...It Takes A Nation Of Millions To Hold Us Back: The War on Drugs, Mass Incarceration, and a Call to Action for America's Black Youth By Carl L. Young An Alternative Plan Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science In Sociology: Corrections Minnesota State University, Mankato Mankato, Minnesota Spring 2013 Final Draft 4/20/2013 1 This Alternative Plan Paper has been examined and approved by the following members of the Examining Committee. _____________________ Dr. Leah Rogne, Advisor _____________________ Dr. William Wagner _____________________ Dr. Penny Jo Rosenthal _____________________ Dr. Nadarajan Sethuraju ________________ Date 2 Abstract This alternative plan paper examines the circumstances that have evolved as a result of the Reagan Administration’s War on Drugs and the increase of mass incarceration of the Black community. In the last thirty years, the federal government of the United States of America has engaged in campaign known as the “War on Drugs,” which has involved a variety of policies to stop the production, distribution and sale of illegal narcotics. Hundreds of billions of dollars have been spent in a war that has targeted the most vulnerable in our society, impacting its youth for generations to come. This alternative plan paper addresses the impact of the War on Drugs and the criminal justice policies that have impacted the life chances of Black youth nationwide and calls for a new social movement...
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...Introduction The History of the United Nations Following the end of World War II, many nations decided that the League of Nations; an organization that was founded after World War I by the United States of America upon the Treaty of Versailles, needed to be replaced by an organization that could better foresee the needs of the international community and undertake the responsibility of maintaining international peace and security. The United Nations, with its six principle organs was founded in 1945, as a replacement to the failed League of Nations.1 The fifty founding countries of the United Nations met in San Francisco, California in 1945 in order to draft a new charter. The United Nations Charter was essentially based upon the principles of the Dumbarton Oaks conference of 1944. It was then that these fifty countries, alongside Poland, signed the charter and became the fifty-one original member states. The United Nations, a term coined by the American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1942, was founded to increase “cooperation on specific matters” and essentially establish world peace. Given the immense cultural diversity of the 192 current member states of the UN, the organization opted to adopt six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. Alongside the two major headquarters for the organization where meetings are usually held found both in New York, USA and Geneva, Switzerland, local Offices are set up in other capitals across...
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...United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982 Introduction The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is the most comprehensive attempt at creating a unified regime for governance of the rights of nations with respect to the world's oceans. The treaty addresses a number of topics including navigational rights, economic rights, pollution of the seas, conservation of marine life, scientific exploration, piracy, and more. The treaty, one of the longest in history, is comprised of 320 articles and 9 annexes, representing the codification of customary international law and its progressive development. Historical Background Since humanity first set forth upon the seas, the issue of sovereign control over the oceans has been an ongoing concern. Prior to the 20th century, the oceans had been subject to the freedom of the seas doctrine. This principle, adopted in the 17th century, limited national rights and jurisdiction over a narrow band of water along a nations coast, the rest of the sea being free to all and belonging to none. Nearly a century later, the "cannon-shot" rule became the basis for determining how much of the adjacent oceans were under the jurisdiction of a nation. The cannon-shot rule set forth that a nation controlled a territorial sea as far as a projectile could be fired from a cannon based on shore. In the 18th century this range was approximate three nautical miles. As time progressed, three miles became the widely accepted...
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...to, especially when trying to conduct business abroad. According to Melvin (2011), international law is best defined as a “body of rules and principles of action binding on countries, international organizations, and individuals in their relations with one another” (p. 631). Contracts and legal agreements are a crucial instrument or tool used when building relationships with other nations. There are many issues than can arise within a period of time that be minimized, if not avoided completely. There are factors that will need to be considered when deciding to take any legal action against the other nations, meanwhile respecting their customs and laws. There are plenty of risks associated in international law that organizations must take into consideration when conducting business with businesses abroad. There are possibilities of disputes and disagreements between the businesses that could either damage their relationship or help improve the growth of their business. There are major issues involved that would need to be considered when a local business decides to take legal action against the nation whom the local organization is conducting business with. The first and second major issue is the understanding of choice-of-law and forum clauses. The choice-of-law is a clause are terms written within an international contract that states or predetermines which nation’s laws and court the two parties will be using to assist their potential lawsuit where the potential lawsuit under...
