordless Trackman Optical and an example of a

Bluetooth
A computing and telecommunications industry specification that describes how different types of components such as mobile phones, computers or personal digital assistants can communicate with each other. Bluetooth is a RF technology that operates at 2.4 GHz, has an effective range of 32-feet (10 meters) (this range can change depending on the type of power class), and has a transfer rate of 1 Mbps and throughput of 721 Kbps. A good example of how Bluetooth could be used is the ability to connect a computer to a cell phone without any wires or special connectors. To the right is a graphic example of a USB Bluetooth adapter from SMC.

Question No #3
Discuss in detail system development life cycle:

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
To manage this, a number of system development life cycle (SDLC) models have been created: waterfall, fountain, spiral, build and fix, rapid prototyping, incremental, and synchronize and stabilize.
QuickStudies
The oldest of these, and the best known, is the waterfall: a sequence of stages in which the output of each stage becomes the input for the next. These stages can be characterized and divided up in different ways, including the following: * Project planning, feasibility study: Establishes a high-level view of the intended project and determines its goals. * Systems analysis, requirements definition: Refines project goals into defined functions and operation of the intended application. Analyzes end-user information needs. * Systems design: Describes desired features and operations in detail, including screen layouts, business rules, process diagrams, pseudocode and other documentation.
* Implementation: The real code is written here.
* Integration and testing: Brings all the pieces together into a special testing environment, then checks for errors, bugs and interoperability. * Acceptance, installation, deployment: The final stage of initial development, where the software is put into production and runs actual business.

* Maintenance: What happens during the rest of the software's life: changes, correction, additions, moves to a different computing platform and more. This, the least glamorous and perhaps most important step of all, goes on seemingly forever. Question No #4 Discuss in detail process of searching the web and its type:
Web Hosting and its Types Web hosting is the facility where more than one website resides. It is a facility for all the Internet users as they upload their websites on the web host server and it is shared between them. When any Internet user opens a website in a browser, there is an IP address to it which is tracked and then the website is loaded from the web host. It allows us to store information on the Internet. A web host can run web hosting software such as Apache, OS X Server not only by one computer but by several thousand computers. There are a few websites which are accessed by shared host that is a single computer. The websites which have large spaces or the ones which are busy usually have a dedicated host, a single machine which hosts a single website. If a website is to be published, one needs to sign up for a web hosting service. There are so many hosts available so it should not be difficult to find a good host. Before choosing a host just be sure that he must provide you with a good technical support. A monthly fee is paid, which is variable, depending upon how much space the site will use, and also depending upon the plans, the payment can be made monthly, annually some companies provide these hosting services for free and some charge the user. Before selecting a web hosting service provider, web hosting reviews should be read and consulted. The reviews and ratings of the service providers are available on the Internet. The comparison is generally made on the basis of price, traffic , space and some special plans. It is important to have reviews about various service providers as it helps to choose the best among them.

There are many kinds of web hosting: Reseller hosting: This is a service which allows customers to become web host by themselves. Free hosting: It is for free, and is limited compared to paid hosting.  Clustered hosting: The hosting is the one where many servers browse for the content.  Shared hosing: Many websites are placed on the common server which is shared by many people
Some of the other things to be kept in mind while choosing a top web hosting service are the outstanding offers and the support they provide, a good cost, how reliable are the providers and how good their service is. The bonus features and the best plans should also be taken into consideration before choosing a service provider. |
Question No # 5

(1) P2P (Peer To Peer) :
Stands for "Peer to Peer." In a P2P network, the "peers" are computer systems which are connected to each other via the Internet. Files can be shared directly between systems on the network without the need of a central server. In other words, each computer on a P2P network becomes a file server as well as a client. (2) ICQ:
An easy-to-use online instant messaging program developed by Mirabilis LTD. Prounounced as separate letters, so that it sounds like "I-Seek-You," ICQ is similar to America OnLine's popular Buddy List and Instant Messenger programs. It is used as a conferencing tool by individuals on the Net to chat, e-mail, perform file transfers, play computer games, and more.

(3) FTP:
Short for File Transfer Protocol, the protocol for exchanging files over the Internet. FTP works in the same way as HTTP for transferring Web pages from a server to a user's browser and SMTP for transferring electronic mail across the Internet in that, like these technologies, FTP uses the Internet's TCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer.
FTP is most commonly used to download a file from a server using the Internet or to upload a file to a server (e.g., uploading a Web page file to a server).

(4) e-mail A system for sending and receiving messages electronically over a computer network. E-mail is asynchronous and does not require the receiver of the message to be online at the time the message is sent or received. E-mail also allows a user to distribute messages to large numbers of recipients instantaneously.

