...In this essay I will argue that John Searle’s Chinese Room does not refute the possibility of strong AI. The thought experiment goes something like this: Imagine you are a monolingual English speaker in a room with boxes full of Chinese symbols, and a guide book that maps sequences of symbols to other sequences of symbols. You receive a piece of paper with symbols on it from outside the room, the input, and, using the guidebook, the program, arrange and pass different sets of symbols out of the room. Unbeknownst to you, the symbols you pass out, the output, are carrying on a fluent Chinese conversation with a person outside of the room. Strong AI is the position that a computer running a sufficiently advanced program could generate mental states that are identical to those generated by humans, that is, the AI would be conscious in the same way we are. Contrast this with weak AI, which merely mimics human behaviour, without the corresponding mental states. Searle maintains that any system that operates in a purely syntactic manner will never be intelligent in the same manner a human is,...
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...\ The Chinese Room Argument The Chinese Room argument was developed by John Searle in the early 1980’s. The argument was designed to prove that strong artificial intelligence was not possible. While the argument itself is flawless, John Searle’s opinion that strong artificial intelligence is impossible is not. The Chinese room argument is really more of a thought provoking experiment. You are asked to imagine an English speaking man in a room, within this room there is nothing but tools to which he can translate Chinese symbols. The man in the room is passed these symbols through a slit on one side of the room, and using his tools he must translate them. Then, he passes the translations through the slit in the other side of the room, and to the people outside the room it looks like he understands Chinese. Searle’s argument is that just because it looks like the man understands the Chinese symbols, and has the tools to translate the Chinese Symbols, doesn’t mean he actually understands the symbols. Within this argument the man represents a computer. The symbols are given to the computer, the computers programming allows the computer to translate the symbols, and the computer gives an answer. At no point does this imply the computer understands the original information it was given. The computer was simply programmed to be able to function as such(Gams 231). Using words and substituting the word Computer for Strong Artificial Intelligence the argument would sound...
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...Name Professor Course Date John Searle’s Chinese Room Argument When coming up with the ‘Chinese Room’ argument, John Searle was looking to establish whether or not machines can be termed as “intelligent” judging by the kind of accurate outputs they produce, given a specific kind of input. He specifically aimed at refuting the functionalism claim that, just like people, machines with the ability to run programs are presumed to have consciousness and a brain. In Searle’s argument, he creates a scenario where one is locked in a Chinese room without any knowledge of the Chinese dialect but is expected to answer questions in Chinese. As per his theory, an English-Chinese guide would allow one to answer the questions accurately but not understand the conversation. In relation to this, John Searle concludes that a computer has no ability to understand or achieve consciousness no matter how intelligent the underlying computer program might be. According to the argument, a human being with no knowledge of the Chinese language is locked in a room. He is issued a set of English guidelines that help him relate each set of Chinese symbols to another set. Basically, the rules are to guide the individual on how to use the Chinese characters to answer the questions brought forward. At the end of the process, the Chinese illiterate will be in a position to write down Chinese answers to the questions, which are also in Chinese. To those that posed the question, the individual will seem...
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...John Searle is an American philosopher born in 1932 and attended Oxford University. The Chinese room argument is Searle’s way of refuting the Strong A.I. thought that running an adequately complex program is sufficient for thinking by showing how running a computer program is not sufficient for the computer to be thinking. The argument goes that a person who has never seen the Chinese language in any form is sitting in a room sealed from the outside world. In the room, there is a basket full of Chinese symbols and a book that shows what symbols to put together when responding to a group of symbols on a piece of paper that has been slipped into the room by a Chinese speaker. The man in the room following the instructions can trick the Chinese...
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...Locke’s theory on personal identity relies heavily on the matter of psychological continuity. He believes that the criteria for a human being and the criteria of a person are different (Study Guide, pg165). The criteria for a human being rely on the structural continuity of the being whereas the criteria for personal identity are the individual’s psychological continuity and his ability to withhold memory. The continuation of memory plays a vital part in Locke’s theory as, he believes that a person’s identity is shaped by the memories he has of himself (Study guide, pg166). However, Butler and Reid objected certain aspects of Locke’s theory. In which, Butler stated that Locke’s theory was circular as, he had failed to notice that the relation of memory presupposes the notion of personal identity (Study Guide, pg167). Butler does not state that Locke’s theory of personal identity is wrong, however he is simply stating that Locke’s theory of memory cannot be a criteria for identity as it is causing a circular problem. This is because, if an individual identifies himself based on his memories, then memory and the individual would be the same thing. Hence, this in turn raises the question as to who holds the memory. Therefore, Butler believes that even though Locke’s theory may be right, the memory theory should not be a criterion of personal identity. Reid also raised an objection with Locke’s theory whereby he believes that memory is neither necessary nor sufficient for...
