...How far can the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 be considered the key turning point in the development of China in the years 1900-2000? During the years 1900-2000 there were many turning points in China's history. We saw such things as The fall of the Qing Dynasty and imperialism February 1912, The warlord era 1915, The rise of the nationalists 1928, The formation of the PRC in 1949, The Korean and Vietnam wars 1950 and 1964, Nixon's visit in 1972 and Deng Xiaoping's Third Plenum. The key Turing point in China's history would have to be the rise of Deng Xiaoping in 1976. The reason behind this is by looking at social political, economic and international development Deng achieved greater positive development over the 4 topics and few limitations in comparison to the other turning points. The fall of imperialism and the Qing dynasty in 1912 lead to some major development in China.in china at the time there was a huge social divide. This was most notable in the rural regions where in some communities some people were consuming up to 4000 calories per day, while others were only consuming 1400. Likewise socially development in china was far behind the rest of the world. At the time China had a literacy rate of only 3.6% while Japan had a rate of 26.3% however, during the Qing dynasty economically they were prospering and catching up with the rest of Asia. This was best shown by jack Gary’s Rebellions and revolutions where he puts a more positive spin...
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...hardship, and the Chinese economy is set to surpass the U.S.’s before the end of this decade, China looms very large on the horizon. A U.S. intelligence report stated that China's economy is likely to surpass the U.S. in less than two decades while Asia will overtake North America and Europe combined in global power by 2030. Modern China’s rise to world economic power, like its predecessor from 1100 to 1800, is based on its enormous productive capacity. China’s rush to economic development is beautifully depicted in the documentary, “Last Train Home.” Trade and investment was governed by a policy of strict noninterference in the internal relations of its trading partners. Unlike the U.S., China did not initiate brutal wars for oil; instead it signed lucrative contracts. Also, China does not fight wars in the interest of overseas Chinese, as the U.S. has done in the Middle East for Israel. China’s sustained growth in its manufacturing sector was a result of highly concentrated public investments, high profits, technological innovations, and a protected domestic market. While foreign capital profited, it was always within the framework of the Chinese state’s priorities and regulations. The regime’s dynamic export strategy led to huge trade surpluses, which eventually made China one of the world’s largest creditors, especially for U.S. debt. In order to maintain its dynamic industries, China has acquired huge inflows of raw materials, resulting in large scale overseas investments...
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...CHINA • Official name: People’s Republic of China • Capital: Beijing • Currency: Renminbi • Population: 1.35 billion • Government: Communist • Language: Mandarin HISTORY • Third largest country in the world in terms of area and population • Official Name: People’s Republic of China (Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo) • Republic was established in 1949 • The name CHINA is probably derived from the Qin (Ch’in) dynasty (206-221 BC) which first unified the nation • Chinese used the name Zhonggua (Chung-kuo) which means middle country with their belief that China is in the middle of the world • China is divided into 23 provinces and 5 autonomous regions • China’s written history began during the Shang Dynasty • In 1921. the long civil war between the ruling nationalists or Kuomintang, led by the Chiang Kaishek, and the communists led by Mao Zedong (Mao Tse –Tung) RELEVANT FACTS • One in every five people in the world is Chinese. China’s population is estimated to reach a whopping 1,338,612,968 by July 2009. China’s population is four times that of the United States. • Red symbolizes happiness for the Chinese and is commonly used at Chinese festivals and other happy occasions such as birthdays and weddings • China’s “one child” policy has contributed to female infanticide and has created a significant gender imbalance. There are currently 32 million more boys than girls in China. In the future, tens of millions of men will be unable to find wives, prompting...
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...Lawrance, Alan. China Under Communism. London: Routledge, 1998. Internet resource. This text examines how Marxism took root, flourished and developed within the context of an ancient Chinese civilization. Through analysis of China's history and traditional culture, the author explores the nature of Chinese Communism and how it has diverged from the Soviet model. This book also provides insight into the changing perceptions Westerners have of the Chinese, and vice versa. Features include: assessment of controversial issues - The Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution and Mao's record; coverage of gender and family, ethnicity, nationalism, and popular culture; and the long historical context. This evaluation details how China's political and economic policies have been inextricably linked, and assesses past failures and successes, as well as major problems for the future. White, Stephen. Communism and Its Collapse. London: Routledge, 2001. Internet resource. Ranging from the Russian revolution of 1917 to the collapse of Eastern Europe in the 1980s this study examines Communist rule. By focusing primarily on the USSR and Eastern Europe Stephen White covers the major topics and issues affecting these countries, including: * communism as a doctrine * the evolution of Communist rule * the challenges to Soviet authority in Hungary and Yugoslavia * the emerging economic fragility of the 1960s * the complex process of collapse in the 1980s. Huibing, Zhao, and Zhu Jiangnan. "Social...