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...“Most human beings have an absolute and infinite capacity for taking things for granted.” (Aldous Huxley) Young adults take things for granted: basic things, simple things, everything. Wasting food, not realizing what freedom means, not valuing education, and using up any readily available resources, has become a part of the daily routine without anyone realizing it. A rising problem amongst our age bracket today is young adults take what they have for granted, not realizing the long term consequences of their actions. How often does one finish everything that is on his/her plate? Many consumers often order more than they can eat. One’s eyes are bigger than his/her stomach. People will order multiple appetizing items from menus assuming they can finish it. On the contrary, they will eat about half of what is served, leaving the rest behind. Frequently, restaurants serve larger portions than the average person can eat. The American attitude is wanting beyond what is needed, the “Super-Size effect.” If one were to take into consideration the amount of food that is wasted in this country versus the amount that is needed throughout the rest of the world, anyone with a right mind set can see that Americans waste food. In contrast, there are starving masses in other parts of the world such as in numerous third world countries. There are people dying from starvation and lack of nutrients because of the absence of a sufficient food source, while contemporary Americans are...
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...The forces that descended the world into World War 2 in 1939 was world powers who accepted the policy of appeasement to avoid war, and Germany, Italy and Japan who took over territory with force in violations of the League of Nations which consisted of . In document 1, Hitler who ruled Germany, took over territory such as Rhineland, which bordered along Germany, and he said it was for the greater good for the country and for Europe. League of Nations met with Hitler to decide the fate of Czechoslovakia which they allowed Germany to take over Czechoslovakia because appeasement was better than to lose men in another war. This meeting allowed Germany to know that the League of Nations didn’t want a war and wouldn’t use force if Germany kept...
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...Cooper, and the nation, seem to work alongside each other in the fight against the antagonists, the Red Coats. Adam states, “We had won the battle, but there is less joy in winning a battle than the history books tell you” (Fast 169). Although the colonists are successful, there is more beneath the surface of the American victory. While conflict arises with the Red Coats, Adam Cooper’s life and the nation consist of order, chaos, and reorganization. Before the British disrupt the peacefulness of Lexington, Adam works to maintain order in his life by completing tasks, and the nation sustains order by having meetings to make decisions on important issues. One of the chores Adam completes is retrieving water from the well for his mother (Fast 3). It is routine that every evening someone brings water into the house. Not only does Adam have a routine to follow, but Adam’s father, who is a representative of the nation, has tasks to complete. After supper, Adam’s father attends a Committee meeting (Fast 28). The Committee...
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...thousand years and is not a new development of western nations. Globalization is simply the transferring of ideas from one society to another. Amartya Sen the author of “How to Judge Globalism”, and Sen believes that the whole world benefits from global cooperation, and there is uneven distribution of benefits. He believes another downside of globalization is the belief that globalization is a modern westernized concept. Globalization is not the sole cause of the inequality of wealth between developed and non-developed nations, but it is obvious that this new global marketplace has produced unequal benefits between developed and non-developed nations. Globalization needs regulations and reforms to be put into place in order to level the playing field of benefits. Globalization benefits all nations that are involved in the global trade of goods, foreign investment, and ideas. Although, with the current global market there is room for firms to take advantage of developing nations by outsourcing jobs from developed to developing countries in order to pay workers lower wages. Many of these less developed countries benefit from foreign investment by developed nations, but According to Sen (2002) the distribution of these benefits are not equal between rich and poor. Since there are no laws pertaining to globalization or a governing body, it is a free for all in the global market. There are so many different nations it is unfeasible to control commerce all around the world...
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...best suited today to meet the opportunities and challenges it currently is faces with in Africa than any other time in its short four year history. AFRICOM is designed to promote United States national security objectives by working with African Nations and regional organizations in an effort to strengthen stability and ensure security within the continent of Africa. Since becoming operational in 2008, AFRICOM now sits in a prime position from which lasting results can be achieved. After four years of forging relationships and developing trust among its associated partners and working with leading Intergovernmental organizations (IGO) and Non-governmental organizations (NGO), AFRICOM should now adjust its approach to achieving security and stability by taking a new concentrated approach in terms of “One Nation One Year”. Security and stability are directly linked to development. Underdeveloped nations create safe haven areas where terrorist organizations can flourish which is a major concern as it directly has the potential to threaten United States national security and world prosperity. AFRICOM must remain proactive towards fostering the development of countries in Africa and continue to provide training to host nations’ military forces in order to meet the United States national security concerns. In order for AFRICOM to be successful in terms of establishing an environment that allows for development assistance, econ omic growth, and the establishment of security...
