...The REA Accounting Model: Intellectual Heritage and Prospects for Progress Cheryl L. Dunn Florida State University William E. McCarthy Michigan State University Send page proofs to: William E. McCarthy Department of Accounting N270 North Business Complex Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824 Acknowledgments: The authors would like to acknowledge the helpful comments of three anonymous referees and the editor on two earlier versions of this paper. Helpful pointers into the literature were provided by William Schrader and Stephen Zeff. We would also like to acknowledge comments received at the Michigan State University 1995 Summer AIS Colloquium and at the 1995 Workshop on Semantic Modeling of Accounting Phenomena. Financial support was received from Arthur Andersen LLP and from the Departments of Accounting at Grand Valley State University and Michigan State University. The REA Accounting Model: Intellectual Heritage and Prospects for Progress ABSTRACT: Researchers often equate database accounting models in general and the Resources-Events-Agents (REA) accounting model in particular with events accounting as proposed by Sorter (1969). In fact, REA accounting, database accounting, and events accounting are very different. Because REA accounting has become a popular topic in AIS research, it is important to agree on exactly what is meant by certain ideas, both in concept and in historical origin. This article clarifies the intellectual...
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...Criminal Conduct and Criminal Law LEG 320 July 25, 2014 Strayer University CRIMINAL CONDUCT AND CRIMINAL LAW Actus rea and mens rea are both important elements to convicting anyone for any crime. The actual commitment of a criminal act is actus rea. The guilty or criminal mind state is mens rea. Despite the fact that both actus rea and mens rea do not have to exist a conviction is still very feasible. When a criminal act is committed and the individual does not have to mens rea or guilty mind in some instances without the required mental state no crime is committed. Persons incapable of entertaining the required criminal mind because of legal insanity have not committed a crime. Working with individuals who have been diagnosis with mental retardation has really opened my mind to the element of mens rea when the individual has done something illegal. Some of the individuals have it in their mind that because the have been diagnosis with mental retardation they can not be held responsible for the criminal act they may commit or have committed, I have even heard many of the individuals say it. Does this mental state qualify them of the required state of mind for conviction? Immunity as a defense works in some cases not all. Immunity is the exemplification from criminal prosecution based on statues, the U.S. Constitution or international agreements. Diplomatic immunity is granted to those who are visiting foreign officials. Diplomatic immunity can also be waived by...
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...Causation a. Actual Causation b. Proximate Cause i. Common law: Intervening Cause? ii. MPC: Built into culpability standards 5. Concurrence of Elements B. Mens Rea 1. Common Law Standard 2. MPC Culpability Standard 3. Specific Intent 4. Transferred Intent 5. Strict Liability Crimes 6. Role of Mistake a. Mistake of Fact b. Mistake of Law C. Concurrence of Elements III. Homicide A. Common Law 1. Murder a. 1st Degree Murder b. 2nd Degree Murder 2. Manslaughter a. Adequate Provocation b. Criminal Negligence c. Misdemeanor-Mansalguther B. MPC 1. Murder 2. Manslaughter 3. Criminal Negligence C. Felony Murder Rule 1. Limitations a. Inherently Dangerous Felony b. Merger Doctrine c. In furtherance of Felony IV. Rape A. Mens Rea and role of mistake 1. B. Actus Reus 1. Subjective 2. FRR 3. No Means No 4. Affirmatively Expressed Consent V. Inchoate A. Attempt 1. CL a. Mens Rea i. Intent to commit attempt...
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...RESEARCH includes research articles that focus on the analysis and resolution of managerial and academic issues based on analytical and empirical or case research Interaction Between Forex and Stock Markets in India: An Entropy Approach Y V Reddy and A Sebastin Executive Summary Interactions between the foreign exchange market and the stock market of a country are considered to be an important internal force of the markets in a financially liberalized environment. If causal relationship from a market to the other is not detected, then informational efficiency exists in the other whereas existence of causality implies that hedging of exposure to one market by taking position in the other market will be effective. The temporal relationship between the forex market and the stock market of developing and developed countries has been studied, especially after the East Asian financial crisis of 1997–98, using various methods like cross-correlation, cross-spectrum, and error correction model, but these methods identify only linear relations. A statistically rigorous approach to the detection of interdependence, including non-linear dynamic relationships, between time series is provided by tools defined using the information theoretic concept of entropy. Entropy is the amount of disorder in the system and also is the amount of information needed to predict the next measurement with a certain precision. The mutual information between two random variables X and Y with a joint...
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...judged "mentally ill" offenders, and the overall usefulness of such a defense. In all, I believe that these problems, as well as others which will be mentioned later, lead us to the conclusion that the insanity defense is useless and should be abolished entirely. Insanity is a legal, not a medical definition. Therefore, mental illness and insanity are not synonymous: only some mental illness constitutes insanity. Insanity, however, includes not only mental illness but also mental deficiencies. Due to this, there are problems in exactly how to apply a medical theory to a legal matter. The legal concepts of mental illness and insanity raise questions in a conflict between what are termed legalistic criminology and scientific criminology: mens rea, punishment v. treatment, responsibility, and prisons v. hospitals. This debate seesaws to and fro amidst a grey area between law and science. The...