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...Curt Palmer Concepts: Chinese companies have invested $280 million and created more than 1,200 jobs in South Carolina alone. Today some 33 American states, ports, and municipalities have sent representatives like Ling to China to lure jobs once lost to China back to the U.S.: Besides affordable land and reliable power, states and cities are offering tax credits and other incentives to woo Chinese manufacturers. Beijing, meanwhile, which has mandated that Chinese companies globalize by expanding to key markets around the world, is chipping in by offering to finance up to 30% of the initial investment costs, according to Chinese business sources. They like the strategic location of our region, the convenient access to materials coming in mostly scrap metal and pig iron and the ability to export to North and South America through the port of Corpus Christi," he says. There are other incentives. On April 9 the U.S. Commerce Department imposed import duties of up to 99% on the type of seamless pipe that is to be manufactured by Tianjin Pipe a reprisal prompted by the United Steelworkers union. The Chinese company, the world's largest maker of steel pipe, had said it could not afford to export to the U.S. if tariffs were over 20%. Now its pipe will be made in America. "It's just another reason they have to have a U.S.-based production facility," says Johnston. Even without tariffs, Tianjin had been looking to expand as are many Chinese companies once they reach about $100 million...
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...Reasons why China is unique: 1. Population: The population of China is 1,321,290,000 and it is the most populated country in planet earth followed by India. 2. Due to this high population the People’s Republic of China is the only country that has introduced the one child policy to control the high amount of births. The policy allows many exceptions: rural families can have a second child if the first child is a girl or is disabled, and ethnic minorities are exempt. 3. China is the great economic success story of the past decade 4. Adapting to its rise will pose a challenge to the political, economic and even moral bases of the current international order. It will have an impact on the security architecture of Asia and the Far East, the so called China Effect. 5. Chinese growth is built on a unique but unsustainable model- impossible high levels of export growth largely driven by assembling half- completed imported goods, state driven capital accumulation and cheap labor with very low productivity, little technical innovation and the absence of an appropriate business culture or legal structure. 6. World’s largest exporter: China's exports rose at an annual rate of 7.9% in 2013, while imports grew 7.3%. 7. In 2012 83 million mainland Chinese spent $102 billion abroad overtaking Americans and Germans -making them the world’s biggest tourism spenders according to UN World Tourism Organization. Reasons why China is unusual: 1. Despite a phenomenal expansion...
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...------------------------------------------------- Generations of Chinese leadership From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia People's Republic of China | | This article is part of the series: Politics and government of China | Ideology[show] | Constitution[show] | Communist Party[show] | Legislature[show] | Executive[show] | United Front[show] | Military[show] | Judiciary[show] | Propaganda[show] | Law[show] | Other issues[show] | * Other countries * Atlas Politics portal | * v * t * e | | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) | Generations of Chinese leadership | Simplified Chinese | 中国共产党领导集体 | Traditional Chinese | 中國共産黨領導集體 | Literal meaning | Leadership collectives of the Communist Party of China | [show]Transcriptions | | Because both the Communist Party of China and the People's Liberation Army promote according to seniority, it is possible to discern distinctgenerations of Chinese leadership.[1] In official discourse, each group of leadership is identified with a distinct extension of the ideology of the party. Historians have studied various periods in the development of the government of the People's Republic of China by reference to these "generations". Contents [hide] * 1 Terminology * 2 First generation * 3 Second generation * 4 Third...