Question NO 6:
Discuss advantages of network:

Advantages of Computer Network

The advantages of establishing a computer network by linking computers together, can be listed as follows:
A large number of users belonging to same area or same organization but spread over at different places can communicate and share useful files, softwares and information at right times via network of computers.

* Thus leads to Resource sharing * Remote login ( Access to remote data base) * e-mail ( person-to person communication) * Interactive entertainment * Internet services * Video conferencing
A popular advantage of using computer network is the newsgroups or bulletin board facility, where people can exchange message with like minded people.
High resolution cob or photographs and even short video clips can now easily be sent/transmitted over the computer network.
Computer networks offer the potential for sending anonymous messages.
By linking computers together in an organization or in a public enterprise, a huge amount of information will be gathered at a relatively low cost.
In an interconnected network of computers, even if one or two remote terminals or computers are not functioning properly, then also the successful data transmission can be made with remaining working computers. Therefore a 100 percent communication can be achieved at all times.
In short, computer networks allow ordinary citizen to distribute their views in different ways and to different audience than were previously possible.
Question No #7
Define Information Technology: | |

IT (Information Technology)
Stands for "Information Technology," and is pronounced "I.T." It refers to anything related to computing technology, such as networking, hardware, software, the Internet, or the people that work with these technologies.

Question No# 8
Networking topologies:
There are five different Networking Topologies :
a) Bus
b) Star
c) Ring
d) Mesh
e) Tree.
Bus Topology: Bus topology is one the easiest topologies to install, it does not require lots of cabling. There are two most popular Ethernet cable types which are used in this topology they are 10Base-2 and 10BaseT. Bus topology based networks works with very limited devices. It performs fine as long as computer count remain with in 12 – 15, problems occurs when number of computer increases.

Ring Topology:

Ring topology is one of the old ways of building computer network design and it is pretty much obsolete. FDDI, SONET or Token Ring technologies are used to build ring technology. It is not widely popular in terms of usability but incase if you find it any where it will mostly be in schools or office buildings. Star Topology:

This is the most commonly used network topology design you will come across in LAN computer networks. In Star, all computers are connected to central device called hub, router or switches using Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) or Shielded Twisted Pair cables.
In star topology, we require more connecting devices like routers, cables unlike in bus topology where entire network is supported by single backbone.
Tree Topology:

Just as name suggest, the network design is little confusing and complex to understand at first but if we have better understanding of Star and Bus topologies then Tree is very simple. Tree topology is basically the mixture of many Star topology designs connected together using bus topology. Devices like Hub can be directly connected to Tree bus and each hub performs as root of a tree of the network devices.

Mesh Topology:

Mesh topology is designed over the concept of routing. Basically it uses router to choose the shortest distance for the destination. In topologies like star, bus etc, message is broadcasted to entire network and only intended computer accepts the message, but in mesh the message is only sent to the destination computer which finds its route it self with the help of router. Internet is based on mesh topology. Question No 9:
URL:
Stands for "Uniform Resource Locator." A URL is the address of a specific Web site or file on the Internet. It cannot have spaces or certain other characters and uses forward slashes to denote different directories. Some examples of URLs are http://www.cnet.com/, http://web.mit.edu/, and ftp://info.apple.com
HTML:
A markup language used to structure text and multimedia documents and to set up hypertext links between documents, used extensively on the World Wide Web.
HTTP:
Meaning of HTTP - "Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol" is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands. For example, when you enter a URL in your browser, this actually sends an HTTP command to the Web server directing it to fetch and transmit the requested Web page.

ARPA:
ARPA means (1)"Advanced Research Projects Agency (made early internet)"
(2)“On the Internet, it stands for Address and Routing Parameter Area”
Question NO# 10:
Why we use software?
All electronic machines are combination of software and hardware,mobile,computer,i pods, cameras etc, all are consist of hardware as well as software. Both are direct proportional, without software or hardware machine is useless.
Types of Software:
Software can be classified into two categories (1)System Software (2)Application Software
1. Application Software
A set of programs used to solve particular problems of user through computer is called Application software. It is also known as application package. The ready packages are also available in market on CDs for various purposes. These are used by user who does not know the computer programming. The users solve their problems by using ready packages more easily and quickly. Some of application packages are: 1. Word processing software. 2. Spreadsheet software. 3. Database Management System software. 4. Graphics software. 5. Communication software.
2. System Software
System software is a set of programs that control the operations of a computer and devices attached with the computer. It creates links between user and computer as well as controls the execution of application programs. System software are essential for a computer to do work, Without this software no link can be created between user and computer.
The examples of system software are: * Operating systems. * Utility programs. * Device Drivers. * Language Processors.
Question No # 11