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...but the concept is notoriously debatable. The problem of consciousness is arguably the most principal issue in philosophy of the mind and is also mostly related to quantum physics, such as the possibility of belief in free will.” But how are we to understand consciousness? Is it something any object can possess, whether alive or not? Only humans can maintain consciousness; therefore, a computer can never duplicate human intelligence. The argument and thought experiment generally referred to as the Chinese Room Argument was first published in the paper in the 1980s by the American philosopher John Searle. The Chinese Room Argument, in recent years, has become one of the most well-known arguments in philosophy. Searle, creates a scenario, with himself alone in a room following a computer, containing a program for responding to Chinese characters that have been slipped under the door. Searle doesn’t have any earthly understanding of Chinese, and yet, by following the computer program and copying the characters down he is ultimately fooling the outside into thinking there is a Chinese speaker in the room. (e.g.) In conclusion, computers may appear to have an understanding, but are not aware of...
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...------------------------------------------------- Nirma Limited * Nirma is one of the few names - which is instantly recognized as a true Indian brand, which took on mighty multinationals and rewrote the marketing rules to win the heart of princess, i.e. the consumer. * Nirma, the proverbial ‘Rags to Riches’ saga of Dr. Karsanbhai Patel, is a classic example of the success of Indian entrepreneurship in the face of stiff competition. * Starting as a one-man operation in 1969, today, it has about 14, 000 employee-base and annual turnover is above Rs. 25, 00 crores. * Largest player in Indian detergent market with share of 38% * Second largest toilet soap marketer of India with market share of 20% * 35 Depots, More than 2000 distributors, 2 million retailers and 400 million end users History:- Era of 1969- 1980 * The root of Nirma was established in 1969, when Karsanbhai Patel started door-to-door selling of his detergent powder, priced at an astonishing Rs. 3 per kg, when the available cheapest rand in the market was Rs. 13 per kg. * It was really an innovative, quality product – with indigenous process, packaging and low-profiled marketing, which changed the habit of Indian housewives’ for washing their clothes. * In a short span, Nirma created an entirely new market segment in domestic marketplace 1980:- * Private limited company was formed * The performance of Nirma during the decade of 1980s has been labelled as ‘Marketing...
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...college was in the deep country. She had to learn to make friends quick so she can get a ride to the nearest town for supplies. Lia enjoyed her school and quickly became involved in activities. The band was Lia’s ticket away from school. She really love travelling to other schools and performing with the band. A guy name John was a drummer with the band. John had a few ladies that really liked him, but he only had eyes for Lia. They both went out on dates and began to get serious. After about 8 months of dating, Lia became pregnant. They both told their parents the news and they were furious. Their parents didn’t agree on the idea of having a child so soon. This began to stress Lia and John about the pregnancy. Now, with the band having performances and practices, her school work and other activities and stress, Lia had a miscarriage. This really hurt Lia and John. Lia took away from her activities for about 3 weeks to recover and gather her thoughts. Shortly afterwards, Lia and John moved on from the situation, but Lia notice John’s emotional behavior has changed. John still loved her and they dated but he wasn’t excelling like Lia was in school and her activities. John really admired the hip hop songs and lifestyle that was being portrayed in the videos. John’s family would send him money every week for school but that wasn’t enough to satisfy him. He started doing money schemes and taking out loans where...
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...Capital or liquid cash required is 80,000 dollars. It also requires a net worth of 300,000 dollars. Capacity, they give you a, 7 weeks for general managers; 3 weeks for assistant managers, training. Character, Passion for the brand, family person, not a criminal, and hard working well intended. I would put my franchise in 2630 Interstate 20 footage road Canton, Tx. This location would be the best for my franchise because it's in a highly concurred zone, it's by a outlet mall which will bing a lot of customers everts day. The real-estate cost for this location would be between 70 and 150 thousand dollars Jimmy Johns is appealing to everyone but mostly to people between 18 and 40 particularly because JJ's started in a college town. There is a huge demand for my product in that area because there is no restaurant like it around it. The other closest Jimmy Johns is at least 6 miles way so there is not many competition My franchise serves fresh products which is really appealing to people and also my products are healthier then other restaurants. John's Gourmet Sandwiches is the name of the brand or franchise and the logo is the one showed right here. This franchise satisfies the need of food and it also it satisfies the want of good, healthy food. And their sandwiches cost an average of 5 dollars. The prices are set by the company so there aren't many things that can change the price, It can have promotional items or special offers but also most of the...
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...POLITICS, THEOLOGY AND HISTORY RAYMOND PLANT CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Politics, Theology and History is a major new book by a prominent academic and an active politician. It ranges widely across the disciplines of theology, political theory and philosophy and poses acute questions about the basic moral foundations of liberal societies. Lord Plant focuses on the role that religious belief can and ought to play in argument about public policy in a pluralistic society. He examines the potential political implications of Christian belief and the ways in which it may be deployed in political debate. The book is a contribution to the modern debate about the moral pluralism of western liberal societies, discussing the place of religious belief in the formation of policy and asking what sorts of issues in modern society might be the legitimate objects of a Christian social and political concern. Raymond Plant has written an important study of the relationship between religion and politics which will be of value to students, academics, politicians, church professionals, policy makers and all concerned with the moral fabric of contemporary life. r ay m on d pl an t is Professor of European Political Thought at the University of Southampton and a Member of the House of Lords. He was a Home affairs spokesperson for the Labour Party from 1992 to 1996, and Master of St Catherine's College, Oxford, from 1994 to 2000. Lord Plant's main publications are Social and Moral Theory in Casework...
