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The concept related to the Just in time (JIT) manufacturing is to eradicate sources of manufacturing waste through obtaining appropriate quantity of raw materials and then developing the appropriate quantity of products in the appropriate place and at the appropriate time. It if used in a Job Shop (small manufacturing firms) significantly affects their internal as well as external operations. By implementing, JIT these small firms become able to collect right material from external environment and produce appropriate quantity of material at right place and time. This substantially affects its internal as well as external environment (Saxena, 2009). With this disciplined method of production, job shop also become able to improve its internal as well as external manufacturing operations and satisfy their key customers.
In addition to this, JIT may also affect job shop in a negative manner and it is due to the severe constraints related to small firms like they have limited resources for training and development, low capital expenditures, lack of knowledge regarding the products or markets of their large JIT customers. With all these constraints, sometimes it becomes difficult for a job shop to take advantage of JIT. This in turn also makes a negative effect on its operations. JIT, if used and not implemented effectively due to constraints also affect a small firm's position (Hesselbach & Herrmann, 2011).
Answer 2:
Vertical integration refers to a degree to which a company owns its upstream providers and its downstream buyer. It is an approach through which a firm can increase or decrease its level of control; it has over its inputs and output distributions (Wessels, 2006). A dairy farm could also use it to increase or decrease its level of controls by vertically integrating with a copy shop. It could be done in two ways that are backward integration and forward integration.
? Backward Integration: Backward integration takes place, when a firm acquires or links with one of its suppliers like a Coffee shop could acquire or link up with this dairy farm. It would help coffee shop in increasing its control over its suppliers and managing its operations in an effective manner (Grant, 2005).
? Forward Integration: This type of integration occurs, when a firm acquires or joins one of its retailers or distributor like this dairy farm could acquire or join a coffee shop. This would help dairy farm in increasing its control over its product distribution.
Among these, the dairy firm could make use of any type of integration in regard to increasing its control over its upstream suppliers and downstream buyers (Grant, 2005).
Answer 3:
Process spectrum pertains to that how a business runs the journey that accompanies it and appropriates permanence in enhancement of performance. It is related to the effective and efficient running of all manufacturing processes. Spectrum spotlights a firm's areas and their specific operations that need continuous management or attention of operations teams, and offer realistic real-time information for Continuous Process Improvement (Johnston, 2007). With the help of target band and limits in Spectrum, firms can significantly attain CPI by making use of small and additive improvement, abiding by the "Kaizen" approach initiated in Japan.
In-built Statistical Process Control (SPC) tool of Spectrum assist in identifying the basic reason of the problem, extending to improved efficiency, concentrated variation, and enhanced customer satisfaction. Process spectrum is used in between the different types of processes of an organization that could be projects, job shops, batch processes, line flows, and continuous processes. It helps in identifying the required labor content, skills, and discretion between different process types and maintaining supplier relations and attaining former quality control (Process Types, n.d.).
Process spectrum, helps organizations in having all essential process event information to discover and deal with the fundamental cause or rework and scrap that in turn save company money as well as time. This in turn also saves company resources, through minimization of variation and reduction in scarp and wastage that facilitates towards continuous improvement (Johnston, 2007).
Answer 4:
Several products and services are delivered by following line flow processes that lies between the batch and continuous processes. The pacing of production different in all line flow processes and in this regard it could be divided into two types:
? Worker Paced Line Flow Process
? Machine Paced Line Flow Process (Kumar, 2006).
Both of these productions pacing differ from each other and it is due to the difference between their following attributes:
Capital Use: Use of capital in machine paced flow line is high than work paced line as in this use of machine is involved that are quite expensive. On the other hand, in worker-paced line, all works are done by workers that require low capital.
Process speed: The process speed in the worker-paced line is slower in comparison to the machine-paced line as all transformation is mainly done by individuals and the process involves materials being passed from one hand to another (Shaaban, Shaaban & Hudson, 2010).
Pacing: The pacing is high of machine paced line as in this all works and transformations' are done with the help of machines, whereas in worker paced line it is done by workers that make it slow. In worker pace line, individuals work with their own pace.
Materials Requirements: In machine paced line, material requirement is low as it operates on fixed-speed assembly line and with the help of machines. In this, material handling is a key factor. On the other hand, in worker-paced line material requirements are more than the machine paced line as in this all work are manned and low and existence of buffer make it possible to adapt the individual work pace.
Answer 5:
The term "cost of quality" is not the price of developing a quality product or service. It is the cost of not creating a quality product or service. Most of the firms in present don't understand the significance of quality and keep functioning with their typical quality programs that in turn results in different types of positive and negative costs. Use of traditional methods does not direct a firm towards improved financial positions that is one of the cost associated with a typical quality program (Murthy, 2007). Every time, when a work is done again, the cost of quality keeps increasing such as reworking of a manufactured product, retesting of an assembly, upgrading a tool, correction of income statements.
Reprocessing of a product is an example of manufacturing reworking that increases a firm's cost of quality. Sometimes, reworking done again and again help firm in identifying a new system or assembly for up gradation and this in turn is terms as positive costs but if it results in nothing new than it is termed as negative costs (Kumar, 2006). By serving customers with a perfect quality, firms could balance their cost of quality and today, it has become critical to attain success in increasing competitive business environment.

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