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...BUSINESS ETIQUETTES Making appointments : Being late for an appointment is considered a serious insult in Chinese business culture. The East Asia & Pacific office of the U.S. Department of Commerce can help you in arranging appointments with local Chinese business and government officials, and can identify the contacts you will have to establish to achieve your objectives. The services of a host of a reputable Public Relations firm is recommended for detailed work involving meeting and negotiating with senior Chinese officials or even pinpointing whom you should meet for your purposes. The best times for scheduling appointments are April to June and September to October. Business and government hours are 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday through Saturday. There is, however, a five-day work week in larger cities. Do avoid plans to visit government offices on Friday afternoon, because this is sometimes reserved for 'political studying' of the officials. Store hours are 9:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m., daily. Most stores in Shanghai, however, remain open until 10:00 p.m. Most Chinese workers take a break between 12:00 p.m.- 2:00 p.m. Practically everything "shuts down" during this period, including elevator and phone services. When scheduling your appointments, be sensitive to holidays such as Chinese New Year. During May Day, or the National Day, many businesses will be closed for up to a week during this period. The date of this occasion varies from year to year due...
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...The Transformation of China from an Emerging Economy to a Global Powerhouse James R. Barth, Gerard Caprio Jr., and Triphon Phumiwasana Abstract Throughout the past three decades of fast growth, China has undergone tremendous structural changes in its economy and financial system. This chapter examines China’s evolving financial landscape so as to assess whether it can catch up with or even drive economic growth. China has achieved remarkable growth over the past quarter of a century despite a relatively inefficient financial system. Just as the public sector around the world has not proved to be an efficient manager of enterprises, it also has not been an efficient manager of banks. A solution that would seem to work in theory would be to grow the private sector’s role in the banking system, using banks that operate on market principles as a way to continually starve inefficient enterprises of credit, while supplying credit to the productive enterprises. Finding a way to make this work in practice will require both finesse and good fortune on a scale commensurate with China’s growing importance in the world economy. Keywords Bank Á Banking sector Á Financial market Á Big Four Á GDP Á Economic growth Á Financial system Á Trade Á Renminbi Á Exchange rate Á India Á Foreign exchange reserve Á Non-performing loan 1 Introduction China has captured the attention of the world with its unprecedented growth for such a big country during the past 30 years. At an average rate of 9...
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...For the first half of the 20th century, China faced political chaos. Following a revolution in 1911, which overthrew the Manchu dynasty, the new Republic failed to take hold and China continue to be exploited by foreign powers, lacking any strong central government. The Chinese Civil War was an attempt by two ideologically opposed forces – the nationalists and the communists – to see who would ultimately be able to restore order and regain central control over China. The struggle between these two forces, which officially started in 1927, was interrupted by the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war in 1937, but started again in 1946 once the war with Japan was over. the results of this war were to have a major effect not just on China itself, but on the international stage. Long-term causes of the Chinese Civil War[edit] Socio-economic factors[edit] Summary of Socio-economic factors In 1900, China was ruled by the imperial Manchu dynasty. The vast majority of the population were peasants. Their life was hard, working the land, and most were extremely poor. It was the peasants who paid the taxes that in turn paid for the great Manchu imperial court.It was also the peasants who faced starvation during floods or droughts, as their subsistence farming techniques often left them with barely enough to feed their families. The population in China grew by 8 per cent in the second half of the 19th century, but the land cultivated only increased by 1 per cent. This imbalance made famines...
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...CHINA: Economic Analysis TOWS of China: China Threats: • Strikes Against Multinational Companies • Allegations of Currency Manipulation • Aging population China Opportunities: • Consumption Boom in China • Instant Translation of Web Pages • Enforcement of intellectual property rights China Weaknesses: • Population • Weakness of economy • Academic and Scientific Misconduct in China • Regulation of gas prices • Corruption in developing country • Country is creating political risk • Air pollution China Strengths: • Stable infrastructure • Chinese influence in Africa • Natural resources • Polluted water supply INTRODUCTION Although there are many points outlined within the TOWS. There are only several, which are most apparent, and significant that will be discussed. A few competitive advantages a Multinational Corporation will benefit from would be some of China’s strengths, which are; infrastructure and telecommunication, and it’s influence on Africa. Some issues a Multinational Corporation may run into would be among the labor force. There are many solutions that China is already headed toward in response to the main issue of human labor. Most of which will benefit a potential Multinational Corporation and China’s economy. COMPETITIVE...