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...Attempt is a form of an inchoate offence, in that, although the accused has the necessary mens rea for the offence, his or her actions are not sufficient enough to constitute the actus reus for the complete offence. Attempt is a requisite addition to the criminal law for both practical and moral reasons. Firstly, a person who intends to commit an offence is no less morally liable than an individual who does, simply because his actions did not materialise the offence wholly. Secondly, it is in societies best interests to ‘strike out pre-emptively against criminal behaviour rather than stand idly by and wait for its pernicious consequences to reach fruition before acting’. The law of attempt has been plagued with contentious issues throughout...
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...ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF CRIME Elements: Actus Reus – physical act or unlawful omission by the D Mens rea – state of mind or intent of D at the time of act Concurrence – actus reus and mens rea exist at same time Harmful result and causation – a harmful result caused both factually and proximately by D’s act Attendant circumstances – ACTUS REUS: Definition: physical/external, or objective, part of the crime Eser = Actus Reus is the comprehensive notion of the act, harm and its connecting link, causation, w/ actus [expressing the voluntary physical movement in conduct] and reus [this conduct results in a certain proscribed harm (e.g. causes injury to the legal interest protected in that crime)] Conduct crimes: punished for illegal act [e.g. driving while intoxicated] Result crimes: punished for result [e.g. murder] VOLUNTARY ACTS: Definition: The D’s act must be voluntary in the sense that it must be a conscious exercise of the will. Rationale: An involuntary act will not be deterred by punishment. Not voluntary // not liable: Conduct that is not the product of the actor’s determination. E.g. A shoves B into C w/ result that C falls to death. Reflexive or convulsive acts Acts performed while the D was either unconscious or asleep UNLESS the D knew that he might fall asleep or become unconscious and engaged in the dangerous behavior. MARTIN V. STATE: Police arrested drunk Martin at home and brought him to highway – convicted of being drunk on highway...
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...Documenting Information Systems By Slade Augustine Contents Page Introduction Pg 3 Rea Ontology Outline Pg 4 The Value System Rea Model Pg 5 - 7 Environmental Analysis Pg 8 - 12 The Value Chain Model Pg 13 - 17 The Business Process Model Pg 18 - 22 Database tables Pg 23 - 24 SALES/COLLECTION (DEBTORS) DATABASE DESIGN Pg 25 The Financing Business Process Pg 26 - 34 Supporting Documentation Pg 35 Rea Task Level Model Pg 36 - 41 Conclusion Pg 42 Company Information Pg 43 Bibliography Pg 44 Introduction Cape Town Partnership was established in the year 1999 by their chief executive officer Mike Farr. Over the past decade, Cape Town Partnership has been developing and improving the CBD (Central Business District). The Cape Town Partnership is an agency which facilitates partnerships between government and private sectors. Through the Cape Town Central City Improvement District who is closely affiliated with the Partnership, they manage the operational activities, to assist with project development and urban management. Since its establishment, the Cape Town Partnership has become an internationally acclaimed model of public and private partnerships between property owners and businesses supported by the City of Cape Town. Cape Town Partnership specializes in major city...
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...One day you are taking a stroll. The moon is out, the stars are bright and the air is calm. You decide that instead of continuing your walk, you want to head home. As you approach the crosswalk, you survey for incoming vehicles. The signal to walk blinks and you proceed. Everything is normal but then BOOM! All you remember is white flashing lights and heavy impact. At the hospital you are told a drunk driver hit you and the collision lead to you become paralyzed from the waist down. Upon pressing charges you learn that the driver may not be prosecuted because of the Mens Rea law that constitutes the basis for a definable crime. Mens Rea thrives with the notion that a person is only guilty if they had the intention or knowledge of their crime,...
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...from the database. ANS: F 10. Systems development represents 80 to 90 percent of the total cost of a computer system. ANS: F 11. The database administrator is responsible for the security and integrity of the database. ANS: T 12. A backbone system is completely finished, tested, and ready for implementation. ANS: F 13. The internal auditor represents the interests of third-party outsiders. ANS: F 14. Information Technology (IT) audits can be performed by both internal and external auditors. ANS: T 15. The single largest user of computer services is the personnel function. ANS: F 16. Increased control is one of the key advantages of distributed data processing. ANS: F 17. The flat-file approach is most often associated with so-called legacy systems. ANS: T 18. In a flat-file system, files are easily shared by users. ANS: F 19. Legacy systems were eliminated in the effort to make...