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...1- Produce two diagrams showing the production possibilities (transformation) for each of the two nations. Canada France Aluminum (tons) 1500 800 Steel (tons) 500 1200 The table above shows maximum amount of these products that each nation can produce. Maximum means that all of the resources are being used to produce each of the products shown in the table. That means then that there are no resources left over to do the other product. If you are doing this in Excel, you need to prepare the information that you will then graph. Take Canada as the example. Canada can produce 1500 tons of aluminum. But, at the same time, she is not producing any steel. So, for Canada, one production possibilities outcome is Aluminum: 1500, Steel:0. And, when she is producing 500 tons of steel, she is not producing any aluminum. Thus, another production possibilities point is Aluminum:0, Steel 500. Similar set-up for France. (Hint: the graph should be Scatter with Smooth Lines --as is explained in the Graphing Practice video in our ‘How to’ Resources area in our class web site. Hint 2: when you try do to the graph in Excel highlight only the numbers without the column headings. Your graphs should look like the textbook’s in chapter 2.) Remember that if you are having trouble doing the graphs using Excel, do them with a pencil and paper. You would then use your phone to take a picture, save it as a PNG or JPG and then insert the image into your Google Docs document. 2-...
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...My Responsibility To America Each citizen of the United States of America has many responsibilities and many ways to fulfill those responsibilities. However, there are many people within this country that never take those duties seriously. We as Americans need to remember those who gave their lives to form and solidify the foundations of this nation. In addition to that, our freedoms are constantly being threatened, and in order to continue with our freedoms and way of life we need to be willing to fulfill our obligations to our country. There is an abundance of people who want access to the freedoms but are never willing to fight for them or earn what they are...
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...The instances of genocide in the late 20th century stand as a testament to how unreliable the nation state can be when inalienable and human rights are concerned. As is shown in the case of Rwanda, non-state actors have taken steps to trample on these rights even when the victim technically has citizenship in a country. Additionally, the nation-state can reinforce the actions of the non-state actors through either sponsorship, or even inaction in the face of genocide. Civil society actors have taken steps to act where the nation-state has failed to do so out of what Ayers identifies as labeling the conflict as internal or a civil war. Ultimately, both Ayers and Power agree that labeling genocide as what it is, and taking other steps outside of raw military force can go a long way in preventing the atrocities of the 20th century. More specifically, since the nation-state alone cannot be trusted to handle these situations, civil society must take steps to better the diplomacy of the nation-state, along with creating an international community that can work together to remedy the problems of human and inalienable rights violations. In her article “Raising the Cost of Genocide,” Samantha Power examines the historical response to genocide by discussing the ways in which western powers have avoided responsibility for 20th century atrocities. She begins her article by explaining the invention of the word genocide as a word meant to “send shudders down the spines of those who heard it...
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...Third World nations, pollution is unrestricted. Countless other environmental problems are also not addressed by the government. Usually, creating and enforcing environmental regulations would be economically disastrous for a poor country. As a result, it is forced to choose between buying food and having a clean environment. Often, rich Western countries take advantage of the dilemma of Third World countries. They dump garbage and hazardous waste in developing countries. First World companies might also build plants, which emit considerable pollution, in Third World nations to avoid the regulations these companies would face at home. Some transnational corporations that produce chemicals deemed overly dangerous in the First World find a market in the Third World. There, governments cannot restrict usage of these chemicals because it would be too costly to citizens trying to make a living. Countries in Latin America, Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia are the greatest victims of this environmental inequality. In addition to problems created by development and industrialization, poorer nations also suffer environmental difficulties caused by poverty and war, among other causes. Many environmental problems arise in the Third World. Air pollution, water pollution , deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, and poisoning of the environment are among the largest of these. Third World nations are aware of these problems and are working to solve them. The United Nations and other...
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...Global Wine War 2009: New World versus Old Wine-making was originally considered an art, dominated by several European countries, mainly among the noble class competing against one another for the highest quality wines. Traditionally set in their ways, from the methods of planting to harvesting to marketing channels and their consumers. The old world winemakers were unprepared for what was ahead of them. As the new world began gaining ground, a rivalry arose between new and old world. The old world set on its traditional ways which had been in practice for centuries while the new world focused around maximization of crops and harvesting as well as marketing to the change in consumer preferences leaving the old world in awe as the new world took over and sales and imports with a shifting of pallets and an economic recession which it not only the consumers wallets but also the grower's vineyards a continuous battle for leaders in US imports emerged as the preference for premium wine increased leaving us out to dry with their high prices due to inherent domestic cost. How did the French become the dominant competitors in the increasingly global wine industry for centuries? What sources of competitive advantage were they able to develop? Where were they vulnerable? France had been delivering wine for quite a long time and has been known for its premium wines. At the point when the wine creation was a work with serious...
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...Western Europe and American were industrialized countries and they became more powerful than the nations that had not industrialized such as Asia. The powerful nations were driven to extend into these weaker nations by political, economic, and ideological needs for advancement. In doing so, they were introducing Imperialism although this was not a new practice as it dates back to antiquity. During the 19th century after the Industrialization, we see Imperialism take a new shape and form in order to become more prevalent. The motivations for Imperialism were economic, political, and ideological. Economically, the industrialized nations were eager to extend their nations to find new markets that the non-industrialized worlds may offer. They...
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