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...China’s Peaceful Rise to Dominance The current state of the globe has seen many changes in the past few decades. The global political structures have shifted and turned to provide a new landscape where substantial evolution has and will continue to occur. The purpose of this essay is to argue and prove that China will rise to power in a peaceful manner throughout the 21st century. This paper will first explain the current situation, which has left China in position to become a global leader as the new century unfolds. The essay will also examine military, economic and social issues that may positively contribute to this change and lead this Asian country to a new significant posture within the geo-political realm of international relations. The Rise of China towards the 21st Century Technology and communication improvements have changed the world for good. With new developments in these areas, the world has become much smaller and navigable in many ways when discussing China and their current rise to global prominence in recent times. The end of the Cold War which saw a bipolar world develop into a unipolar world has created opportunity for other powerful nations to step in and play a key role in global events that are unfolding. China’s massive population and natural resources have continued to organize and be directed towards more powerful means. Chinese leaders have seen this coming for years as the country began opening up to global interests in the 1970’s. As America’s...
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...2. Dealing with China: An Insider Unmasks the New Economic Superpower As President George W.Bush’s Treasury secretary from July 2006 through January 2009, Henry Paulson was the president’s leading policy adviser on both domestic and international issues. He is well know to the world at the time of the financial crisis in US. Henry Paulson has made over 100 trips to China and developed intimate relationships with China’s political elite, including Presidents Hu Jintao and Xi Jinging as well as its banking giants, most notably the industrial and Commercial Bank of China’s chairman Jiang Jianqing. Therefore, he has a depth knowledge about China’s economy and still been watching China’s emerging economy until now. In his new book, he describes China’s recent rise to global supremacy and the challenges that lie ahead. He also points out that China is American’s most important economic partner and that how to corporate intelligently to make both nations benefit in the future. In the United States, banks and capital markets are more stable and better capitalized than they were in the financial crisis 2008. As changing in government regulators and American banking system, US still the largest and richest economy, with a normal GDP more than twice the size of China. But according to Paulson, he warns “It’s not a question of it, but when, China’s financial system, particularly the trust companies, will face a reckoning and have to content with a wave of credit losses and debt restructuring”...
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...China (traditional Chinese: 中國; simplified Chinese: 中国) is a cultural region, an ancient civilization, and a nation in East Asia. The last Chinese Civil War has resulted in two nations: The People's Republic of China (PRC), commonly known as China, has control over mainland China and the largely self-governing territories of Hong Kong (since 1997) and Macau (since 1999). The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, has control over the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu. China has one of the world's oldest civilizations and has the oldest continuous civilization.[1] It has archaeological evidence over 5,000 years old. It also has one of the world's oldest writing systems, and is viewed as the source of many major inventions. The first recorded use of the word "China" is dated 1555.[nb 1][3] It is derived from Cin, a Persian name for China popularized in Europe by Marco Polo. History of China Ancient China was one of the first civilizations. Chinese civilization was also one of the few to invent writing,[2] the others being Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley civilization, the Maya civilization, the Minoan civilization of ancient Greece, and Ancient Egypt.[5] It reached its golden age during the Tang Dynasty (about A.D. 10th century). China is home to some of the oldest artwork in the world. Statues and pottery, as well as decorations made of jade, are some classic examples. China's economy and military weakened during the Qing Dynasty (around the 17th...
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...Problem?” Problem Statement In 2006, China has undergone pressure by many countries including the United States. The U.S. believed that the renminbi (RMB), failed to appreciate eliminating job opportunities for other countries. However, China’s officials reacted by implying that China was a sovereign country with the right to choose its exchange rate policy. Pertinent Facts The exchange rate is one of the key factors that could possibly affect foreign profitability. In the case, Fung and Wong indicated in 2006, that China had become the world’s third-largest exporter with an estimated $970 billion and earning $1.2 trillion in foreign currency reserves (Fung). The U.S. and other countries are concerned that the Yuan was undervalued which will ultimately raise the demand for Chinese exports and decrease China's demand for imports from other countries. Becker states that if China keeps the dollar and the currencies of other countries artificially expensive compared to its currency it will create a problem towards other economies (Becker). The U.S. believes that China is manipulating the exchange rate to increase trade and dollar assets. The United States have also expressed extreme concern with China’s way of trade. For example, the U.S. questioned the fact that the renminbi is being a peg against the dollar. This case analysis will subsequently identify the following answers to the questions: * Should China allow the Yuan to appreciate? * Will...
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