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...Unit 24 - Assignment 1 Introduction For this assignment I will be describing the elements of a crime which are Mens Rea and Actus Reus. Mens Rea is Latin for 'guilty mind' and it is the mental thinking behind the crime which has been committed, it refers to the intentions of the person who committed the crime. For example, when someone commits theft their intention is to permanently deprive the owner/s of the object. Actus Reus is Latin for 'guilty act' and it can either be an act or a failure to act. For example, when someone commits theft they must've physically taken something. The three C's of Actus Reus must be taken into account when investigating a crime they are: • Conduct - this is the act of damaging or destroying something/someone. • Circumstances - this is the fact that the property must belong to another. • Consent - this is the resulting damage or destruction of the act. Causation Causation, also known as result crimes is when a consequence has come about as a result of the Actus Reus being committed. When establishing causation the first step is to ask 'was the defendant's act a cause in the fact of the specified consequence?' This can be answered by asking 'But for what the defendant did would the consequence have occurred?' If the answer is YES then the result wouldn't have occurred if not for the defendant's acts and, therefore causation is established. A case which shows the chain of causation is the case of R v White (1910) the defendant put cyanide...
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...Unit 24 - Assignment 1 Introduction For this assignment I will be describing the elements of a crime which are Mens Rea and Actus Reus. Mens Rea is Latin for 'guilty mind' and it is the mental thinking behind the crime which has been committed, it refers to the intentions of the person who committed the crime. For example, when someone commits theft their intention is to permanently deprive the owner/s of the object. Actus Reus is Latin for 'guilty act' and it can either be an act or a failure to act. For example, when someone commits theft they must've physically taken something. The three C's of Actus Reus must be taken into account when investigating a crime they are: * Conduct - this is the act of damaging or destroying something/someone. * Circumstances - this is the fact that the property must belong to another. * Consent - this is the resulting damage or destruction of the act. Causation Causation, also known as result crimes is when a consequence has come about as a result of the Actus Reus being committed. When establishing causation the first step is to ask 'was the defendant's act a cause in the fact of the specified consequence?' This can be answered by asking 'But for what the defendant did would the consequence have occurred?' If the answer is YES then the result wouldn't have occurred if not for the defendant's acts and, therefore causation is established. A case which shows the chain of causation is the case of R v White (1910) the defendant...
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...Charter Influence On Canadian Politics Ever since the Charter came into effect in 1982, it has had major impact on Canadian politics and law. The Charter allows the judicial and legislative branch to be transparent and able to be holding each other accountable. Many would argue that the charter has given court’s infinite powers and they control the legislative branch. However the courts perform a policing function for legislations to see if they violate the master law, the Charter. Therefore if the legislation branch does their “first order Charter duties” properly, which is charter proofing their laws, they will not go for review with the Supreme Court of Canada (Maclvor 138). Each branch of government has their own responsibilities to pursue and they have different resources to achieve them. For example the, the judicial branch’s responsibility is to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals where the legislation branch has to make laws to tackle down social issues (Maclvor 142). Each branch has their own resources to help them with their responsibilities, for instances the Legislative Branch have Department of Justice and Standing Committee. Both of these committees work for the government helping doing research and formulating legislations as well charter-proofing legislation so they don’t go violates the rights and freedoms of Individuals (Maclvor 142). The Charter has allowed for democratic dialogue between both branches of government, allowing for constructive...
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...I. Justification of Punishment a. Theories of Punishment and Purpose of Criminal Law Sentencing i. Deterrence 1. Utilitarian concept, forward-looking, premise: humans will act in their own interest 2. Individual Deterrence: general public is protected 3. General Deterrence: helps to protect public at large, justified on grounds of 1) prevention of crime by threat of arrest, conviction, punishment 2) prevention of crime by strengthening of moral norms 3) prevention of crime by stimulating law-abiding contact based on the impulse to conform. 4. Criticisms: 1) ineffective in cases where criminal is motivated by emotional concerns 2) one person might be used as a means to an end in order to deter others and benefit society as a whole ii. Retribution 5. Premise: humans act under free will and must be punished when they choose to violate society’s norms, backward-looking 6. Based on proportionality of punishment: the evil done to the victim is paid back to the perpetrator iii. Rehabilitation/Reform 7. Criticisms: 1)allocating resources to those who least deserve them 2) remaking humans with what society deems is the best 3) assuming that humans can simply be reconditioned iv. Incapacitation 8. Renders def unable to cause further harm to society 9. Criticisms: 1) too costly 2) ineffective in reducing recidivism 3) further...
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...How has the law on corporate manslaughter developed in English law? Is the current law satisfactory? How does the approach taken in English Law compare to that taken in United States? The purpose of this research essay is to explore and evaluate critically the development of the law on corporate manslaughter. This area of law involves the interplay and intersection of criminal law and corporate law which makes it a thought provoking area of study. The essay will track the development of the law as it developed in English common law to impose liability on companies for manslaughter and the difficulties associated with prosecuting large companies which gave the impetus for reform in this area. After a brief on the reform process, the essay will...
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