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...The so-called long Age of Enlightenment in Europe, stretching from the mid-17th century into the 1830s, engendered new political, economic and social ideals and generated knowledge across the arts and sciences. But part of its impetus was outside of Europe. Dorinda Outram likens the European Enlightenment to" a world drama of cross-cultural contact" that "triggered anxieties" for Europeans about the nature of being civilized (Outram, 2004). To the 17th century English philosopher John Locke, an early archetype of an enlightened thinker, the discovery of the New World of America "enlarged the sphere of contemplation" about "civilized man" and his "savage ancestors" (Locke, 1690). There was more to discover. The scientific journeys of exploration around the Pacific in the 18th century by James Cook, another archetypal figure of the Enlightenment, were significant in creating the imagination and knowledge of the age. Although the Enlightenment was a European phenomenon, its scope became global as the scholars of Europe attempted to classify and order the peoples, plants and animals of other worlds as well as map their landscapes. Maori scholar Linda Tuhiwai Smith succinctly sums up the process: "They came, they saw, they named, they claimed" (Tuhiwai Smith, 2001, p. 80). 'Discovery' was the watchword of the Enlightenment (Porter, 2000), realised only by a few Europeans but imagined by many others and evident in the fashion for paintings of drawing room explorations with globes ahd...
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...answer to the Study Questions for the case listed in the syllabus 3 Please type your written assignment and use Times Roman or Calibri 12-point type. Leave top, bottom, and side margins of one inch. Use single line spacing. The first line should include the student’s name. Include a section for references where you list all sources of ideas and information you used to write your assignment. Format your references according to the APA Style (http://www.apastyle.org). Upload a copy to Blackboard and use the SafeAssign plagiarism prevention service. Whole Foods - What are the sustainability initiatives of Whole Foods? How do you evaluate the mission, vision, and values of Whole Foods in relation to the company’s practices? Were CEO John Mackey’s Internet postings inappropriate or...
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...John Kerry John Kerry is running for president to make America stronger at home and more respected in the world. He has a plan to restore the values that have always made America a leader in the world. He has a plan to create good-paying jobs at home - jobs that let American families get ahead in an America where the middle class is growing, not being squeezed. He has a plan to make health care a right for all Americans. He has a plan to make this nation independent from Middle East oil. And he has a plan to modernize and strengthen America's military and lead a new era of alliances - so young Americans are never put in harm's way because we insisted on going it alone. John Kerry is running for president to answer the call to service - just as he has answered that call all his life. He was born on December 11, 1943 at Fitzsimons Army Hospital in Colorado. His father, Richard, volunteered in the Army Air Corps during World War II. His mother, Rosemary, was a lifelong community activist. As he was about to graduate from Yale, John Kerry volunteered to serve in Vietnam. His leadership, courage, and sacrifice earned him a Silver Star, a Bronze Star with Combat V, and three Purple Hearts. In Vietnam, John Kerry saw the lives of his fellow soldiers put at risk because some leaders in Washington were making bad decisions. When he returned home, he became a spokesman for Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) and later co-founded Vietnam Veterans of America. John Kerry then went...
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...John Heartfield: John Heartfield was born on the 19th of June, 1891, and died on the 26th April 1968.He remains the best known and revered as a result of his single-minded devotion to anti-Nazi Political activism. He was working in Germany between the two world wars, and developed an innovative method of appropriating and reusing photographs to powerful political effect. Heartfield pioneered photomontage and used the technique of cutting up and combining photographic images to strong political effect. His most famous works were powerful satirical attacks on Hitler and the Nazi’s. Heartfield combined radical art of the avant-garde artistic movement of Berlin Dada with revolutionary politics. At a time of uncertainty, Heartfield’s agitated images forecasted and reflected the chaos Germany experienced in the 1920’s and 1930’s, as it slipped towards social and political catastrophe. Photomontage allowed Heartfield to create loaded and politically contentious images. To compose his works, he chose recognisable press photographs of politicians or events from the mainstream illustrated press. He them dissembled and rearranged these images to radically alter their meaning. Whereas other Dada exponents of montages produced art, for Heartfield his output has the appearance of newspaper photographs. For Heartfield, the definition of photomontage was wider than most peoples, and he insisted it should include a single photo with caption, since text and image interacted with each...
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...Nazareth. The New Testament is about the life of Jesus and the lessons he taught during his time on earth. It recounts his death, resurrection, and ascent into heaven. The remainder of the New Testament tells how his followers dealt with his absence, how they continued on his works and spread his message. Region 2 The New Testament starts with four books called Gospels, which means “Good News”. They are Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Although all four gospels tell the events of Jesus’ life, the Gospel according to Mark is exceptional between the four. It is the shortest of all four gospels. It is believed to be the first written, therefore, it is considered to be a foundation for which the other gospels were written. The book is officially regarded as the “Gospel According to Mark” even though it does not state who the author was. The author is believed to be John Mark who was a follower of Jesus some time after Jesus’ death and resurrection. It was probably written during the time period A.D. 55 and 70. John Mark...
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